Background
Physical activity, and sedentary behaviours
Paid work
Unpaid work (e.g., childcare, housework)
Time-use profiles
Methods
Variables and measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive statistics
Total | Female | Male | Difference test | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M / n | SD / % | Min | Max | M / n | SD / % | Min | Max | M / n | SD / % | Min | Max | (by gender) | ||
Age (years) | 46.87 | 17.61 | 18 | 100 | 47.12 | 17.39 | 18 | 100 | 46.60 | 17.84 | 18 | 100 | ** | |
Household income (€) | 3120.12 | 2136.49 | 100 | 60,000 | 3102.43 | 2048.58 | 150 | 60,000 | 3139.20 | 2227.35 | 100 | 60,000 | ||
Number of children in household | 0.85 | 1.25 | 0 | 11 | 0.86 | 1.24 | 0 | 10 | 0.83 | 1.26 | 0 | 11 | ** | |
Gender (1 = female) | 15,648 | 51.90 | ||||||||||||
Region (1 = East) | 6122 | 20.30 | 3226 | 20.62 | 2896 | 19.97 | ||||||||
Education | Low | 19,068 | 63.24 | 10,151 | 64.87 | 8917 | 61.48 | |||||||
Medium | 3547 | 11.76 | 1843 | 11.78 | 1704 | 11.75 | ||||||||
High | 7537 | 25.00 | 3654 | 23.35 | 3883 | 26.77 | *** | |||||||
Employment | None | 14,021 | 46.50 | 7829 | 50.03 | 6192 | 42.69 | |||||||
Part-time | 4897 | 16.24 | 3979 | 25.43 | 918 | 6.33 | *** | |||||||
Full-time | 11,234 | 37.26 | 3840 | 24.54 | 7394.00 | 50.98 | *** | |||||||
Marital status (1 = married) | 16,586 | 55.01 | 8391 | 53.62 | 8195 | 56.50 | *** | |||||||
Self-rated Health | 3.50 | 1.01 | 1 | 5 | 3.42 | 1.00 | 1 | 5 | 3.59 | 1.01 | 1 | 5 | *** | |
Life Satisfaction General | 7.40 | 1.75 | 0 | 10 | 7.42 | 1.76 | 0 | 10 | 7.39 | 1.74 | 0 | 10 | † | |
Health | 6.85 | 2.29 | 0 | 10 | 6.72 | 2.30 | 0 | 10 | 7.00 | 2.27 | 0 | 10 | *** | |
Sleep | 6.70 | 2.27 | 0 | 10 | 6.48 | 2.33 | 0 | 10 | 6.93 | 2.17 | 0 | 10 | *** | |
Free time | 7.06 | 2.16 | 0 | 10 | 6.99 | 2.22 | 0 | 10 | 7.15 | 2.09 | 0 | 10 | *** | |
Family | 7.97 | 1.87 | 0 | 10 | 7.94 | 1.88 | 0 | 10 | 8.01 | 1.86 | 0 | 10 | ** | |
Affective wellbeing | 14.69 | 2.73 | 4 | 20 | 14.26 | 2.82 | 4 | 20 | 15.15 | 2.55 | 4 | 20 | *** | |
Work | 4.60 | 4.40 | 0 | 21 | 3.91 | 4.03 | 0 | 21 | 5.34 | 4.65 | 0 | 17 | *** | |
Errands | 1.09 | 0.97 | 0 | 16 | 1.28 | 1.08 | 0 | 16 | 0.89 | 0.78 | 0 | 16 | *** | |
Housework | 1.55 | 1.25 | 0 | 23 | 2.06 | 1.34 | 0 | 23 | 0.95 | 0.80 | 0 | 10 | *** | |
Child Care | 1.60 | 3.41 | 0 | 24 | 2.30 | 4.27 | 0 | 24 | 0.85 | 1.84 | 0 | 24 | *** | |
