Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Current Psychiatry Reports 3/2012

01.06.2012 | ANXIETY DISORDERS (DJ STEIN, SECTION EDITOR)

A 2012 Evidence-Based Algorithm for the Pharmacotherapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

verfasst von: Dan J. Stein, Nastassja Koen, Naomi Fineberg, Leonardo F. Fontenelle, Hisato Matsunaga, David Osser, H. Blair Simpson

Erschienen in: Current Psychiatry Reports | Ausgabe 3/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

There is a need to synthesize the growing body of literature on the pharmacotherapeutic management of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder for clinicians working at a primary care level. We have aimed to generate a simple, easy-to-follow algorithm for the primary care practitioner. This seven-step algorithm addresses diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, initiation of pharmacotherapy, monitoring and maintenance treatment, and guidelines for the management of patients who are resistant to initial therapy. In creating this algorithm, we have drawn on the body of published evidence, as well as on expert opinion.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:593–602.PubMedCrossRef Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62:593–602.PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Saxena S, Rauch SL. Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2000;23(3):563–86.PubMedCrossRef Saxena S, Rauch SL. Functional neuroimaging and the neuroanatomy of obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2000;23(3):563–86.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Pauls DL. The genetics of obsessive compulsive disorder and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1992;15(4):759–66.PubMed Pauls DL. The genetics of obsessive compulsive disorder and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 1992;15(4):759–66.PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Pauls DL. The genetics of obsessive compulsive disorder: a review of the evidence. Am J Med C Semin Med Genet. 2008;148C(2):133–9. Pauls DL. The genetics of obsessive compulsive disorder: a review of the evidence. Am J Med C Semin Med Genet. 2008;148C(2):133–9.
5.
Zurück zum Zitat American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Lochner C, Stein DJ. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders. Psychopathology. 2010;43(6):389–96.PubMedCrossRef Lochner C, Stein DJ. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders. Psychopathology. 2010;43(6):389–96.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Koran LM. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an update for the clinician. Focus. 2007;V(3):299–313. Koran LM. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: an update for the clinician. Focus. 2007;V(3):299–313.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollander E, Kim S, Khanna S, Pallanti S: Obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: diagnostic and dimensional issues. CNS Spectrums 2007, 12(2)(suppl 3):5–13. Hollander E, Kim S, Khanna S, Pallanti S: Obsessive-compulsive disorder and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: diagnostic and dimensional issues. CNS Spectrums 2007, 12(2)(suppl 3):5–13.
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Angst J, Gamma A, Endrass J, Hantouche E, Goodwin R, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rössler W. Obsessive-compulsive syndromes and disorders—significance of comorbidity with bipolar and anxiety syndromes. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;255(1):65–71.PubMedCrossRef Angst J, Gamma A, Endrass J, Hantouche E, Goodwin R, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rössler W. Obsessive-compulsive syndromes and disorders—significance of comorbidity with bipolar and anxiety syndromes. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005;255(1):65–71.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds.: The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and morbidity from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020, Volume I. Harvard: World Health Organization; 1996. Murray CJL, Lopez AD, eds.: The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and morbidity from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020, Volume I. Harvard: World Health Organization; 1996.
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollander E, Stein DJ, Broatch J, Himelein C, Rowland C. A pharmacoeconomic and quality of life study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 1997;2:16–25. Hollander E, Stein DJ, Broatch J, Himelein C, Rowland C. A pharmacoeconomic and quality of life study of obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 1997;2:16–25.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders—first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2008;9:248–312.PubMedCrossRef Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders—first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2008;9:248–312.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19:567–96.PubMedCrossRef Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders: recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19:567–96.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Swinson RP, Antony MM, Bleau PB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines: management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51 Suppl 2:1–92. Swinson RP, Antony MM, Bleau PB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines: management of anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry. 2006;51 Suppl 2:1–92.
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Koran LM, Hanna GL, Hollander E, Nestadt G, Simpson HB. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164 suppl 7:5–53.PubMed Koran LM, Hanna GL, Hollander E, Nestadt G, Simpson HB. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164 suppl 7:5–53.PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Stein DJ, Ipser JC, Baldwin DS, Bandelow, B: Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr 2007, 12(2)(suppl 3):28–35. Stein DJ, Ipser JC, Baldwin DS, Bandelow, B: Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr 2007, 12(2)(suppl 3):28–35.
