Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Osteoporosis International 4/2011

01.04.2011 | Review

Systemic bone effects of biologic therapies in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis

verfasst von: C. B. Confavreux, R. D. Chapurlat

Erschienen in: Osteoporosis International | Ausgabe 4/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Inflammatory joint diseases are responsible of chronic systemic inflammation, joint degradations, deformities, and altered quality of life. Patients suffering from chronic rheumatic diseases also present increased bone fragility and increased fracture risk. Registration of biologic therapies has deeply modified care in rheumatic diseases, especially in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The available biologics are the anti proinflammatory cytokine therapies (TNFα blockers, anakinra and tocilizumab) and the biologics active on T cell activation (abatacept and rituximab). These drugs succeeded in blocking disease activity and joint degradation. They are also able to stop systemic bone loss among patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases. In this review, we present the current understanding of the inflammatory-induced bone loss and the skeletal effects of biologic therapies in inflammatory joint diseases.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, Healey LA, Kaplan SR, Liang MH, Luthra HS et al (1988) The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31:315–324PubMedCrossRef Arnett FC, Edworthy SM, Bloch DA, McShane DJ, Fries JF, Cooper NS, Healey LA, Kaplan SR, Liang MH, Luthra HS et al (1988) The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 31:315–324PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO III, Birnbaum NS, Burmester GR, Bykerk VP, Cohen MD, Combe B, Costenbader KH, Dougados M, Emery P, Ferraccioli G, Hazes JMW, Hobbs K, Huizinga TWJ, Kavanaugh A, Kay J, Kvien TK, Laing T, Mease P, Ménard HA, Moreland LW, Naden RL, Pincus T, Smolen JS, Stanislawska-Biernat E, Symmons D, Tak PP, Upchurch KS, Vencovsky' J, Wolfe F, Hawker G (2010) 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria. Arthritis Rheum 62:2569–2581PubMedCrossRef Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO III, Birnbaum NS, Burmester GR, Bykerk VP, Cohen MD, Combe B, Costenbader KH, Dougados M, Emery P, Ferraccioli G, Hazes JMW, Hobbs K, Huizinga TWJ, Kavanaugh A, Kay J, Kvien TK, Laing T, Mease P, Ménard HA, Moreland LW, Naden RL, Pincus T, Smolen JS, Stanislawska-Biernat E, Symmons D, Tak PP, Upchurch KS, Vencovsky' J, Wolfe F, Hawker G (2010) 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria. Arthritis Rheum 62:2569–2581PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldring SR (2003) Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism (5th Ed). American Society of Bone and Mineral Research Goldring SR (2003) Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism (5th Ed). American Society of Bone and Mineral Research
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Ostergaard M, Edmonds J, McQueen F, Peterfy C, Lassere M, Ejbjerg B, Bird P, Emery P, Genant H, Conaghan P (2005) An introduction to the EULAR-OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis MRI reference image atlas. Ann Rheum Dis 64(Suppl 1):i3–i7PubMedCrossRef Ostergaard M, Edmonds J, McQueen F, Peterfy C, Lassere M, Ejbjerg B, Bird P, Emery P, Genant H, Conaghan P (2005) An introduction to the EULAR-OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis MRI reference image atlas. Ann Rheum Dis 64(Suppl 1):i3–i7PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat McQueen FM, Stewart N, Crabbe J, Robinson E, Yeoman S, Tan PL, McLean L (1998) Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis reveals a high prevalence of erosions at four months after symptom onset. Ann Rheum Dis 57:350–356PubMedCrossRef McQueen FM, Stewart N, Crabbe J, Robinson E, Yeoman S, Tan PL, McLean L (1998) Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis reveals a high prevalence of erosions at four months after symptom onset. Ann Rheum Dis 57:350–356PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Ostergaard M, Hansen M, Stoltenberg M, Jensen KE, Szkudlarek M, Pedersen-Zbinden B, Lorenzen I (2003) New radiographic bone erosions in the wrists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis are detectable with magnetic resonance imaging a median of two years earlier. Arthritis Rheum 48:2128–2131PubMedCrossRef Ostergaard M, Hansen M, Stoltenberg M, Jensen KE, Szkudlarek M, Pedersen-Zbinden B, Lorenzen I (2003) New radiographic bone erosions in the wrists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis are detectable with magnetic resonance imaging a median of two years earlier. Arthritis Rheum 48:2128–2131PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat McQueen FM, Stewart N, Crabbe J, Robinson E, Yeoman S, Tan PL, McLean L (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis reveals progression of erosions despite clinical improvement. Ann Rheum Dis 58:156–163PubMedCrossRef McQueen FM, Stewart N, Crabbe J, Robinson E, Yeoman S, Tan PL, McLean L (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis reveals progression of erosions despite clinical improvement. Ann Rheum Dis 58:156–163PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Conaghan PG, O'Connor P, McGonagle D, Astin P, Wakefield RJ, Gibbon WW, Quinn M, Karim Z, Green MJ, Proudman S, Isaacs J, Emery P (2003) Elucidation of the relationship between synovitis and bone damage: a randomized magnetic resonance imaging study of individual joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 48:64–71PubMedCrossRef Conaghan PG, O'Connor P, McGonagle D, Astin P, Wakefield RJ, Gibbon WW, Quinn