Care | 0.18 | 1.06 | 0 | 24 | 0.23 | 1.22 | 0 | 24 | 0.12 | 0.85 | 0 | 24 | * | |
Education | 0.63 | 1.87 | 0 | 20 | 0.57 | 1.79 | 0 | 20 | 0.69 | 1.95 | 0 | 20 | ||
Repairs & garden | 0.60 | 0.89 | 0 | 12 | 0.47 | 0.77 | 0 | 12 | 0.74 | 0.98 | 0 | 10 | ||
Physical activity | 0.64 | 0.77 | 0 | 12 | 0.60 | 0.73 | 0 | 10 | 0.68 | 0.82 | 0 | 12 | ||
Leisure | 1.77 | 1.84 | 0 | 16 | 1.72 | 1.76 | 0 | 15 | 1.83 | 1.92 | 0 | 16 | ||
N / n | 30,152 | 15,648 | 14,504 |
Latent profiles of daily time-use
2 profiles | 3 profiles | 4 profiles | 5 profiles | 6 profiles | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Free parameters | 28 | 38 | 38 | 58 | 68 |
BLRT | 32,017.91*** | 18,376.54*** | 29,850.65*** | 20,304.16*** | 19,455.63*** |
AIC | 905,412.92 | 872,886.92 | 843,056.27 | 822,772.11 | 803,336.47 |
SSABIC | 905,556.73 | 873,082.09 | 843,302.80 | 823,069.99 | 803,685.72 |
Entropy | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.97 |
ALCP | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.97 |
0,998 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.98 | |
1.00 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.95 | ||
0.99 | 0.97 | 0.99 | |||
1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
1.00 |
Leisure | Full-time work | Childcare | Part-time work & care | Education | Care | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M / n | SD / % | M / n | SD / % | M / n | SD / % | M / n | SD / % | M / n | SD / % | M / n | SD / % | ||
Age (years) | 58.64 | 18.75 | 43.24 | 12.60 | 36.41 | 8.53 | 52.03a | 16.13 | 25.54 | 9.33 | 50.38a | 17.45 | |
Household income (€) | 2491.82 | 1779.29 | 3711.54 | 2216.39 | 2768.42a | 2013.76 | 2722.50a | 1590.04 | 2780.31a | 2441.84 | 2864.89a | 1535.95 | |
Number of children in household | 0.48 | 1.09 | 0.78 | 1.07 | 2.42 | 1.35 | 1.04 | 1.49 | 0.88 | 1.28 | 1.62 | 1.85 | |
Gender | (1 = female) | 5365 | 52.64 | 6330a | 44.49 | 2335 | 87.32 | 539b | 67.63 | 967a | 45.94 | 112b | 71.79 |
Region | (1 = East) | 2215a | 21.73 | 2980a | 20.94 | 437b | 16.34 | 175a | 21.96 | 285 | 13.54 | 30a, b | 19.23 |
Education | Low | 7221 | 70.86 | 7771 | 54.61 | 1667 | 62.34 | 555 | 69.64 | 1772 | 84.18 | 121 | 77.56 |
Medium | 831a | 8.15 | 2207 | 15.51 | 285b | 10.66 | 86b | 10.79 | 123c | 5.84 | 15a, b, c | 9.62 | |
High | 2139a | 20.99 | 4251 | 29.88 | 570a | 21.32 | 156a, b | 19.57 | 401b | 19.05 | 20 | 12.82 | |
Employment | None | 9184a | 90.12 | 248 | 1.74 | 2027b | 75.80 | 538 | 67.50 | 1900a | 90.26 | 124b | 79.49 |
