Introduction
The highest illicit cocaine consumption in Europe is in Spain and the UK [1], on a par with that in the USA [2]. Furthermore, it has increased alarmingly among young people [3].
Various studies have established a relationship between acute cocaine consumption and medical attention for chest pain, especially in people under 45 years of age [4, 5]. Chronic abuse has been postulated as a new factor in cardiovascular risk [6]. In addition, illicit drug use is involved to the same extent as alcohol abuse in vehicle accidents [7] and accidental or violent trauma [8], especially in severe cases or deaths [9].
Anzeige
To our knowledge, no studies have been performed in Spain on the prevalence of cocaine consumption in patients seeking emergency department attention when this was not the direct reason for the visit [10, 11].
The objective of this work was to study the incidence of cocaine consumption in patients attending the emergency department (ED) for trauma or cardiovascular pathology, and whether such consumption influenced clinical management of the patient.
Patients and methods
Between 1 April and 30 June 2006, we prospectively studied urine samples from consecutive patients over 16 years who presented to a university hospital ED for any trauma secondary to vehicle accident, work accident, aggression, or non-traumatic chest pain of probable cardiovascular origin. Informed consent was obtained from these participants except those patients for whom toxicological analysis was performed for clinical reasons. The samples were stored at –80°C for subsequent analysis.
The following variables were studied: age, sex, reason for visit (trauma or chest pain), complementary tests needed (blood tests, X-rays, CT scans and ultrasound), number of tests performed, outcome (death, hospital admission, discharge), duration of ED stay for non-admissions and days of hospital stay.
Anzeige
The detection of drugs in urine samples was performed by semiquantative tests with fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA)(AxSYM System, Abbott laboratories, Abbott Park, IL), measuring levels of cocaine (benzoylecgonine and methylecgonine ether), cannabis (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), amphetamine/metaamphetamine, opioids (morphine and normorphine) and benzodiazepine (nordiazepam). We considered the following values as positive: cocaine >300 ng/ml, cannabis >50 ng/ml, opioids >300 ng/ml, amphetamine/metaamphetamine >1,000 ng/ml and benzodiazepine >200 ng/ml. Polyconsumption was defined as the presence of two or more drugs in the samples analyzed.
The project was approved by the local research ethics committee.
Statistical analysis
Results for categorical variables are expressed as frequency and percentage. Results for numerical and ordinal variables are expressed as mean and standard deviation. Proportions were compared with chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test whenever required. Ranks between groups were compared with Mann-Whitney U test or Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test whenever required. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS v. 14.0.1 (Chicago, IL) and StatXact 5.0 (Cytel Co., Cambridge, MA).
Results
Two hundred and fifty patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, but only 91 gave their consent to be included in the study. Finally, after 16 were excluded due to incomplete clinical information (patients left ED before the discharge process was completed), the data from 75 patients were included for statistical analysis.
Clinical and demographic characteristics are shown in Table 1. Physical trauma was present in 63.3% of the whole sample. The chest pain group was older than the trauma group (36.8 years ±17.73 vs. 47.0 years ±16.06; P<0.001), received more blood tests (86.2% vs. 52.2%; P=0.002) and more electrocardiograms (93.1% vs. 4.3%; P=0.001). No differences were found in the other variables (see Table 1). No patients died.
Table 1
Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients grouped according to reason for ED visit
Total n=75 | Chest pain group n=29 | Trauma group n=46 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 36.8±17.73 | 47.0±16.06 | 27.6±9.90 | <0.001 |
Male sex—no. (%) | 59 (78.7) | 23 (79.3) | 36 (78.3) | 0.58 |
Emergency dept. stay (h) | 5.2±6.52 | 6.6±8.50 | 4.3±4.93 | 0.99 |
Hospital admission—no. (%) | 19 (25.7) | 10 (34.5) | 9 (20) | 0.13 |
Hospital stay (days) | 4.23±10.43 | 4.3±6.09 | 4.19±12.53 | 0.06 |
Additional tests—no. (%) | 67 (94.4) | 26 (96.3) | 41 (93.2) | 0.51 |
Blood tests—no. (%) | 49 (65.3) | 25 (86.2) | 24 (52.2) | 0.002 |
X-ray—no. (%) | 62 (82.7) | 22 (75.9) | 40 (87) | 0.18 |
ECG—no. (%) | 26 (38.7) | 27 (93.1) | 2 (4.3) | <0.001 |
CT—no. (%) | 11 (14.7) | 5 (17.2) | 6 (13) | 0.43 |
Echography—no. (%) | 5 (6.7) | 3 (10.3) | 2 (4.2) | 0.3 |
Remarkably, 25.3% (19 of 75) of the patients showed positive drugs test for drugs. Of these, 13.3% (10 of 75) were positive for cocaine, and the same percentage was positive for cannabinoids (Table 2). Patients with positive test for cocaine were younger than those with negative test (26.6 years ±5.04 vs. 39.7 years ±18.96, respectively; P=0.036). No differences were found between patients with positive and negative cocaine tests in sex, duration of ED stay, hospital stay or need for additional tests (Table 3). However, the proportion of patients with positive test for more than one illegal drug was higher in the chest pain group (17.2%) than in the trauma group (0%); P=0.007.