M, Karim Z, Green MJ, Proudman S, Isaacs J, Emery P (2003) Elucidation of the relationship between synovitis and bone damage: a randomized magnetic resonance imaging study of individual joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 48:64–71PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Haavardsholm EA, Boyesen P, Ostergaard M, Schildvold A, Kvien TK (2008) Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 84 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: bone marrow edema predicts erosive progression. Ann Rheum Dis 67:794–800PubMedCrossRef Haavardsholm EA, Boyesen P, Ostergaard M, Schildvold A, Kvien TK (2008) Magnetic resonance imaging findings in 84 patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: bone marrow edema predicts erosive progression. Ann Rheum Dis 67:794–800PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hetland ML, Ejbjerg B, Horslev-Petersen K, Jacobsen S, Vestergaard A, Jurik AG, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Junker P, Lottenburger T, Hansen I, Andersen LS, Tarp U, Skjodt H, Pedersen JK, Majgaard O, Svendsen AJ, Ellingsen T, Lindegaard H, Christensen AF, Vallo J, Torfing T, Narvestad E, Thomsen HS, Ostergaard M (2009) MRI bone edema is the strongest predictor of subsequent radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a 2-year randomized controlled trial (CIMESTRA). Ann Rheum Dis 68:384–390PubMedCrossRef Hetland ML, Ejbjerg B, Horslev-Petersen K, Jacobsen S, Vestergaard A, Jurik AG, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Junker P, Lottenburger T, Hansen I, Andersen LS, Tarp U, Skjodt H, Pedersen JK, Majgaard O, Svendsen AJ, Ellingsen T, Lindegaard H, Christensen AF, Vallo J, Torfing T, Narvestad E, Thomsen HS, Ostergaard M (2009) MRI bone edema is the strongest predictor of subsequent radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a 2-year randomized controlled trial (CIMESTRA). Ann Rheum Dis 68:384–390PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat McQueen FM, Benton N, Crabbe J, Robinson E, Yeoman S, McLean L, Stewart N (2001) What is the fate of erosions in early rheumatoid arthritis? Tracking individual lesions using x rays and magnetic resonance imaging over the first two years of disease. Ann Rheum Dis 60:859–868PubMed McQueen FM, Benton N, Crabbe J, Robinson E, Yeoman S, McLean L, Stewart N (2001) What is the fate of erosions in early rheumatoid arthritis? Tracking individual lesions using x rays and magnetic resonance imaging over the first two years of disease. Ann Rheum Dis 60:859–868PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Wakefield RJ, Gibbon WW, Conaghan PG, O'Connor P, McGonagle D, Pease C, Green MJ, Veale DJ, Isaacs JD, Emery P (2000) The value of sonography in the detection of bone erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with conventional radiography. Arthritis Rheum 43:2762–2770PubMedCrossRef Wakefield RJ, Gibbon WW, Conaghan PG, O'Connor P, McGonagle D, Pease C, Green MJ, Veale DJ, Isaacs JD, Emery P (2000) The value of sonography in the detection of bone erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with conventional radiography. Arthritis Rheum 43:2762–2770PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Ostendorf B, Peters R, Dann P, Becker A, Scherer A, Wedekind F, Friemann J, Schulitz KP, Modder U, Schneider M (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging and miniarthroscopy of metacarpophalangeal joints: sensitive detection of morphologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 44:2492–2502PubMedCrossRef Ostendorf B, Peters R, Dann P, Becker A, Scherer A, Wedekind F, Friemann J, Schulitz KP, Modder U, Schneider M (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging and miniarthroscopy of metacarpophalangeal joints: sensitive detection of morphologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 44:2492–2502PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Deodhar AA, Brabyn J, Jones PW, Davis MJ, Woolf AD (1994) Measurement of hand bone mineral content by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry: development of the method, and its application in normal volunteers and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53:685–690PubMedCrossRef Deodhar AA, Brabyn J, Jones PW, Davis MJ, Woolf AD (1994) Measurement of hand bone mineral content by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry: development of the method, and its application in normal volunteers and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53:685–690PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Peel NF, Spittlehouse AJ, Bax DE, Eastell R (1994) Bone mineral density of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 37:983–991PubMedCrossRef Peel NF, Spittlehouse AJ, Bax DE, Eastell R (1994) Bone mineral density of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 37:983–991PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Haugeberg G, Green MJ, Conaghan PG, Quinn M, Wakefield R, Proudman SM, Stewart S, Hensor E, Emery P (2007) Hand bone densitometry: a more sensitive standard for the assessment of early bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 66:1513–1517PubMedCrossRef Haugeberg G, Green MJ, Conaghan PG, Quinn M, Wakefield R, Proudman SM, Stewart S, Hensor E, Emery P (2007) Hand bone densitometry: a more sensitive standard for the assessment of early bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 66:1513–1517PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Devlin J, Lilley J, Gough A, Huissoon A, Holder R, Reece R, Perkins P, Emery P (1996) Clinical associations of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement of hand bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 35:1256–1262PubMedCrossRef