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Muir Gray JA, Richards WS. Evidence-based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ. 1996;312:71–2.PubMedCrossRef Sackett DL, Rosenberg WMC, Muir Gray JA, Richards WS. Evidence-based medicine: what it is and what it isn't. BMJ. 1996;312:71–2.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Fawcett J, Stein DJ, Jobson KO. Textbook of treatment algorithms in psychopharmacology. Chichester: Wiley; 1999. Fawcett J, Stein DJ, Jobson KO. Textbook of treatment algorithms in psychopharmacology. Chichester: Wiley; 1999.
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Pallanti S, Hollander E, Bienstock C, et al. Treatment non-response in OCD: methodological issues and operational definitions. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;5:181–91. Pallanti S, Hollander E, Bienstock C, et al. Treatment non-response in OCD: methodological issues and operational definitions. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;5:181–91.
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Rummel-Kluge C, Pitschel-Walz G, Kissling W. Psychoeducation in anxiety disorders: results of a survey of all psychiatric institutions in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Psychiatry Res. 2009;169(2):180–2.PubMedCrossRef Rummel-Kluge C, Pitschel-Walz G, Kissling W. Psychoeducation in anxiety disorders: results of a survey of all psychiatric institutions in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Psychiatry Res. 2009;169(2):180–2.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofmann SG, Smits JAJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(4):621–32.PubMedCrossRef Hofmann SG, Smits JAJ. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(4):621–32.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Eddy KT, Dutra L, Bradley R, Westen D. A multi-dimensional meta-analysis for psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24(8):1011–30.PubMedCrossRef Eddy KT, Dutra L, Bradley R, Westen D. A multi-dimensional meta-analysis for psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24(8):1011–30.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat March JS, Frances A, Carpenter D, Kahn D. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Expert Consensus Panel for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(suppl):1–72. March JS, Frances A, Carpenter D, Kahn D. Treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: the Expert Consensus Panel for obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1997;58(suppl):1–72.
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Franklin M, Foa E. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for obsessive compulsive disorders. In: Nathan PE, Borman JM, editors. A guide to treatments that work. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 339–57. Franklin M, Foa E. Cognitive-behavioral treatment for obsessive compulsive disorders. In: Nathan PE, Borman JM, editors. A guide to treatments that work. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998. p. 339–57.
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hohagen F, Winkelmann G, Rasche-Rauschle H, et al.: Combination of behaviour therapy with fluvoxamine in comparison with behaviour therapy and placebo: results of a multicentre study. Br J Psychiatry 1998, 35(suppl.):71–78. Hohagen F, Winkelmann G, Rasche-Rauschle H, et al.: Combination of behaviour therapy with fluvoxamine in comparison with behaviour therapy and placebo: results of a multicentre study. Br J Psychiatry 1998, 35(suppl.):71–78.
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Balkom AJ, de Haan E, van Oppen P, Spinhoven P, Hoogduin KA, van Dyck R. Cognitive and behavioral therapies alone versus in combination with fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1998;186:492–9.PubMedCrossRef Van Balkom AJ, de Haan E, van Oppen P, Spinhoven P, Hoogduin KA, van Dyck R. Cognitive and behavioral therapies alone versus in combination with fluvoxamine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1998;186:492–9.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Cottraux J, Mollard E, Bouvard M, et al. A controlled study of fluvoxamine and exposure in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;5:17–30.PubMedCrossRef Cottraux J, Mollard E, Bouvard M, et al. A controlled study of fluvoxamine and exposure in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1990;5:17–30.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, Davies S, Campeas R, Franklin ME, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:151–61.PubMedCrossRef Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, Kozak MJ, Davies S, Campeas R, Franklin ME, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of exposure and ritual prevention, clomipramine, and their combination in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:151–61.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Marks IM, Stern RS, Mawson D, Cobb J, McDonald R. Clomipramine and exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals: I. Br J Psychiatry. 1980;136:1–25.PubMedCrossRef Marks IM, Stern RS, Mawson D, Cobb J, McDonald R. Clomipramine and exposure for obsessive-compulsive rituals: I. Br J Psychiatry. 1980;136:1–25.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat • Ganasen KA, Ipser JC, Stein DJ: Augmentation of cognitive behavioral therapy with pharmacotherapy. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2010, 33(3):687–699. This paper provides a systematic review of the literature on combining CBT and pharmacotherapy (D-cycloserine) in the treatment of anxiety disorders. A series of randomized, placebo-controlled trials suggest that low-dose D-cycloserine before therapy sessions may be more effective compared with CBT alone. • Ganasen KA, Ipser JC, Stein DJ: Augmentation of cognitive behavioral therapy with pharmacotherapy. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2010, 33(3):687–699. This paper provides a systematic review of the literature on combining CBT and pharmacotherapy (D-cycloserine) in the treatment of anxiety disorders. A series of randomized, placebo-controlled trials suggest that low-dose D-cycloserine before therapy sessions may be more effective compared with CBT alone.
