Approximately one third of adults experience herpes zoster (HZ) during their lifetime, representing a substantial global health burden. |
HZ recurrence is not limited to immunocompromised individuals; studies in the general population estimate that approximately 10% of individuals may experience an HZ recurrence in the first decade after an initial HZ episode. |
Estimates for the incidence of HZ recurrence varied according to study follow-up duration and study population, with an incidence rate of up to 55 per 1000 person-years in certain immunocompromised individuals, and HZ can reoccur multiple times. |
Factors that may predispose individuals to HZ recurrence include immunocompromised status, female sex, long-lasting post-herpetic pain, chronic conditions (e.g., diabetes, kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), and herpes zoster ophthalmicus. |
As HZ is preventable by vaccination, national guidelines should address the need for and timing of vaccination in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals who have a history of HZ. |
Digital Features
Introduction
Methods
Results and Discussion
Study | Country | Design | Population (N) | HZ diagnosis | Follow-up duration | Recurrence | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude rate, n/N (%) | Incidence, cases per 1000 PY | Cumulative risk, % | ||||||
Batram 2021 [19] | Germany | Retrospective matched cohort based on claims data | Patients with incident HZ diagnosis in 2008 (N = 43,003) | HZ diagnostic codes and corresponding antiviral prescription | NR | 4141/43,003 (9.6%) | NR | Aged < 50 years, 10-year follow-up: > 15% aged ≥ 60 years, 10-year follow-up: 5–10% |
Qian 2021 [20] | Australia | Prospective cohort | Patients with an initial HZ episode, 2006–2009 (N = 17,413) | HZ diagnostic codes or antiviral prescription | Up to 8 years | 675/17,413 (3.9%) | 11.1 | NR |
Sun 2021 [21] | China | Retrospective review of electronic health records | Patients aged ≥ 50 years with an initial HZ episode, 2015–2017 (N = 4314; 16.0% IC) | HZ diagnostic codes | Up to 3 years | 99/4313 (2.3%) | 16.6 | NR |
Muñoz-Quiles 2020 [25] | Spain | Retrospective review of electronic health records | Immunocompetent adults aged ≥ 18 years, 2009–2014 (N = 4,382,590; number with an initial HZ episode NR) | HZ diagnostic codes | Up to 6 years | NR | 15.6 | NR |
Tseng 2020 [22] | USA | Retrospective review of electronic health records | Immunocompetent, unvaccinated patients aged ≥ 50 years, with an initial episode, 2007–2008 (N = 11,716) | HZ diagnostic codes and antiviral prescription | Mean 5.6 years | 713/11,716 (6.1%) | 11.0 | 10 years: 10.3% |
Kim 2018 [11] | South Korea | Retrospective review of health insurance database | Patients aged ≥ 20 years with an initial HZ episode, 2002–2013 (N = 39,441; 13.7% IC) | HZ diagnostic codes and antiviral dispensation | Mean 4.4 years | 2100/39,441 (5.3%) | 12.0 | 10 years: > 10% |
Ha 2017 [15] | South Korea | Retrospective review of medical records and telephone survey | Patients with an HZ episode, 2005–2015 (N = 14,343; 11.6% IC) | Clinical history, dermatologist review and, if needed, laboratory testing | NR | 169/14,343 (1.2%) | NR | NR |
Shiraki 2017 [16] | Japan | Physician survey | Patients with an HZ episode, 2009–2015 (N = 16,784) | Clinical with laboratory testing | NR | 1076/16,784 (6.4%) | 1.7 | NR |
Nakamura 2016 [14] | Japan | Prospective cohort | Patients aged ≥ 50 years with an initial HZ episode, 2008–2011 (N = 1992) | Telephone call, followed-up with clinical assessment plus PCR testing and serology | Up to 3 years | 60/1992 (3.0%) | 10.1 | NR |