Devlin J, Lilley J, Gough A, Huissoon A, Holder R, Reece R, Perkins P, Emery P (1996) Clinical associations of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurement of hand bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis. Br J Rheumatol 35:1256–1262PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Haugeberg G, Green MJ, Quinn MA, Marzo-Ortega H, Proudman S, Karim Z, Wakefield RJ, Conaghan PG, Stewart S, Emery P (2006) Hand bone loss in early undifferentiated arthritis: evaluating bone mineral density loss before the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 65:736–740PubMedCrossRef Haugeberg G, Green MJ, Quinn MA, Marzo-Ortega H, Proudman S, Karim Z, Wakefield RJ, Conaghan PG, Stewart S, Emery P (2006) Hand bone loss in early undifferentiated arthritis: evaluating bone mineral density loss before the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 65:736–740PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Alenfeld FE, Diessel E, Brezger M, Sieper J, Felsenberg D, Braun J (2000) Detailed analyses of periarticular osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporos Int 11:400–407PubMedCrossRef Alenfeld FE, Diessel E, Brezger M, Sieper J, Felsenberg D, Braun J (2000) Detailed analyses of periarticular osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporos Int 11:400–407PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Fouque-Aubert A, Chapurlat R, Miossec P, Delmas PD (2010) A comparative review of the different techniques to assess hand bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 77:212–217PubMedCrossRef Fouque-Aubert A, Chapurlat R, Miossec P, Delmas PD (2010) A comparative review of the different techniques to assess hand bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 77:212–217PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Laan RF, Buijs WC, Verbeek AL, Draad MP, Corstens FH, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL (1993) Bone mineral density in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: influence of disease activity and functional capacity. Ann Rheum Dis 52:21–26PubMedCrossRef Laan RF, Buijs WC, Verbeek AL, Draad MP, Corstens FH, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL (1993) Bone mineral density in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis: influence of disease activity and functional capacity. Ann Rheum Dis 52:21–26PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Gough AK, Lilley J, Eyre S, Holder RL, Emery P (1994) Generalised bone loss in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 344:23–27PubMedCrossRef Gough AK, Lilley J, Eyre S, Holder RL, Emery P (1994) Generalised bone loss in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 344:23–27PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Gough AK, Peel NF, Eastell R, Holder RL, Lilley J, Emery P (1994) Excretion of pyridinium crosslinks correlates with disease activity and appendicular bone loss in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53:14–17PubMedCrossRef Gough AK, Peel NF, Eastell R, Holder RL, Lilley J, Emery P (1994) Excretion of pyridinium crosslinks correlates with disease activity and appendicular bone loss in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53:14–17PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Ichimura S (2003) Urinary cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Calcif Tissue Int 72:491–497PubMedCrossRef Iwamoto J, Takeda T, Ichimura S (2003) Urinary cross-linked N-telopeptides of type I collagen levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Calcif Tissue Int 72:491–497PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Garnero P, Jouvenne P, Buchs N, Delmas PD, Miossec P (1999) Uncoupling of bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis patients with or without joint destruction: assessment with serum type I collagen breakdown products. Bone 24:381–385PubMedCrossRef Garnero P, Jouvenne P, Buchs N, Delmas PD, Miossec P (1999) Uncoupling of bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis patients with or without joint destruction: assessment with serum type I collagen breakdown products. Bone 24:381–385PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat van Tuyl LH, Voskuyl AE, Boers M, Geusens P, Landewe RB, Dijkmans BA, Lems WF (2010) Baseline RANKL:OPG ratio and markers of bone and cartilage degradation predict annual radiological progression over 11 years in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 69(9):1623–1628PubMedCrossRef van Tuyl LH, Voskuyl AE, Boers M, Geusens P, Landewe RB, Dijkmans BA, Lems WF (2010) Baseline RANKL:OPG ratio and markers of bone and cartilage degradation predict annual radiological progression over 11 years in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 69(9):1623–1628PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Becker A, Fischer R, Scherbaum WA, Schneider M (2001) Osteoporosis screening in systemic lupus erythematosus: impact of disease duration and organ damage. Lupus 10:809–814PubMedCrossRef Becker A, Fischer R, Scherbaum WA, Schneider M (2001) Osteoporosis screening in systemic lupus erythematosus: impact of disease duration and organ damage. Lupus 10:809–814PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Kalla AA, Fataar AB, Jessop SJ, Bewerunge L (1993) Loss of trabecular bone mineral density in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 36:1726–1734PubMedCrossRef Kalla AA, Fataar AB, Jessop SJ, Bewerunge L (1993) Loss of trabecular bone mineral density in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 36:1726–1734PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat French AR, Mason T, Nelson AM, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM, Khosla S, Gabriel