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Otto MW, Smits JAJ, Reese HE. Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults: review and analysis. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2005;12(1):72–86.CrossRef Otto MW, Smits JAJ, Reese HE. Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for mood and anxiety disorders in adults: review and analysis. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2005;12(1):72–86.CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Deveney CM, McHugh RK, Tolin DF, Pollack MH, Otto MW. Combining D-cycloserine and exposure-based CBT for the anxiety disorders. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2009;6(2):75–82. Deveney CM, McHugh RK, Tolin DF, Pollack MH, Otto MW. Combining D-cycloserine and exposure-based CBT for the anxiety disorders. Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2009;6(2):75–82.
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilhelm S, Buhlmann U, Tolin DF, Meunier SA, Pearlson GD, Reese HE, Cannistraro P, Jenike MA, Rauch SL. Augmentation of behavior therapy with D-cycloserine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:335–41.PubMedCrossRef Wilhelm S, Buhlmann U, Tolin DF, Meunier SA, Pearlson GD, Reese HE, Cannistraro P, Jenike MA, Rauch SL. Augmentation of behavior therapy with D-cycloserine for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:335–41.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Norberg MM, Krystal JH, Tolin DF. A meta-analysis of D-cycloserine and the facilitation of fear extinction and exposure therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(12):1118–26.PubMedCrossRef Norberg MM, Krystal JH, Tolin DF. A meta-analysis of D-cycloserine and the facilitation of fear extinction and exposure therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2008;63(12):1118–26.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Eichstedt JA, Arnold SL. Childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: a tic-related subtype of OCD? Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21:137–57.PubMedCrossRef Eichstedt JA, Arnold SL. Childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: a tic-related subtype of OCD? Clin Psychol Rev. 2001;21:137–57.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Swedo SE, Leonard LH, Garvey M, et al. Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical descriptions of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:264–71.PubMed Swedo SE, Leonard LH, Garvey M, et al. Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical descriptions of the first 50 cases. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:264–71.PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollander E, Greenwald S, Neville D, Johnson J, Horning CD, Weissman MM. Uncomplicated and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in an epidemiologic sample. Depress Anxiety. 1997;4:111–9.CrossRef Hollander E, Greenwald S, Neville D, Johnson J, Horning CD, Weissman MM. Uncomplicated and comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder in an epidemiologic sample. Depress Anxiety. 1997;4:111–9.CrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Flament MF, Geller D, Irak M, Blier P: Specificities of treatment in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Specr 2007, 12(2)(suppl 3):43–58. Flament MF, Geller D, Irak M, Blier P: Specificities of treatment in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Specr 2007, 12(2)(suppl 3):43–58.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Neziroglu F, Stevens KP, Yaryura-Tobias JA, Hoffman JH. Assessment, treatment parameters, and prognostic indicators for patients with obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Cognit Behav Pract. 1999;6(4):345–50.CrossRef Neziroglu F, Stevens KP, Yaryura-Tobias JA, Hoffman JH. Assessment, treatment parameters, and prognostic indicators for patients with obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Cognit Behav Pract. 1999;6(4):345–50.CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Fineberg NA, Krishnaiah RB, Moberg J, O’Doherty C. Clinical screening for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Israel J Psychiatry. 2008;45(3):151–60. Fineberg NA, Krishnaiah RB, Moberg J, O’Doherty C. Clinical screening for obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Israel J Psychiatry. 2008;45(3):151–60.
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Christenson GA, Mansueto CS: Trichotillomania: descriptive characteristics and phenomenology. In Trichotillomania. Edited by Stein DJ, Christenson GA, Hollander E. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 1999:1–42. Christenson GA, Mansueto CS: Trichotillomania: descriptive characteristics and phenomenology. In Trichotillomania. Edited by Stein DJ, Christenson GA, Hollander E. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc; 1999:1–42.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, et al. The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. I: Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:1006–11.PubMedCrossRef Goodman WK, Price LH, Rasmussen SA, et al. The Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale. I: Development, use, and reliability. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:1006–11.PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosario-Campos MC, Miguel EC, et al. The Dimensional Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS): an instrument for assessing obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:495–504.PubMedCrossRef Rosario-Campos MC, Miguel EC, et al. The Dimensional Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (DY-BOCS): an instrument for assessing obsessive–compulsive symptom dimensions. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:495–504.