Introduction
Methods
Participants
Study design
Characteristic | Study group (n = 54) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 59.4 ± 7.0 |
Sex, n (%) | |
Male | 29 (54) |
Female | 25 (46) |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 8.1 ± 5.8 |
Smokers, n (%) | 10 (19) |
Weight (kg) | 94.1 ± 15.5 |
BMI (kg/m−2) | 32.6 ± 4.9 |
HbA1c (DCCT) (%) | 7.2 ± 3.3 |
HbA1c (IFCC) (mmol/mol) | 54.9 ± 13.0 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 140 ± 14 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85 ± 8 |
Resting heart rate (beats/min) | 71 ± 9 |
Oral hypoglycaemic agents, n (%) | |
Metformin | 41 (76) |
Sulfonylurea | 16 (30) |
Thiazolidinedione | 3 (6) |
Glinides | 2 (4) |
Acarbose | 1 (2) |
DPP-4 inhibitors | 19 (35) |
Lipid-lowering therapy, n (%) | 31 (57) |
Antihypertensive therapy, n (%) | 33 (61) |
Diet
Compliance
Physical activity
Medication
Procedures
Calculations
Analytical methods
Statistical analyses
Results
Variables | Six meals a day (A6) | Two meals a day (B2) |
p values |
---|---|---|---|
Dietary intake – energy (kJ/day) | −1,590 (−1,970 to −1,054)*** | −1,757 (−2,105 to −1,201)*** | 0.731 |
Dietary intake – fat (g/day) | −35.0 (−43.7 to −27.9)*** | −38.2 (−44.4 to −32.2)*** | 0.921 |
Dietary intake – carbohydrates (g/day) | −19.7 (−32.4 to −3.1)*** | −23.2 (−37.8 to −8.5)*** | 0.873 |
Dietary intake – protein (g/day) | +0.9 (−3.7 to +5.6) | −4.6 (−8.7 to +1.1) | 0.637 |
Step count (steps/month) | +2,092 (+879 to +3,493)* | +2,213 (+996 to +3,612)* | 0.876 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.82 (−0.94 to −0.69)*** | −1.23 (−1.4 to −1.17)*** | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | −1.37 (−2.01 to −0.73)*** | −5.14 (−5.78 to −4.50)*** | <0.001 |
Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | −0.47 (−0.57 to −0.36)*** | −0.78 (−0.89 to −0.68)*** | 0.004 |
Fasting immunoreactive insulin (pmol/l) | −0.69 (−1.18 to −0.21)* | −0.75 (−1.23 to −0.27)* | 0.910 |
Triacylglycerols (mmol/l) | −0.28 (−0.39 to −0.17)** | −0.17 (−0.28 to −0.06)* | 0.300 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.05 (−0.13 to +0.04) | −0.07 (−0.15 to +0.01) | 0.730 |
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | +0.016 (−0.006 to +0.038) | +0.003 (−0.019 to +0.025) | 0.570 |
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | −0.08 (−0.15 to −0.01)* | −0.06 (−0.13 to −0.01) | 0.823 |
Insulin secretion at reference level (pmol min−1 m−2) | +22.9 (+11.7 to +34.0)* | +20.0 (+8.7 to +31.2)* | 0.795 |
Glucose sensitivity (pmol min−1 m−2 mmol−1 l−1) | +5.8 (+2.3 to +9.5)* | +5.9 (+2.3 to +9.5)* | 0.991 |
Rate sensitivity (pmol m−2 mmol−1 l−1) | −141.9 (−248.2 to −36.8)* | −251.5 (−358.9 to −145.3)* | 0.303 |
Potentiation factor (dimensionless) | −0.034 (−0.059 to −0.009)* | −0.038 (−0.062 to −0.013)* | 0.890 |