Table 2
Positive drug tests classified according to the reason for ED visit
Total n=75 | Chest pain group n=29 | Trauma group n=46 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cocaine (+)—no. (%) | 10 (13.3) | 5 (17.2) | 5 (10.96) | 0.32 |
Cannabinoids (+)—no. (%) | 10 (13.3) | 5 (17.2) | 5 (10.96) | 0.32 |
Opioids (+)—no. (%) | 3 (4) | 2 (6.9) | 1 (2.2) | 0.33 |
Amphetamines (+)—no. (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | - |
Any illicit drug—no. (%) | 19 (25.3) | 8 (27.6) | 11 (23.9) | 0.46 |
Polyconsumption—no. (%) | 5 (6.7) | 5 (17.2) | 0 (0) | 0.007 |
Table 3
Demographics, ED management and polycompsumption in cocaine-positive patients
Total n=75 | Cocaine-positive patients n=10 | Cocaine-negative patients n=65 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 36.8±17.73 | 26.6±5.04 | 39.7±18.96 | 0.04 |
Male sex—no. (%) | 59 (78.7) | 10 (16.9) | 49 (83.1) | 0.08 |
ED stay (h) | 5.2±6.52 | 5.3±4.5 | 4.1±6.85 | 0.39 |
Hospitalization—no. (%) | 19 (25.7) | 2 (10.5) | 17 (89.5) | 0.50 |
Hospital stay (days) | 4.23±10.43 | 5.0±15.12 | 4.1±9.57 | 0.39 |
Additional tests—no. (%) | 67 (94.4) | 9 (90) | 58 (95.1) | 0.46 |
Blood tests—no. (%) | 49 (65.3) | 9 (90) | 40 (61.5) | 0.07 |
X-ray— no. (%) | 62 (82.7) | 7 (70) | 55 (84.6) | 0.24 |
ECG—no. (%) | 26 (38.7) | 5 (50) | 24 (36.9) | 0.32 |
CT—no. (%) | 11 (14.7) | 1 (10) | 10 (15.4) | 0.55 |
Echography—no. (%) | 5 (6.7) | 1 (10) | 4 (6.2 | 0.52 |
Cannabinoids (positive test)—no. (%) | 10 (13.3) | 4 (40) | 6 (60) | 0.24 |
Opioids (positive test)—no. (%) | 3 (4) | 0 (0) | 3 (100) | 0.65 |
Discussion
A remarkable finding of this study was that one in four ED patients presenting for reasons other than illicit drug consumption showed positive drug urine analyses. This coincides with the findings of Sanjurjo et al. [11], but they only included undisclosed cases suspected of drug consumption. Moreover, the fact that only 30% of patients eligible for inclusion in the present study consented to participate suggests that the number of illicit drug users attending hospital emergency departments in Spain may be higher than was previously estimated. A limitation of our study was precisely this low rate of consent, which contrasts with that of approximately 70% in other series, although in those studies the reasons for patients attending ED were medical problems specifically related with cocaine consumption [11, 12]. Another limitation may be not having taken into account the degree of severity or admission diagnoses to determine their relation with cocaine use. This was not done because of the small sample size.
Anzeige
Despite studying two groups of patients as aetiologically different as trauma and chest pain of probable cardiologic aetiology, we found no significant differences in clinical characteristics such as ED stay, hospitalisation or hospital stay. Neither did we find differences in cocaine consumption between the two groups. Both our groups showed positive cocaine results at the lower limit of other series (16% [13] to 56.2% [14] for cocaine-related chest pain and from 6% [15] to 11.8% [12, 16] for trauma patients). A possible explanation may be that they included mainly severe cases.
Polyconsumption was higher in the chest-pain group, probably because the trauma group included any degree of severity, not just severe trauma as in other series, especially those associated with alcohol consumption [15, 17].
The use of cocaine was not associated with increased ED stay, complementary studies, rate of hospital admission or length of hospital stay. It appears that the use of this substance had little influence as an independent factor on expenditure and health resources. This may be partly attributable to the fact that the cocaine-positive patients were significantly younger than the cocaine-negative patients compared in this study. Precisely for this reason, we cannot know the future impact of this consumption by young people [6].
Further research with longer study periods and a greater number of patients is required to confirm these preliminary findings.
Anzeige
Conclusions
This study found undisclosed cocaine and cannabis use in 25% of consecutive adult patients presenting at the emergency department for trauma or chest pain. The low participation suggests higher real incidence.
The use of cocaine was not associated with greater health care burden, but cocaine-positive patients were significantly younger.
Open Access This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0
), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.