Part-time | 883a | 8.66 | 3142b | 22.08 | 568b | 21.24 | 136 | 17.06 | 151c | 7.17 | 17a, c | 10.90 | |
Full-time | 124a | 1.22 | 10,839 | 76.18 | 79b | 2.95 | 123 | 15.43 | 54a, b | 2.57 | 15 | 9.62 | |
Marital status | (1 = married) | 5953a | 58.41 | 7870 | 55.31 | 1919b | 71.77 | 528c | 66.25 | 210 | 9.98 | 106a, b, c | 67.95 |
Self-rated Health | 3.17a | 1.07 | 3.63b | 0.89 | 3.68b | 0.99 | 3.28c | 1.04 | 4.05 | 0.94 | 3.15a, c | 0.98 | |
Life Satisfaction | General | 6.21a | 2.51 | 7.10b | 1.99 | 7.23b | 2.31 | 6.42a | 2.49 | 8.01b | 2.01 | 6.24a | 2.40 |
Health | 6.49a, b | 2.42 | 6.84b | 2.12 | 6.37b | 2.31 | 6.33a, c | 2.40 | 7.37 | 2.07 | 5.46b, c | 2.47 | |
Sleep | 7.68a | 2.04 | 6.80 | 2.06 | 6.30b | 2.35 | 6.24a, b | 2.45 | 7.28 | 2.08 | 5.31a | 2.61 | |
Free time | 7.95 | 1.97 | 7.93 | 1.81 | 8.27a | 1.79 | 7.69a | 2.06 | 8.06 | 1.81 | 7.62 | 1.94 | |
Family | 7.15a | 1.98 | 7.56a | 1.53 | 7.56 | 1.81 | 7.15b | 1.85 | 7.53c | 1.70 | 6.94a, b, c | 1.86 | |
Affective wellbeing | 14.52 | 2.87 | 14.91a | 2.58 | 14.28 | 2.80 | 13.41b | 2.95 | 14.90a | 2.65 | 13.41b | 3.04 | |
N | 10,191 | 14,229 | 2674 | 797 | 2105 | 156 |
Multinomial logistic regression models
Class comparison: | Leisure | Childcare | Part-time work & care | Education | Care | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | LB | HB | OR | LB | HB | OR | LB | HB | OR | LB | HB | OR | LB | HB | |
Age (years) | 1.05 | [1.04, | 1.06] | 0.97 | [0.96, | 0.97] | 1.05 | [1.04, | 1.05] | 0.90 | [0.90, | 0.91] | 1.05 | [1.04, | 1.07] |
Household income (€) | 0.87 | [0.83, | 0.91] | 0.82 | [0.78, | 0.87] | 0.87 | [0.80, | 0.94] | 0.96 | [0.93, | 0.99] | 0.97 | [0.90, | 1.04] |
Number of children in household | 0.97 | [0.92, | 1.03] | 2.10 | [1.99, | 2.22] | 1.33 | [1.23, | 1.44] | 1.04 | [0.97, | 1.12] | 1.71 | [1.50, | 1.95] |
Gender (1 = female) | 1.19 | [0.59, | 2.40] | 3.74 | [1.11, | 12.59 | 3.50 | [1.25, | 9.79] | 2.13 | [0.89, | 5.08] | 4.33 | [0.65, | 28.71 |
Region (1 = East) | 0.64 | [0.56, | 0.73] | 0.65 | [0.55, | 0.76] | 0.79 | [0.65, | 0.97] | 0.57 | [0.47, | 0.68] | 0.75 | [0.49, | 1.14] |
Education status Low | |||||||||||||||
Medium | 0.85 | [0.72, | 1.00] | 1.30 | [1.08, | 1.57] | 0.98 | [0.76, | 1.27] | 1.01 | [0.81, | 1.27] | 0.77 | [0.43, | 1.37] |
High | 0.68 | [0.59, | 0.77] | 1.22 | [1.04, | 1.42] | 0.71 | [0.57, | 0.88] | 1.37 | [1.16, | 1.62] | 0.44 | [0.26, | 0.74] |