SE (2002) Osteopenia in adults with a history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A population based study. J Rheumatol 29:1065–1070PubMed French AR, Mason T, Nelson AM, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM, Khosla S, Gabriel SE (2002) Osteopenia in adults with a history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. A population based study. J Rheumatol 29:1065–1070PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Bernstein M, Irwin S, Greenberg GR (2005) Maintenance infliximab treatment is associated with improved bone mineral density in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 100:2031–2035PubMedCrossRef Bernstein M, Irwin S, Greenberg GR (2005) Maintenance infliximab treatment is associated with improved bone mineral density in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 100:2031–2035PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Gratacos J, Collado A, Pons F, Osaba M, Sanmarti R, Roque M, Larrosa M, Munoz-Gomez J (1999) Significant loss of bone mass in patients with early, active ankylosing spondylitis: a followup study. Arthritis Rheum 42:2319–2324PubMedCrossRef Gratacos J, Collado A, Pons F, Osaba M, Sanmarti R, Roque M, Larrosa M, Munoz-Gomez J (1999) Significant loss of bone mass in patients with early, active ankylosing spondylitis: a followup study. Arthritis Rheum 42:2319–2324PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Maillefert JF, Aho LS, El Maghraoui A, Dougados M, Roux C (2001) Changes in bone density in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a two-year follow-up study. Osteoporos Int 12:605–609PubMedCrossRef Maillefert JF, Aho LS, El Maghraoui A, Dougados M, Roux C (2001) Changes in bone density in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a two-year follow-up study. Osteoporos Int 12:605–609PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Will R, Palmer R, Bhalla AK, Ring F, Calin A (1989) Osteoporosis in early ankylosing spondylitis: a primary pathological event? Lancet 2:1483–1485PubMedCrossRef Will R, Palmer R, Bhalla AK, Ring F, Calin A (1989) Osteoporosis in early ankylosing spondylitis: a primary pathological event? Lancet 2:1483–1485PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanis JA (2002) Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet 359:1929–1936PubMedCrossRef Kanis JA (2002) Diagnosis of osteoporosis and assessment of fracture risk. Lancet 359:1929–1936PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E (2008) FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int 19:385–397PubMedCrossRef Kanis JA, Johnell O, Oden A, Johansson H, McCloskey E (2008) FRAX and the assessment of fracture probability in men and women from the UK. Osteoporos Int 19:385–397PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Compston JE, Vedi S, Croucher PI, Garrahan NJ, O'Sullivan MM (1994) Bone turnover in non-steroid treated rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53:163–166PubMedCrossRef Compston JE, Vedi S, Croucher PI, Garrahan NJ, O'Sullivan MM (1994) Bone turnover in non-steroid treated rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 53:163–166PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Diarra D, Stolina M, Polzer K, Zwerina J, Ominsky MS, Dwyer D, Korb A, Smolen J, Hoffmann M, Scheinecker C, van der Heide D, Landewe R, Lacey D, Richards WG, Schett G (2007) Dickkopf-1 is a master regulator of joint remodeling. Nat Med 13:156–163PubMedCrossRef Diarra D, Stolina M, Polzer K, Zwerina J, Ominsky MS, Dwyer D, Korb A, Smolen J, Hoffmann M, Scheinecker C, van der Heide D, Landewe R, Lacey D, Richards WG, Schett G (2007) Dickkopf-1 is a master regulator of joint remodeling. Nat Med 13:156–163PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertolini DR, Nedwin GE, Bringman TS, Smith DD, Mundy GR (1986) Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumour necrosis factors. Nature 319:516–518PubMedCrossRef Bertolini DR, Nedwin GE, Bringman TS, Smith DD, Mundy GR (1986) Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumour necrosis factors. Nature 319:516–518PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Pacifici R, Avioli LV (1993) The effect of natural and surgical menopause on the secretion of cytokines from human blood monocytes. Osteoporos Int 3(Suppl 1):106–107PubMedCrossRef Pacifici R, Avioli LV (1993) The effect of natural and surgical menopause on the secretion of cytokines from human blood monocytes. Osteoporos Int 3(Suppl 1):106–107PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Ammann P, Rizzoli R, Bonjour JP, Bourrin S, Meyer JM, Vassalli P, Garcia I (1997) Transgenic mice expressing soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor are protected against bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. J Clin Invest 99:1699–1703PubMedCrossRef Ammann P, Rizzoli R, Bonjour JP, Bourrin S, Meyer JM, Vassalli P, Garcia I (1997) Transgenic mice expressing soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor are protected against bone loss caused by estrogen deficiency. J Clin Invest 99:1699–1703PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, Kelley MJ, Dunstan CR, Burgess T, Elliott R, Colombero A, Elliott G, Scully S, Hsu H, Sullivan J, Hawkins N, Davy E, Capparelli C, Eli A, Qian YX, Kaufman S, Sarosi I, Shalhoub V, Senaldi G, Guo J, Delaney J, Boyle WJ (1998) Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 93:165–176PubMedCrossRef Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, Kelley MJ, Dunstan CR, Burgess T, Elliott R, Colombero A, Elliott G, Scully S, Hsu H, Sullivan J, Hawkins N, Davy E, Capparelli C, Eli A, Qian YX, Kaufman S, Sarosi I, Shalhoub V, Senaldi G, Guo J, Delaney J, Boyle WJ (1998) Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 