Russell 2014 [23] | Canada | Retrospective review of administrative health databases | Patients with a medically attended HZ episode, 1994–2010 (N = 194,584) 57.4% of patients aged ≥ 45 years | HZ diagnostic codesa | Up to 16 years | 194,584/3,109,255 (6.3%) | 4.5 | NR |
Tseng 2012 [24] | USA | Retrospective review of electronic health records | Immunocompetent, VZV-unvaccinated patients aged ≥ 60 years with a first episode of HZ, 2007–2010 (N = 5180) | HZ diagnostic codes | Up to 4.3 years | 77/5180 (1.5%) | 7.5 | NR |
Yawn 2011 [10] | USA | Retrospective review of medical records | Patients with an initial episode of HZ, 1996–2001 (N = 1669; 8.3% IC) | Detailed medical record review, with laboratory confirmation in 24.8% of cases | Mean 7.3 years | 95/1669 (5.7%) | NR | 8 years: 6.2% |
Study | Country | Design | Population (N) | HZ diagnosis | Follow-up duration | Recurrence | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate, n/N (%) | Incidence, cases per 1000 PY | Cumulative risk, % | ||||||
Jeong 2022 [26] | South Korea | Retrospective review of health insurance database | Patients with RA prescribed bDMARDs or tofacitinib between 2010 and 2019 with a history of HZ (N = 1722) | HZ diagnostic codes and antiviral prescription | Median 2.7 years | 314/1722 (18.2%) | NR | NR |
Winthrop 2022 [27] | International | Post hoc analysis of pooled data from 21 RA and 3 PsA clinical studies | Patients aged ≥ 18 years clinically determined to have HZ during the studies (N = 783) | Clinically determined | Median 3.2 years | RA: 63/783 (8.0%) PsA: 1/783 (2.8%) | NR | NR |
Qian 2021 [20] | Australia | Prospective cohort | Patients with an initial HZ episode, 2006–2009 (N = 17,413) | HZ diagnostic codes or antiviral prescription | Up to 8 years | NR | 17.0 | NR |
Sun 2021 [21] | China | Retrospective review of electronic health records | Patients aged ≥ 50 years with an initial HZ episode, 2015–2017 [N = 4314; n = 692 (16.0%) IC] | HZ diagnostic codes | Up to 3 years | 0/692 (0%) | NR | NR |
Muñoz-Quiles 2020 [25] | Spain | Retrospective review of electronic health records | Adults aged ≥ 18 years, 2009–2014 [N = 4,382,590; number with an initial HZ episode NR; n = 584,873 (15.2%) IC] | HZ diagnostic codes | Up to 6 years | NR | 22.8 overall HSCT: 55 HN: 34 HIV+ : 32 SOT: 30 SLE: 28 Neoplasias: 25 IBD: 25 RA: 24 SON: 24 Autoimmune: 21 MS: 19 AT: 18 PsO: 18 | NR |
Kim 2018 [11] | South Korea | Retrospective review of health insurance database | Patients aged ≥ 20 years with an initial HZ episode, 2002–2013 [N = 39,441; n = 5408 (13.7%) IC] | HZ diagnostic codes and antiviral prescription | Mean 4.4 years | 373/2100 (17.8%) Autoimmune disease: 172/2100 (8.2%) Solid cancer: 150/2100 (7.1%) Chronic renal disease: 75/2100 (3.6%) Hematologic malignancy: 25/2100 (1.2%) Chronic hepatic disease: 21/2100 (1.0%) HIV/AIDS: 3/2100 (0.1%) | NR | NR |
Ha 2017 [15] | South Korea | Retrospective review of medical records and telephone survey | Patients with an HZ episode, 2005–2015 [N = 14,343; n = 1663 (11.6%) IC] | Clinical history, dermatologist review, and if needed, lab testing | NR | 40/1663 (2.4%) | NR | NR |
Barton 2012 [33] | USA | Retrospective review of medical records | Adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with CVID/IgGSD attending outpatient departments, 1998–2008 (N = 212; n = 31 with HZ recurrence) | HZ diagnostic codes | Mean 7.6 years | 5/31 (16.1%) | NR | NR |
Yawn 2011 [10] | USA | Retrospective review of medical records | Patients with an initial episode of HZ, 1996–2001 [N = 1669; n = 139 (8.3%) IC] | Detailed medical record review, with laboratory confirmation in 24.8% of cases | Mean 7.3 years | 15/139 (10.8%) | NR | 8 years: 12.0% |