Employment status Not | |||||||||||||||
Part-time | 0.02 | [0.02, | 0.02] | 0.04 | [0.03, | 0.04] | 0.03 | [0.03, | 0.04] | 0.03 | [0.02, | 0.04] | 0.02 | [0.01, | 0.04] |
Full-time | 0.00 | [0.00, | 0.00] | 0.01 | [0.01, | 0.01] | 0.01 | [0.01, | 0.02] | 0.01 | [0.01, | 0.01] | 0.01 | [0.00, | 0.02] |
Marital status (1 = married) | 1.36 | [1.20, | 1.55] | 2.38 | [2.02, | 2.80] | 1.68 | [1.37, | 2.07] | 0.84 | [0.71, | 1.00] | 1.61 | [1.10, | 2.34] |
Self-rated health | 1.29 | [0.94, | 1.78] | 1.27 | [0.76, | 2.10] | 1.65 | [1.00, | 2.73] | 1.51 | [1.05, | 2.18] | 1.11 | [0.47, | 2.61] |
Life satisfaction General | 0.82 | [0.71, | 0.94] | 0.93 | [0.74, | 1.18] | 0.90 | [0.74, | 1.10] | 1.13 | [0.97, | 1.32] | 0.86 | [0.61, | 1.22] |
Health | 1.01 | [0.88, | 1.17] | 0.75 | [0.59, | 0.95] | 0.87 | [0.70, | 1.10] | 0.97 | [0.82, | 1.15] | 0.85 | [0.52, | 1.38] |
Sleep | 1.16 | [1.05, | 1.29] | 1.07 | [0.89, | 1.29] | 1.02 | [0.86, | 1.21] | 0.93 | [0.83, | 1.05] | 1.11 | [0.74, | 1.65] |
Free time | 1.00 | [0.90, | 1.11] | 1.16 | [0.99, | 1.35] | 1.19 | [1.02, | 1.38] | 1.01 | [0.91, | 1.13] | 1.19 | [0.86, | 1.64] |
Family | 0.95 | [0.84, | 1.07] | 0.91 | [0.73, | 1.12] | 0.76 | [0.64, | 0.90] | 1.02 | [0.90, | 1.16] | 0.78 | [0.57, | 1.06] |
Affective wellbeing | 1.04 | [0.95, | 1.14] | 0.94 | [0.80, | 1.09] | 1.06 | [0.93, | 1.20] | 1.01 | [0.91, | 1.11] | 1.08 | [0.83, | 1.41] |
Interactions: Gender X | |||||||||||||||
Self-rated health | 0.89 | [0.74, | 1.07] | 0.95 | [0.73, | 1.25] | 0.77 | [0.58, | 1.02] | 0.86 | [0.69, | 1.07] | 0.92 | [0.56, | 1.50] |
Life satisfaction General | 1.09 | [0.99, | 1.19] | 1.08 | [0.95, | 1.23] | 1.06 | [0.94, | 1.19] | 0.96 | [0.87, | 1.05] | 1.08 | [0.88, | 1.32] |
Health | 0.96 | [0.88, | 1.04] | 1.14 | [1.00, | 1.29] | 1.07 | [0.91, | 1.22] | 1.01 | [0.91, | 1.11] | 1.15 | [0.88, | 1.49] |
Sleep | 1.01 | [0.95, | 1.07] | 0.94 | [0.86, | 1.04] | 1.00 | [0.91, | 1.10] | 1.06 | [0.99, | 1.14] | 0.89 | [0.72, | 1.11] |
Free time | 0.98 | [0.93, | 1.04] | 0.90 | [0.83, | 0.98] | 0.85 | [0.78, | 0.93] | 1.00 | [0.93, | 1.07] | 0.82 | [0.69, | 0.97] |
Family | 1.01 | [0.94, | 1.09] | 1.06 | [0.95, | 1.18] | 1.17 | [1.06, | 1.29] | 0.97 | [0.90, | 1.05] | 1.18 | [0.99, | 1.41] |
Affective wellbeing | 0.97 | [0.92, | 1.02] | 1.02 | [0.94, | 1.10] | 0.95 | [0.88, | 1.03] | 0.99 | [0.93, | 1.05] | 0.93 | [0.80, | 1.08] |