93:165–176PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Ducy P, Zhang R, Geoffroy V, Ridall AL, Karsenty G (1997) Osf2/Cbfa1: a transcriptional activator of osteoblast differentiation. Cell 89:747–754PubMedCrossRef Ducy P, Zhang R, Geoffroy V, Ridall AL, Karsenty G (1997) Osf2/Cbfa1: a transcriptional activator of osteoblast differentiation. Cell 89:747–754PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang X, Karsenty G (2002) Transcription factors in bone: developmental and pathological aspects. Trends Mol Med 8:340–345PubMedCrossRef Yang X, Karsenty G (2002) Transcription factors in bone: developmental and pathological aspects. Trends Mol Med 8:340–345PubMedCrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Kong YY, Yoshida H, Sarosi I, Tan HL, Timms E, Capparelli C, Morony S, Oliveira-dos-Santos AJ, Van G, Itie A, Khoo W, Wakeham A, Dunstan CR, Lacey DL, Mak TW, Boyle WJ, Penninger JM (1999) OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature 397:315–323PubMedCrossRef Kong YY, Yoshida H, Sarosi I, Tan HL, Timms E, Capparelli C, Morony S, Oliveira-dos-Santos AJ, Van G, Itie A, Khoo W, Wakeham A, Dunstan CR, Lacey DL, Mak TW, Boyle WJ, Penninger JM (1999) OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature 397:315–323PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Kong YY, Feige U, Sarosi I, Bolon B, Tafuri A, Morony S, Capparelli C, Li J, Elliott R, McCabe S, Wong T, Campagnuolo G, Moran E, Bogoch ER, Van G, Nguyen LT, Ohashi PS, Lacey DL, Fish E, Boyle WJ, Penninger JM (1999) Activated T cells regulate bone loss and joint destruction in adjuvant arthritis through osteoprotegerin ligand. Nature 402:304–309PubMedCrossRef Kong YY, Feige U, Sarosi I, Bolon B, Tafuri A, Morony S, Capparelli C, Li J, Elliott R, McCabe S, Wong T, Campagnuolo G, Moran E, Bogoch ER, Van G, Nguyen LT, Ohashi PS, Lacey DL, Fish E, Boyle WJ, Penninger JM (1999) Activated T cells regulate bone loss and joint destruction in adjuvant arthritis through osteoprotegerin ligand. Nature 402:304–309PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Romas E, Sims NA, Hards DK, Lindsay M, Quinn JW, Ryan PF, Dunstan CR, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT (2002) Osteoprotegerin reduces osteoclast numbers and prevents bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis. Am J Pathol 161:1419–1427PubMedCrossRef Romas E, Sims NA, Hards DK, Lindsay M, Quinn JW, Ryan PF, Dunstan CR, Martin TJ, Gillespie MT (2002) Osteoprotegerin reduces osteoclast numbers and prevents bone erosion in collagen-induced arthritis. Am J Pathol 161:1419–1427PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Li P, Schwarz EM, O'Keefe RJ, Ma L, Boyce BF, Xing L (2004) RANK signaling is not required for TNFalpha-mediated increase in CD11(hi) osteoclast precursors but is essential for mature osteoclast formation in TNFalpha-mediated inflammatory arthritis. J Bone Miner Res 19:207–213PubMedCrossRef Li P, Schwarz EM, O'Keefe RJ, Ma L, Boyce BF, Xing L (2004) RANK signaling is not required for TNFalpha-mediated increase in CD11(hi) osteoclast precursors but is essential for mature osteoclast formation in TNFalpha-mediated inflammatory arthritis. J Bone Miner Res 19:207–213PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Redlich K, Hayer S, Ricci R, David JP, Tohidast-Akrad M, Kollias G, Steiner G, Smolen JS, Wagner EF, Schett G (2002) Osteoclasts are essential for TNF-alpha-mediated joint destruction. J Clin Invest 110:1419–1427PubMed Redlich K, Hayer S, Ricci R, David JP, Tohidast-Akrad M, Kollias G, Steiner G, Smolen JS, Wagner EF, Schett G (2002) Osteoclasts are essential for TNF-alpha-mediated joint destruction. J Clin Invest 110:1419–1427PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Schett G, Redlich K, Hayer S, Zwerina J, Bolon B, Dunstan C, Gortz B, Schulz A, Bergmeister H, Kollias G, Steiner G, Smolen JS (2003) Osteoprotegerin protects against generalized bone loss in tumor necrosis factor-transgenic mice. Arthritis Rheum 48:2042–2051PubMedCrossRef Schett G, Redlich K, Hayer S, Zwerina J, Bolon B, Dunstan C, Gortz B, Schulz A, Bergmeister H, Kollias G, Steiner G, Smolen JS (2003) Osteoprotegerin protects against generalized bone loss in tumor necrosis factor-transgenic mice. Arthritis Rheum 48:2042–2051PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Pettit AR, Ji H, von Stechow D, Muller R, Goldring SR, Choi Y, Benoist C, Gravallese EM (2001) TRANCE/RANKL knockout mice are protected from bone erosion in a serum transfer model of arthritis. Am J Pathol 159:1689–1699PubMedCrossRef Pettit AR, Ji H, von Stechow D, Muller R, Goldring SR, Choi Y, Benoist C, Gravallese EM (2001) TRANCE/RANKL knockout mice are protected from bone erosion in a serum transfer model of arthritis. Am J Pathol 159:1689–1699PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Miossec P, Korn T, Kuchroo VK (2010) Interleukin-17 and type 17 helper T cells. N Engl J Med 361:888–898CrossRef Miossec P, Korn T, Kuchroo VK (2010) Interleukin-17 and type 17 helper T cells. N Engl J Med 361:888–898CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Sato K, Suematsu A, Okamoto K, Yamaguchi A, Morishita Y, Kadono Y, Tanaka S, Kodama T, Akira S, Iwakura Y, Cua DJ, Takayanagi H (2006) Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction. J Exp Med 203:2673–2682PubMedCrossRef Sato K, Suematsu A, Okamoto K, Yamaguchi A, Morishita Y, Kadono Y, Tanaka S, Kodama T, Akira S, Iwakura Y, Cua DJ, Takayanagi H (2006) Th17 functions as an osteoclastogenic helper T cell subset that links T cell activation and bone destruction. J Exp Med 203:2673–2682PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Chabaud M, Lubberts E, Joosten L, van Den Berg W, Miossec P (2001) IL-17 