Introduction
Materials and methods
Animals and operating procedure
Treatment groups and substances
Intravital fluorochrome labeling
Endpoint and specimen preparation
Radiographic evaluation
Biomechanical testing
Preparation for microscopy and microradiography
Gene analysis
Evaluation and statistics
Results
Radiographic evaluation
Biomechanical testing
Microradiographic evaluation
OVX | SHAM | Raloxifen | Estradiol | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total bone area (mm2) | 2.52 ± 0.71 | 2.33 ± 0.71 | 2.92 ± 0.739 | 2.64 ± 0.24 |
Tibial diameter proximal (mm) | 3.11 ± 0.21 | 2.76 ± 0.26 | 3.49 ± 0.20 | 2.89 ± 0.2 |
Tibial diameter distal (mm) | 2.27 ± 0.45 | 2.25 ± 0.40 | 2.67 ± 0.35 | 2.65 ± 0.18 |
Cortical width dorsal (mm) | 0.55 ± 0.06 | 0.57 ± 0.11 | 0.59 ± 0.074 | 0.56 ± 0.17 |
Cortical width ventro-medial (mm) | 0.54 ± 0.10 | 0.46 ± 0.05* | 0.51 ± 0.065 | 0.46 ± 0.04* |
Callus width dorsal (mm) | 0.76 ± 0.23 | 0.82 ± 0.32 | 1.04 ± 0.449 | 0.74 ± 0.32 |
Callus width ventro-medial (mm) | 0.41 ± 0.13 | 0.34 ± 0.11 | 0.52 ± 0.18* | 0.50 ± 0.29 |
Callus area density (%) | 73.51 ± 13.6 | 80.71 ± 7.99** | 75.64 ± 13.81** | 70.81 ± 23.5 |
Trabecular width (μm) | 6.01 ± 1.49 | 6.28 ± 2.3 | 7.66 ± 1.58* | 6.03 ± 1.67 |
Number of trabecular nodes | 6.71 ± 4.83 | 8.24 ± 5.16** | 15.00 ± 7.26* | 19.11 ± 14.7* |
Number of trabecular nodes (mm2) | 9.55 ± 6.84 | 12.23 ± 5.37** | 16.18 ± 6.80* | 21.01 ± 11.9* |
Evaluation of the intravitale fluorochrome labeling
osteopenic C | SHAM | RALOXIFEN | ESTRADIOL | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total callus ventro-medial (mm2) | 1.14 ± 0.58 | 1.07 ± 0.40 | 1.42 ± 1.03 | 1.00 ± 0.27 |
Callus area ventro-medial CG | 0.49 ± 0.51 | 0.44 ± 0.40 | 0.59 ± 0.48 | 0.28 ± 0.14* |
Callus area ventro-medial AK | 0.31 ± 0.07 | 0.32 ± 0.15 | 0.55 ± 0.33*,** | 0.37 ± 0.06* |
Callus area ventro-medial TC | 0.26 ± 0.24 | 0.37 ± 0.23 | 0.42 ± 0.21 | 0.38 ± 0.16 |
Total callus dorsal (mm2) | 1.42 ± 0.80 | 1.62 ± 0.60 | 1.86 ± 0.95 | 1.96 ± 0.59 |
Callus area dorsal CG | 0.79 ± 0.53 | 0.80 ± 0.28 | 1.02 ± 0.48 | 0.87 ± 0.51 |
Callus area dorsal AK | 0.33 ± 0.17 | 0.50 ± 0.23 | 0.56 ± 0.33 | 0.62 ± 0.33 |
Callus area dorsal TC | 0.19 ± 0.11 | 0.29 ± 0.23 | 0.45 ± 0.25* | 0.23 ± 0.13 |
Total callus endosteal (mm2) | 1.56 ± 0.59 | 1.82 ± 0.62 | 2.06 ± 0.58* | 1.71 ± 0.49 |
Callus area endosteal CG | 0.75 ± 0.36 | 0.91 ± 0.46 | 0.78 ± 0.28 | 1.16 ± 0.25* |
Callus area endosteal AK | 0.37 ± 0.33 | 0.58 ± 0.25* | 0.71 ± 0.29* | 0.53 ± 0.14* |
Callus area endosteal TC | 0.21 ± 0.26 | 0.26 ± 0.20 | 0.50 ± 0.25* | 0.41 ± 0.18* |
Total callus area (mm2) | 4.13 ± 0.56 | 4.51 ± 0.61 | 5.34 ± 0.65* | 4.66 ± 0.45 |