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathis MA, Alvarenga P, Funaro G, Torresan RC, Moraes I, Torres AR, Zilberman ML, Hounie AG. Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2011;33(4):390–9.PubMedCrossRef Mathis MA, Alvarenga P, Funaro G, Torresan RC, Moraes I, Torres AR, Zilberman ML, Hounie AG. Gender differences in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a literature review. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2011;33(4):390–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Labad J, Menchon JM, Alonso P, Segalas C, Jiminez S, Vallejo J. Female reproductive cycle and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:428–35.PubMedCrossRef Labad J, Menchon JM, Alonso P, Segalas C, Jiminez S, Vallejo J. Female reproductive cycle and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66:428–35.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Geller PA, Klier CM, Neugebauer R. Anxiety disorders following miscarriage. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:432–8.PubMedCrossRef Geller PA, Klier CM, Neugebauer R. Anxiety disorders following miscarriage. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:432–8.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong IC, Besag FM, Santosh PJ, Murray ML. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents. Drug Saf. 2004;27(13):991–1000.PubMedCrossRef Wong IC, Besag FM, Santosh PJ, Murray ML. Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in children and adolescents. Drug Saf. 2004;27(13):991–1000.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Shear MK, Mammen O. Anxiety disorders in pregnant and postpartum women. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31(4):693–703.PubMed Shear MK, Mammen O. Anxiety disorders in pregnant and postpartum women. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1995;31(4):693–703.PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Brandes M, Soares CN, Cohen LS. Postpartum onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: diagnosis and management. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2004;7(2):99–110.PubMedCrossRef Brandes M, Soares CN, Cohen LS. Postpartum onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: diagnosis and management. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2004;7(2):99–110.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Lattimore KA, Donn SM, Kaciroti N, Kemper AR, Neal Jr CR, Vazquez DM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use during pregnancy and effects on the fetus and newborn: a meta-analysis. J Perinatol. 2005;25:595–604.PubMedCrossRef Lattimore KA, Donn SM, Kaciroti N, Kemper AR, Neal Jr CR, Vazquez DM. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use during pregnancy and effects on the fetus and newborn: a meta-analysis. J Perinatol. 2005;25:595–604.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmedi B, Coric V, Bracken MB, Leckman JF. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:622–32.PubMedCrossRef Bloch MH, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Kelmedi B, Coric V, Bracken MB, Leckman JF. A systematic review: antipsychotic augmentation with treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2006;11:622–32.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF. Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:302–8.PubMedCrossRef McDougle CJ, Goodman WK, Leckman JF. Haloperidol addition in fluvoxamine-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled study in patients with and without tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:302–8.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Ipser JC, Carey P, Dhansay Y, Fakier N, Seedat S, Stein DJ: Pharmacotherapy augmentation strategies in treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, CD005473. Ipser JC, Carey P, Dhansay Y, Fakier N, Seedat S, Stein DJ: Pharmacotherapy augmentation strategies in treatment-resistant anxiety disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006, CD005473.
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Soomro GM, Altman D, Rajagopal S, Oakley-Browne M: Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 Jan, 23(1):CD001765. Soomro GM, Altman D, Rajagopal S, Oakley-Browne M: Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) versus placebo for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 Jan, 23(1):CD001765.
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Mundo E, Bianchi L, Bellodi L. Efficacy of fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and citalopram in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17(4):267–71.PubMedCrossRef Mundo E, Bianchi L, Bellodi L. Efficacy of fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and citalopram in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a single-blind study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17(4):267–71.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstein BJ, Goodnick PJ. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of affective disorders, 3: tolerability, safety, and pharmacoeconomics. J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12(suppl B):S55–87.PubMed Goldstein BJ, Goodnick PJ. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in the treatment of affective disorders, 3: tolerability, safety, and pharmacoeconomics. J Psychopharmacol. 1998;12(suppl B):S55–87.PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Spigset O. Adverse reactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: reports from a spontaneous reporting system. Drug Saf. 1999;20:277–87.PubMedCrossRef Spigset O. Adverse reactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: reports from a spontaneous reporting system. Drug Saf. 1999;20:277–87.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27(1):31–40.PubMedCrossRef Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27(1):31–40.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Serretti A, Chiesa A. Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(3):259–66.PubMedCrossRef Serretti A, Chiesa A. Treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction related to antidepressants: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;29(3):259–66.PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Fava M, Judge R, Hoog SL, Nilsson ME, Koke SC. Fluoxetine versus sertraline and paroxetine in major depressive disorder: changes in weight with long-term treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(11):863–7.PubMedCrossRef Fava M, Judge R, Hoog SL, Nilsson ME, Koke SC. Fluoxetine versus sertraline and paroxetine in major depressive disorder: changes in weight with long-term treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(11):863–7.PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Serretti A, Mandelli L. Antidepressants and body weight: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(10):1259–72.PubMedCrossRef Serretti A, Mandelli L. Antidepressants and body weight: a comprehensive review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(10):1259–72.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Zohar J, Insel TR, Zohar-Kadouch RC. Serotonergic responsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of chronic clomipramine treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:167–72.PubMedCrossRef Zohar J, Insel TR, Zohar-Kadouch RC. Serotonergic responsivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder: effects of chronic clomipramine treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:167–72.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Fineberg NA, Gale TM. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;8:107–29. Fineberg NA, Gale TM. Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;8:107–29.
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Monteiro WO, Noshirvani HF, Marks IM, Lelliott PT. Anorgasmia from clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;151:107–12.PubMedCrossRef Monteiro WO, Noshirvani HF, Marks IM, Lelliott PT. Anorgasmia from clomipramine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: a controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;151:107–12.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Yaryura-Tobias JA, Neziroglu FA. Venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(7):653–4.PubMedCrossRef Yaryura-Tobias JA, Neziroglu FA. Venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(7):653–4.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollander E, Kaplan A, Stahl SM. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clonazepam in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2003;4(1):30–4.PubMedCrossRef Hollander E, Kaplan A, Stahl SM. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of clonazepam in obsessive-compulsive disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2003;4(1):30–4.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Crockett BA, Churchill E, Davidson JR. A double-blind combination study of clonazepam with sertraline in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2004;16(3):127–32.PubMedCrossRef Crockett BA, Churchill E, Davidson JR. A double-blind combination study of clonazepam with sertraline in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2004;16(3):127–32.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Hewlett WA, Vinogradov S, Agras WS. Clomipramine, clonazepam, and clonidine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;12(6):420–30.PubMedCrossRef Hewlett WA, Vinogradov S, Agras WS. Clomipramine, clonazepam, and clonidine treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1992;12(6):420–30.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Denys D, van Megen HJ, van der Wee N, Westenberg HG. A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(1):37–43.PubMedCrossRef Denys D, van Megen HJ, van der Wee N, Westenberg HG. A double-blind switch study of paroxetine and venlafaxine in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(1):37–43.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Montgomery SA, McIntyre A, Osterheider M, Sarteschi P, Zitterl W, Zohar J, Birkett M, Wood AJ. A double blind placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in patients with DSM-IIIR obsessive compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1993;3:143–52.PubMedCrossRef Montgomery SA, McIntyre A, Osterheider M, Sarteschi P, Zitterl W, Zohar J, Birkett M, Wood AJ. A double blind placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in patients with DSM-IIIR obsessive compulsive disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 1993;3:143–52.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Tollefson G, Rampey A, Potvin J, Jenike MA, Rush AJ, Dominquez RA, Koran LM, Shear MK, Goodman W, Genduso LA. A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:559–67.PubMedCrossRef Tollefson G, Rampey A, Potvin J, Jenike MA, Rush AJ, Dominquez RA, Koran LM, Shear MK, Goodman W, Genduso LA. A multicenter investigation of fixed-dose fluoxetine in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51:559–67.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Wheadon D, Bushnell W, Steiner M: A fixed dose comparison of 20, 40 or 60 mg paroxetine to placebo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Poster presented at Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 1993. Wheadon D, Bushnell W, Steiner M: A fixed dose comparison of 20, 40 or 60 mg paroxetine to placebo in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. Poster presented at Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. 1993.