derived from juxta-articular bone and synovium contributes to joint degradation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res 3:168–177PubMedCrossRef Chabaud M, Lubberts E, Joosten L, van Den Berg W, Miossec P (2001) IL-17 derived from juxta-articular bone and synovium contributes to joint degradation in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res 3:168–177PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirkham BW, Lassere MN, Edmonds JP, Juhasz KM, Bird PA, Lee CS, Shnier R, Portek IJ (2006) Synovial membrane cytokine expression is predictive of joint damage progression in rheumatoid arthritis: a two-year prospective study (the DAMAGE study cohort). Arthritis Rheum 54:1122–1131PubMedCrossRef Kirkham BW, Lassere MN, Edmonds JP, Juhasz KM, Bird PA, Lee CS, Shnier R, Portek IJ (2006) Synovial membrane cytokine expression is predictive of joint damage progression in rheumatoid arthritis: a two-year prospective study (the DAMAGE study cohort). Arthritis Rheum 54:1122–1131PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Guler-Yuksel M, Allaart CF, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, van Groenendael JH, Mallee C, de Bois MH, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA, Lems WF (2009) Changes in hand and generalised bone mineral density in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 68:330–336PubMedCrossRef Guler-Yuksel M, Allaart CF, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, van Groenendael JH, Mallee C, de Bois MH, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA, Lems WF (2009) Changes in hand and generalised bone mineral density in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 68:330–336PubMedCrossRef
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Lipsky PE, van der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Weisman M, Emery P, Feldmann M, Harriman GR, Maini RN (2000) Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group. N Engl J Med 343:1594–1602PubMedCrossRef Lipsky PE, van der Heijde DM, St Clair EW, Furst DE, Breedveld FC, Kalden JR, Smolen JS, Weisman M, Emery P, Feldmann M, Harriman GR, Maini RN (2000) Infliximab and methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Trial in Rheumatoid Arthritis with Concomitant Therapy Study Group. N Engl J Med 343:1594–1602PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat D'Amelio P, Grimaldi A, Di Bella S, Brianza SZ, Cristofaro MA, Tamone C, Giribaldi G, Ulliers D, Pescarmona GP, Isaia G (2008) Estrogen deficiency increases osteoclastogenesis up-regulating T cells activity: a key mechanism in osteoporosis. Bone 43:92–100PubMedCrossRef D'Amelio P, Grimaldi A, Di Bella S, Brianza SZ, Cristofaro MA, Tamone C, Giribaldi G, Ulliers D, Pescarmona GP, Isaia G (2008) Estrogen deficiency increases osteoclastogenesis up-regulating T cells activity: a key mechanism in osteoporosis. Bone 43:92–100PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Roggia C, Gao Y, Cenci S, Weitzmann MN, Toraldo G, Isaia G, Pacifici R (2001) Up-regulation of TNF-producing T cells in the bone marrow: a key mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13960–13965PubMedCrossRef Roggia C, Gao Y, Cenci S, Weitzmann MN, Toraldo G, Isaia G, Pacifici R (2001) Up-regulation of TNF-producing T cells in the bone marrow: a key mechanism by which estrogen deficiency induces bone loss in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:13960–13965PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Cenci S, Weitzmann MN, Roggia C, Namba N, Novack D, Woodring J, Pacifici R (2000) Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by enhancing T-cell production of TNF-alpha. J Clin Invest 106:1229–1237PubMedCrossRef Cenci S, Weitzmann MN, Roggia C, Namba N, Novack D, Woodring J, Pacifici R (2000) Estrogen deficiency induces bone loss by enhancing T-cell production of TNF-alpha. J Clin Invest 106:1229–1237PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen SB, Dore RK, Lane NE, Ory PA, Peterfy CG, Sharp JT, van der Heijde D, Zhou L, Tsuji W, Newmark R (2008) Denosumab treatment effects on structural damage, bone mineral density, and bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis: a twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 58:1299–1309PubMedCrossRef Cohen SB, Dore RK, Lane NE, Ory PA, Peterfy CG, Sharp JT, van der Heijde D, Zhou L, Tsuji W, Newmark R (2008) Denosumab treatment effects on structural damage, bone mineral density, and bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis: a twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 58:1299–1309PubMedCrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Corrado A, Lemeiter D, deVernejoul MC, Boissier MC, Cohen-Solal ME (2004) TNF-alpha antibodies and osteoprotegerin decrease systemic bone loss associated with inflammation through distinct mechanisms in collagen-induced arthritis. Bone 35:1200–1207PubMedCrossRef Saidenberg-Kermanac'h N, Corrado A, Lemeiter D, deVernejoul MC, Boissier MC, Cohen-Solal ME (2004) TNF-alpha antibodies and osteoprotegerin decrease systemic bone loss associated with inflammation through distinct mechanisms in collagen-induced arthritis. Bone 35:1200–1207PubMedCrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Vis M, Wolbink GJ, Lodder MC, Kostense PJ, van de Stadt RJ, de Koning MH, Dijkmans BA, Lems WF (2003) Early changes in bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with infliximab. Arthritis Rheum 48:2996–2997PubMedCrossRef Vis M, Wolbink GJ, Lodder MC, Kostense PJ, van de Stadt RJ, de Koning MH, Dijkmans BA, Lems WF (2003) Early changes in bone metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with infliximab. Arthritis Rheum 48:2996–2997PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Vis