Background
Methods
Data and participants
Measurement
Empirical methods
Results
Characteristic | Mean (SD) or percent1 | Percent missing |
---|---|---|
Dependent variable
| ||
Aggregate future medical expenditures $ | $8,096 ($28,522) | 0.00% |
Predictors
| ||
Health-related employer support | ||
Emotional support | 82.87% | 1.85% |
Physical support | 90.06% | 1.15% |
Learns or does interesting things at work | 83.82% | 0.06% |
Has fun at work | 74.52% | 0.32% |
Has enough resources to do job well | 87.71% | 0.51% |
Satisfied with job | 93.50% | 0.51% |
Uses strengths every day at work | 83.06% | 0.13% |
Supervisor creates a trusting and open environment | 73.06% | 8.79% |
Employer not downsizing (job security) | 91.21% | 2.48% |
Typical Hours/week | 40.78 (9.81) | 1.97% |
Pain | 46.00% | 0.00% |
Charlson comorbidity index score | 0.45 (1.19) | 0.00% |
Asthma (ever told) | 15.29% | 0.06% |
High blood pressure (ever told) | 24.90% | 0.06% |
High cholesterol (ever told) | 24.97% | 0.13% |
Current smoker | 12.74% | 0.00% |
Male | 41.27% | 0.00% |
Age (years) | 45.77 (10.95) | 0.00% |
Body mass index | 28.26 (6.37) | 3.38% |
Emotional health index (out of 10) | 8.450 (2.26) | 0.57% |
Health insurance type | 3.50% | |
PPO | 64.95% | |
HMO-gate keeper | 18.88% | |
HMO-open access or POS | 12.67% | |
Indemnity | 3.50% | |
Monthly household income | 17.51% | |
$0 to $1,999 | 6.24% | |
$2,000 to $2,999 | 8.98% | |
$3,000 to $3,999 | 12.42% | |
$4,000 to $4,999 | 12.23% | |
$5,000 to $7,499 | 20.38% | |
$7,500 to $9,999 | 9.30% | |
$10,000 and over | 12.93% | |
Spouse or partner | 74.52% | 0.64% |
Number of children under 18 in household | 0.78 (1.07) | 0.06% |
Census region | 0.00% | |
Midwest | 96.43% | |
Northeast | 0.51% | |
South | 1.21% | |
West | 0.96% | |
Health system–state level | ||
Hospital beds per 1,000 population | 3.73 (0.67) | 0.00% |
Active family, General, General Internal Medicine, Pediatric, Medical Specialty Surgical Specialty, and Psychiatry physicians per 10,000 population | 14.38 (1.98) | 0.00% |
Variable | Percentage point difference in the probability of havinganyexpenditure2[95% CI] N=1,570 | Change in expected expenditures conditional onhaving > zero
2
[95% CI] N=1,452 | Unconditionalchange in expected expenditures2[95% CI] N=1,570 |
---|---|---|---|
Emotional support | -0.04 | $2,602 | $2,256 |
[-0.09, 0.01] | [-$957, $6,161] | [-$1,031, $5,544] | |
Physical support |
0.06
| -$2,126 | -$1,748 |
[0.005, 0.11]
| [-$6,491, $2,239] | [-$5,777, $2,280] | |
Learns new things at work | 0.02 | -$1,596 | -$1,386 |
[-0.02, 0.06] | [-$5,051, $1,859] | [-$4,563, $1,790] | |
Has fun at work | -0.03 | $2,401 | $2,120 |
[-0.06, 0.002] | [-$216, $5,017] | [-$308, $4,549] | |