Borba 2010 [30] | Brazil | Retrospective review of database records | Patients with SLE and definitive HZ infection (N = 51) | Clinical history | NR | 4/51 (7.8%) | NR | NR |
Charlier 2009 [29] | France | Retrospective review of medical charts | Patients aged ≥ 12 years with WG, 1984–2006 (N = 113) | HZ diagnostic codes | Median 6 years | 9/113 (8.0%) | NR | NR |
Fuks 2009 [32] | Israel | Retrospective review of medical records | Adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who received lung transplantation between 2001 and 2007, with post-transplant episode of HZ (N = 198; n = 23 with first HZ episode) | HZ diagnostic codes and antiviral prescription | Median 34 months | 0/23 (0%) | NR | NR |
Manuel 2008 [31] | Canada | Retrospective review of medical records | Adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who received lung transplantation, 2001–2005 (N = 239; n = 29 with first HZ episode) | Clinically determined | Median 23.7 months | 4/29 (13.8%) | NR | NR |
Gebo 2005 [28] | USA | Retrospective review of medical records | HIV+ patients with an HZ episode, 1997–2001 (N = 239; n = 158 incident cases) | HZ diagnostic codes | Up to 4 years | HIV+ : 8/158 (5.1%) within 6 months of initial event; 7/158 (4.4%) between 60 and 180 days of initial event; 10% by 1 year | NR | NR |
Study | Country | Design | Population (N) | HZ diagnosis | Follow-up duration | Recurrence | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude rate, n/N (%) | Incidence, cases per 1000 PY | Cumulative risk, % | ||||||
Lee 2021 [37] | South Korea | Retrospective review of medical records | Patients diagnosed with HZO, 2009–2016 (N = 130) | HZ diagnostic codes and antiviral prescription | Up to 7 years | 19/130 (14.6%) | NR | NR |
Lu 2019 [39] | New Zealand | Retrospective review of medical records | Patients with HZ-related keratitis and/or uveitis who had cataract surgery (N = 57) | HZ diagnostic codes | NR | 23/57 (40.4%) after surgery | NR | NR |
Tran 2016 [35] | USA | Retrospective review of medical records | Patients with HZO clinical diagnosis (with or without eye involvement), 2010–2014 (N = 90; n = 83 with recurrent HZ) | HZ diagnostic codes | Mean 3.9 years | 16/83 (19.3%) | NR | 1 year: 8% 3 years: 17% 5 years: 25% 6 years: 31% |
He 2015 [40] | USA | Retrospective review of medical records | Patients with history of HZO who had cataract surgery (N = 24 eyes) | Clinical history | NR | Recurrent keratouveitis: 5/24 (20.8%) before surgery; 6/24 (25.0%) after surgery | NR | NR |
Miserocchi 2014 [17] | Italy | Retrospective review of medical records | Patients with herpetic ocular infection, 2006–2013 (N = 241; n = 189 with HSV, n = 45 with VZV, and n = 7 with CMV) | Clinical and laboratory history | Mean 24.9 months | Recurrent eye disease: 148/241 (61.4%) overall, 123/189 (65.1%) for HSV, 23/45 (51.1%) for VZV, and 2/7 (28.6%) for CMV | NR | NR |
Yawn 2013 [36] | USA | Retrospective review of medical records | Patients with confirmed HZ and eye involvement, 1980–2007 (N = 184) | HZ diagnostic codes | Up to 27 years | Recurrent uveitis: 14/184 (7.6%) Recurrent keratitis: 13/184 (7.1%) | NR | NR |
Hu 2010 [18] | USA | Retrospective review of medical records | Patients with history of HZO and late VZV dendriform keratitis (N = 20) | HZ diagnostic codes and PCR of VZV DNA | Mean 2.7 years | 10/19 (52.6%) | NR | NR |
Tugal-Tutkun 2010 [38] | Turkey | Retrospective review of medical records | Patients diagnosed with herpetic anterior uveitis, 1996–2006 (N = 111) | HZ diagnostic codes and antiviral prescription | Median 22.4 months | 43/111 (38.7%) | NR | NR |