M, Havaardsholm EA, Haugeberg G, Uhlig T, Voskuyl AE, van de Stadt RJ, Dijkmans BA, Woolf AD, Kvien TK, Lems WF (2006) Evaluation of bone mineral density, bone metabolism, osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of the NFkappaB ligand serum levels during treatment with infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 65:1495–1499PubMedCrossRef Vis M, Havaardsholm EA, Haugeberg G, Uhlig T, Voskuyl AE, van de Stadt RJ, Dijkmans BA, Woolf AD, Kvien TK, Lems WF (2006) Evaluation of bone mineral density, bone metabolism, osteoprotegerin and receptor activator of the NFkappaB ligand serum levels during treatment with infliximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 65:1495–1499PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Lange U, Teichmann J, Muller-Ladner U, Strunk J (2005) Increase in bone mineral density of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha antibody: a prospective open-label pilot study. Rheumatol (Oxf) 44:1546–1548CrossRef Lange U, Teichmann J, Muller-Ladner U, Strunk J (2005) Increase in bone mineral density of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with anti-TNF-alpha antibody: a prospective open-label pilot study. Rheumatol (Oxf) 44:1546–1548CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Seriolo B, Paolino S, Sulli A, Ferretti V, Cutolo M (2006) Bone metabolism changes during anti-TNF-alpha therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1069:420–427PubMedCrossRef Seriolo B, Paolino S, Sulli A, Ferretti V, Cutolo M (2006) Bone metabolism changes during anti-TNF-alpha therapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann NY Acad Sci 1069:420–427PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Marotte H, Pallot-Prades B, Grange L, Gaudin P, Alexandre C, Miossec P (2007) A 1-year case-control study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis indicates prevention of loss of bone mineral density in both responders and nonresponders to infliximab. Arthritis Res Ther 9:R61PubMedCrossRef Marotte H, Pallot-Prades B, Grange L, Gaudin P, Alexandre C, Miossec P (2007) A 1-year case-control study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis indicates prevention of loss of bone mineral density in both responders and nonresponders to infliximab. Arthritis Res Ther 9:R61PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Chopin F, Garnero P, le Henanff A, Debiais F, Daragon A, Roux C, Sany J, Wendling D, Zarnitsky C, Ravaud P, Thomas T (2008) Long-term effects of infliximab on bone and cartilage turnover markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 67:353–357PubMedCrossRef Chopin F, Garnero P, le Henanff A, Debiais F, Daragon A, Roux C, Sany J, Wendling D, Zarnitsky C, Ravaud P, Thomas T (2008) Long-term effects of infliximab on bone and cartilage turnover markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 67:353–357PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Wijbrandts CA, Klaasen R, Dijkgraaf MG, Gerlag DM, van Eck-Smit BL, Tak PP (2009) Bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis patients 1 year after adalimumab therapy: arrest of bone loss. Ann Rheum Dis 68:373–376PubMedCrossRef Wijbrandts CA, Klaasen R, Dijkgraaf MG, Gerlag DM, van Eck-Smit BL, Tak PP (2009) Bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis patients 1 year after adalimumab therapy: arrest of bone loss. Ann Rheum Dis 68:373–376PubMedCrossRef
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen SB, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, Sharp J, Perez JL, Spencer-Green GT (2006) The PREMIER study: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum 54:26–37PubMedCrossRef Breedveld FC, Weisman MH, Kavanaugh AF, Cohen SB, Pavelka K, van Vollenhoven R, Sharp J, Perez JL, Spencer-Green GT (2006) The PREMIER study: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of combination therapy with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in patients with early, aggressive rheumatoid arthritis who had not had previous methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum 54:26–37PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Hoff M, Kvien TK, Kalvesten J, Elden A, Haugeberg G (2009) Adalimumab therapy reduces hand bone loss in early rheumatoid arthritis: explorative analyses from the PREMIER study. Ann Rheum Dis 68:1171–1176PubMedCrossRef Hoff M, Kvien TK, Kalvesten J, Elden A, Haugeberg G (2009) Adalimumab therapy reduces hand bone loss in early rheumatoid arthritis: explorative analyses from the PREMIER study. Ann Rheum Dis 68:1171–1176PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens PJ, Hazes JM, Zwinderman AH, Ronday HK, Han KH, Westedt ML, Gerards AH, van Groenendael JH, Lems WF, van Krugten MV, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA (2005) Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 52:3381–3390PubMedCrossRef Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, van Zeben D, Kerstens PJ, Hazes JM, Zwinderman AH, Ronday HK, Han KH, Westedt ML, Gerards AH, van Groenendael JH, Lems WF, van Krugten MV, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA (2005) Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BeSt study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 52:3381–3390PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat Guler-Yuksel M, Bijsterbosch J, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Hulsmans HM, de Beus WM, Han KH, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA, Allaart CF, Lems WF (2008) Changes in bone mineral density in patients with recent onset, active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 67:823–828PubMedCrossRef Guler-Yuksel M, Bijsterbosch J, Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Hulsmans