Has enough resources to do job well | 0.02 | $1,231 | $1,203 |
[-0.03, 0.07] | [-$1,904, $4,367] | [-$1,681, $4,087] | |
Employer not downsizing | -0.03 | $1,386 | $1,193 |
[-0.06, 0.01] | [-$1,666, $4,439] | [-$1,660, $4,047] | |
Satisfied with job | 0.003 | $106 | $108 |
[-0.07, 0.07] | [-$4,451, $4,663] | [-$4,108, $4,323] | |
Gets to use strengths at work | 0.03 | -$2,881 | -$2,537 |
[-0.02, 0.07] | [-$6,840, $1,078] | [-$6,166,$1,092] | |
Trusting and open environment created by supervisor | 0.02 | -$1,388 | -$1,193 |
[-0.02, 0.07] | [-$4,359, $1,583] | [-$3,939, $1,552] | |
Typical Hours Worked (hours) | -0.0004 | -$13 | -$13 |
[-0.002, 0.001] | [-$128, $102] | [-$120, $93] | |
Pain |
0.06
|
$2,977
|
$3,027
|
[0.04, 0.09]
|
[$889, $5,065]
|
[$1,077, $4,978]
| |
Charlson comorbidity index Score ≥1 |
0.08
|
$13,080
|
$12,987
|
[0.06, 0.10]
|
[$8,827, $17,333]
|
[$8,856, $17,117]
| |
Asthma | 0.01 |
-$2,929
|
-$2,692
|
[-0.04, 0.05] |
[-$5,154,-$704]
|
[-$4,756,-$629]
| |
High blood pressure |
0.05
| $389 | $558 |
[0.02, 0.08]
| [-$2,096, $2,874] | [-$1,775, $2,891] | |
High cholesterol |
0.04
| $418 | $531 |
[0.01, 0.07]
| [-$2,072, $2,908] | [-$1,799,$2,861] | |
Current smoker | -0.04 | -$1,169 | -$1,210 |
[-0.08, 0.01] | [-$3,922, $1,584] | [-$3,726, $1,305] | |
Male |
-0.10
|
-$3,982
|
-$4,067
|
[-0.13,-0.07]
|
[-$6,002,-$1,962]
|
[-$5,938,-$2196]
| |
Age (years) | 0.0004 | $62 | $59 |
[-0.001, 0.002] | [-$47, $170] | [-$42, $159] | |
BMI | 0.001 | $68 | $67 |
[-0.001, 0.004] | [-$103, $238] | [-$90, $225] | |
Emotional health index (10 point scale) | 0.002 |
-$566
|
-$516
|
[-0.004, 0.01] |
[-$1,072,-$60]
|
[-$984,-$48]
| |
Health insurance type (PPO is reference) | |||
HMO - gatekeeper | -0.03 | -$242 | -$280 |
[-0.06, 0.02] | [-$2,876, $2,393] | [-$2,709, $2,150] | |
HMO-POS or open access | 0.002 | $1,170 | $1,091 |
[-0.05, 0.05] | [-$2,159, $4,498] | [-$1,994, $4,177] | |
Indemnity/HAS | -0.03 | $6,160 | $5,538 |
[-0.11, 0.06] | [-$3,237, $15,558] | [-$3,078, $14,155] | |
Monthly household income (Up to $2,999 is reference) | |||
$3,000 to $3,999 | -0.01 | $1,031 | $912 |
[-0.06, 0.04] | [-$2,264, $4,326] | [-$2137, $3962] | |
$4,000 to $4,999 | -0.02 | $152 | $65 |
[-0.07, 0.03] | [-$3076, $3,381] | [-$2922, $3052] | |
$5,000 to $7,499 | -0.02 | $3,078 | $2791 |
[-0.06, 0.03] | [-$385, $6,541] | [-$423, $6,004] | |
$7,500 to $9,999 | -0.004 | -$804 | -$758 |
[-0.05, 0.04] | [-$4,185, $2,578] | [-$3,904, $2,389] | |
$10,000 and over | -0.01 | $2,161 | $1964 |
[-0.06, 0.04] | [-$1,692, $6,015] | [-$1605, $5533] | |
Spouse/Partner | -0.001 | $637 | $584 |
[-0.03, 0.03] | [-$1,955, $3,229] | [-$1,815, $2983] | |
Number of children under 18 | 0.01 | -$975 | -$878 |
[-0.01, 0.02] | [-$2,067, $117] | [-$1887, $131] |