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollander E, Allen A, Steiner M, Wheadon DE, Oakes R, Burnham DB. Acute and long-term treatment and prevention of relapse of obsessive-compulsive disorder with paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:1113–21.PubMedCrossRef Hollander E, Allen A, Steiner M, Wheadon DE, Oakes R, Burnham DB. Acute and long-term treatment and prevention of relapse of obsessive-compulsive disorder with paroxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64:1113–21.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Greist J, Chouinard G, DuBoff E, Halaris A, Kim SW, Koran L, Liebowitz M, Lydiard RB, Rasmussen S, White K, Sikes C. Double-blind parallel comparison of three dosages of sertraline and placebo in outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:289–95.PubMedCrossRef Greist J, Chouinard G, DuBoff E, Halaris A, Kim SW, Koran L, Liebowitz M, Lydiard RB, Rasmussen S, White K, Sikes C. Double-blind parallel comparison of three dosages of sertraline and placebo in outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:289–95.PubMedCrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat • Bloch MH, McGuire J, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF, Pittenger C: Meta-analysis of the dose–response relationship of SSRI in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2010, 15(8):850–855. This paper provides a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of low, medium, and higher doses of SSRIs in treating OCD. The authors found that compared with low or medium doses, higher doses of SSRIs were associated with improved treatment efficacy (using either Y-BOCS score or proportion of treatment responders as an outcome). This SSRI efficacy pattern stands in contrast to other psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder. • Bloch MH, McGuire J, Landeros-Weisenberger A, Leckman JF, Pittenger C: Meta-analysis of the dose–response relationship of SSRI in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2010, 15(8):850–855. This paper provides a meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of low, medium, and higher doses of SSRIs in treating OCD. The authors found that compared with low or medium doses, higher doses of SSRIs were associated with improved treatment efficacy (using either Y-BOCS score or proportion of treatment responders as an outcome). This SSRI efficacy pattern stands in contrast to other psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder.
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Ninan PT, Koran LM, Ari K, et al. High-dose sertraline strategy for nonresponders to acute treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(1):15–22.PubMedCrossRef Ninan PT, Koran LM, Ari K, et al. High-dose sertraline strategy for nonresponders to acute treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a multicenter double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(1):15–22.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Rabinowitz I, Baruch Y, Barak Y. High-dose escitalopram for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;23(1):49–53.PubMedCrossRef Rabinowitz I, Baruch Y, Barak Y. High-dose escitalopram for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008;23(1):49–53.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Pampaloni I, Sivakumaran T, Hawley CJ, Al Allaq A, Farrow J, Nelson S, Fineberg NA. High-dose selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in OCD: a systematic retrospective case notes survey. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24(10):1439–45.PubMedCrossRef Pampaloni I, Sivakumaran T, Hawley CJ, Al Allaq A, Farrow J, Nelson S, Fineberg NA. High-dose selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in OCD: a systematic retrospective case notes survey. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24(10):1439–45.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson HB, Huppert JD, Petkova E, Foa EB, Liebowitz MR. Response versus remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(2):269–76.PubMedCrossRef Simpson HB, Huppert JD, Petkova E, Foa EB, Liebowitz MR. Response versus remission in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(2):269–76.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Mundo E, Bareggi SR, Pirola R, Bellodi L, Smeraldi E. Long-term pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17(1):4–10.PubMedCrossRef Mundo E, Bareggi SR, Pirola R, Bellodi L, Smeraldi E. Long-term pharmacotherapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a double-blind controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;17(1):4–10.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Nelson JC. Treatment of antidepressant nonresponders: augmentation or switch? J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 suppl 15:35–41.PubMed Nelson JC. Treatment of antidepressant nonresponders: augmentation or switch? J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 suppl 15:35–41.PubMed
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Fallon BA, Liebowitz MR, Campeas R, et al. Intravenous clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder refractory to oral clomipraine: a placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:918–24.PubMedCrossRef Fallon BA, Liebowitz MR, Campeas R, et al. Intravenous clomipramine for obsessive-compulsive disorder refractory to oral clomipraine: a placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:918–24.PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Schruers K, Koning K, Luermans J, Haack MJ, Hriez E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review of therapeutic perspectives. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;111:261–71.PubMedCrossRef Schruers K, Koning K, Luermans J, Haack MJ, Hriez E. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: a critical review of therapeutic perspectives. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005;111:261–71.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Fineberg NA, Gale TM, Sivakumaran T. A review of antipsychotics in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(1):97–103. Fineberg NA, Gale TM, Sivakumaran T. A review of antipsychotics in the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 2006;21(1):97–103.
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Dold M, Aigner M, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S. Efficacy of antipsychotic augmentation therapy in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2011;79(8):453–66 [Article in German].PubMedCrossRef Dold M, Aigner M, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S. Efficacy of antipsychotic augmentation therapy in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2011;79(8):453–66 [Article in German].PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Skapinakis P, Papatheodorou T, Mavreas V. Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonergic antidepressants in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17(2):79–93.PubMedCrossRef Skapinakis P, Papatheodorou T, Mavreas V. Antipsychotic augmentation of serotonergic antidepressants in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: a meta-analysis of the randomized controlled trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007;17(2):79–93.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson HB, Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for augmenting pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:621–30.PubMedCrossRef Simpson HB, Foa EB, Liebowitz MR, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy for augmenting pharmacotherapy in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:621–30.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Simpson HB, Gorfinkle KS, Liebowitz MR. Cognitive-behavioral therapy as an adjunct to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(9):584–90.PubMedCrossRef Simpson HB, Gorfinkle KS, Liebowitz MR. Cognitive-behavioral therapy as an adjunct to serotonin reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an open trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 1999;60(9):584–90.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Tundo A, Salvati L, Busto G, Di Spigno D, Falcini R. Addition of cognitive-behavioral therapy for nonresponders to medication for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a naturalistic study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(10):1552–6.PubMedCrossRef Tundo A, Salvati L, Busto G, Di Spigno D, Falcini R. Addition of cognitive-behavioral therapy for nonresponders to medication for obsessive-compulsive disorder: a naturalistic study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(10):1552–6.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Pittenger C, Krystal JH, Coric V. Glutamate-modulating drugs as novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurotherapeutics. 2006;3(1):69–81.CrossRef Pittenger C, Krystal JH, Coric V. Glutamate-modulating drugs as novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurotherapeutics. 2006;3(1):69–81.CrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Berlin HA, Koran LM, Jenike MA, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(5):716–21.PubMedCrossRef Berlin HA, Koran LM, Jenike MA, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(5):716–21.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Coric V, Krystal JH, Sanacora G. Glutamate agents in the treatment of mental disorders. Experimental NeuroTherapeutics. 2006;3:69–81.CrossRef Coric V, Krystal JH, Sanacora G. Glutamate agents in the treatment of mental disorders. Experimental NeuroTherapeutics. 2006;3:69–81.CrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Stewart SE, Jenike EA, Hezel DM, Stack DE, Dodman NH, Shuster L, et al. A single-blinded case–control study of memantine in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(1):34–9.PubMedCrossRef Stewart SE, Jenike EA, Hezel DM, Stack DE, Dodman NH, Shuster L, et al. A single-blinded case–control study of memantine in severe obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2010;30(1):34–9.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Soltani F, Sayyah M, Feizy F, Malayeri A, Siahpoosh A, Motlagh I. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of ondansetron for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2010;25(6):509–13.CrossRef Soltani F, Sayyah M, Feizy F, Malayeri A, Siahpoosh A, Motlagh I. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of ondansetron for patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol Clin Exp. 2010;25(6):509–13.CrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Leonard HL, Swedo SE. Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001;4:191–8.PubMedCrossRef Leonard HL, Swedo SE. Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001;4:191–8.PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Martino D, Defazio G, Giovannoni G. The PANDAS subgroup of tic disorders and childhood-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Psychosom Res. 2009;67(6):547–57.PubMedCrossRef Martino D, Defazio G, Giovannoni G. The PANDAS subgroup of tic disorders and childhood-onset obsessive–compulsive disorder. J Psychosom Res. 2009;67(6):547–57.PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Cortese I, Chaudhry V, So Y, Cantor F, Cornblath DR, Rae-Grant A. Evidence-based guideline update: plasmapheresis in neurologic disorders. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011;76(3):294–300.PubMedCrossRef Cortese I, Chaudhry V, So Y, Cantor F, Cornblath DR, Rae-Grant A. Evidence-based guideline update: plasmapheresis in neurologic disorders. Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011;76(3):294–300.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Nuttin BJ, Gabriels LA, Cosyns PR, et al. Long-term electrical capsular stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:1263–74.PubMedCrossRef Nuttin BJ, Gabriels LA, Cosyns PR, et al. Long-term electrical capsular stimulation in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Neurosurgery. 2003;52:1263–74.PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Greenberg BD, Malone DA, Friehs GM, et al. Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31:2384–93.PubMedCrossRef Greenberg BD, Malone DA, Friehs GM, et al. Three-year outcomes in deep brain stimulation for highly resistant obsessive–compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31:2384–93.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
A 2012 Evidence-Based Algorithm for the Pharmacotherapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
verfasst von
Dan J. Stein
Nastassja Koen
Naomi Fineberg
Leonardo F. Fontenelle
Hisato Matsunaga
David Osser
H. Blair Simpson
Publikationsdatum
01.06.2012
Verlag
Current Science Inc.
Erschienen in
Current Psychiatry Reports / Ausgabe 3/2012
Print ISSN: 1523-3812
Elektronische ISSN: 1535-1645
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0268-9

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2012

Current Psychiatry Reports 3/2012 Zur Ausgabe

SCHIZOPHRENIA AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (SJ SIEGEL, SECTION EDITOR)

Family Interventions in Schizophrenia: Promise and Pitfalls over 30 Years

ANXIETY DISORDERS (DJ STEIN, SECTION EDITOR)

Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Anxiety Disorders

ANXIETY DISORDERS (DJ STEIN, SECTION EDITOR)

Advances in Psychotherapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder

ANXIETY DISORDERS (DJ STEIN, SECTION EDITOR)

Emotion Regulation and Anxiety Disorders

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

17.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Sie sei „ethisch geboten“, meint Gesundheitsminister Karl Lauterbach: mehr Transparenz über die Qualität von Klinikbehandlungen. Um sie abzubilden, lässt er gegen den Widerstand vieler Länder einen virtuellen Klinik-Atlas freischalten.

ADHS-Medikation erhöht das kardiovaskuläre Risiko

16.05.2024 Herzinsuffizienz Nachrichten

Erwachsene, die Medikamente gegen das Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätssyndrom einnehmen, laufen offenbar erhöhte Gefahr, an Herzschwäche zu erkranken oder einen Schlaganfall zu erleiden. Es scheint eine Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung zu bestehen.

Klinikreform soll zehntausende Menschenleben retten

15.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Gesundheitsminister Lauterbach hat die vom Bundeskabinett beschlossene Klinikreform verteidigt. Kritik an den Plänen kommt vom Marburger Bund. Und in den Ländern wird über den Gang zum Vermittlungsausschuss spekuliert.

Typ-2-Diabetes und Depression folgen oft aufeinander

14.05.2024 Typ-2-Diabetes Nachrichten

Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes sind überdurchschnittlich gefährdet, in den nächsten Jahren auch noch eine Depression zu entwickeln – und umgekehrt. Besonders ausgeprägt ist die Wechselbeziehung laut GKV-Daten bei jüngeren Erwachsenen.

Update Psychiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.