HM, de Beus WM, Han KH, Breedveld FC, Dijkmans BA, Allaart CF, Lems WF (2008) Changes in bone mineral density in patients with recent onset, active rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 67:823–828PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Brandt J, Haibel H, Cornely D, Golder W, Gonzalez J, Reddig J, Thriene W, Sieper J, Braun J (2000) Successful treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody infliximab. Arthritis Rheum 43:1346–1352PubMedCrossRef Brandt J, Haibel H, Cornely D, Golder W, Gonzalez J, Reddig J, Thriene W, Sieper J, Braun J (2000) Successful treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with the anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody infliximab. Arthritis Rheum 43:1346–1352PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Allali F, Breban M, Porcher R, Maillefert JF, Dougados M, Roux C (2003) Increase in bone mineral density of patients with spondyloarthropathy treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha. Ann Rheum Dis 62:347–349PubMedCrossRef Allali F, Breban M, Porcher R, Maillefert JF, Dougados M, Roux C (2003) Increase in bone mineral density of patients with spondyloarthropathy treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha. Ann Rheum Dis 62:347–349PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Briot K, Garnero P, Le Henanff A, Dougados M, Roux C (2005) Body weight, body composition, and bone turnover changes in patients with spondyloarthropathy receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 64:1137–1140PubMedCrossRef Briot K, Garnero P, Le Henanff A, Dougados M, Roux C (2005) Body weight, body composition, and bone turnover changes in patients with spondyloarthropathy receiving anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha treatment. Ann Rheum Dis 64:1137–1140PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Briot K, Gossec L, Kolta S, Dougados M, Roux C (2008) Prospective assessment of body weight, body composition, and bone density changes in patients with spondyloarthropathy receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment. J Rheumatol 35:855–861PubMed Briot K, Gossec L, Kolta S, Dougados M, Roux C (2008) Prospective assessment of body weight, body composition, and bone density changes in patients with spondyloarthropathy receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment. J Rheumatol 35:855–861PubMed
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Visvanathan S, van der Heijde D, Deodhar A, Wagner C, Baker DG, Han J, Braun J (2009) Effects of infliximab on markers of inflammation and bone turnover and associations with bone mineral density in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 68:175–182PubMedCrossRef Visvanathan S, van der Heijde D, Deodhar A, Wagner C, Baker DG, Han J, Braun J (2009) Effects of infliximab on markers of inflammation and bone turnover and associations with bone mineral density in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 68:175–182PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Einstein S, Ory P, Vosse D, Ni L, Lin SL, Tsuji W, Davis JC Jr (2008) Radiographic progression of ankylosing spondylitis after up to two years of treatment with etanercept. Arthritis Rheum 58:1324–1331PubMedCrossRef van der Heijde D, Landewe R, Einstein S, Ory P, Vosse D, Ni L, Lin SL, Tsuji W, Davis JC Jr (2008) Radiographic progression of ankylosing spondylitis after up to two years of treatment with etanercept. Arthritis Rheum 58:1324–1331PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Lories RJ, Derese I, Luyten FP (2005) Modulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling inhibits the onset and progression of ankylosing enthesitis. J Clin Invest 115:1571–1579PubMedCrossRef Lories RJ, Derese I, Luyten FP (2005) Modulation of bone morphogenetic protein signaling inhibits the onset and progression of ankylosing enthesitis. J Clin Invest 115:1571–1579PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Fonseca JE, Santos MJ, Canhao H, Choy E (2009) Interleukin-6 as a key player in systemic inflammation and joint destruction. Autoimmun Rev 8:538–542PubMedCrossRef Fonseca JE, Santos MJ, Canhao H, Choy E (2009) Interleukin-6 as a key player in systemic inflammation and joint destruction. Autoimmun Rev 8:538–542PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T (2006) Interleukin 6: from bench to bedside. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2:619–626PubMedCrossRef Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T (2006) Interleukin 6: from bench to bedside. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2:619–626PubMedCrossRef
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Romano M, Sironi M, Toniatti C, Polentarutti N, Fruscella P, Ghezzi P, Faggioni R, Luini W, van Hinsbergh V, Sozzani S, Bussolino F, Poli V, Ciliberto G, Mantovani A (1997) Role of IL-6 and its soluble receptor in induction of chemokines and leukocyte recruitment. Immunity 6:315–325PubMedCrossRef Romano M, Sironi M, Toniatti C, Polentarutti N, Fruscella P, Ghezzi P, Faggioni R, Luini W, van Hinsbergh V, Sozzani S, Bussolino F, Poli V, Ciliberto G, Mantovani A (1997) Role of IL-6 and its soluble receptor in induction of chemokines and leukocyte recruitment. Immunity 6:315–325PubMedCrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamanaka H, Matsuda Y, Tanaka M, Sendo W, Nakajima H, Taniguchi A, Kamatani N (2000) Serum matrix metalloproteinase 3 as a predictor of the degree of joint destruction during the six months after measurement, in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43:852–858PubMedCrossRef Yamanaka H, Matsuda Y, Tanaka M, Sendo W, Nakajima H, Taniguchi A, Kamatani N (2000) Serum matrix metalloproteinase 3 as a predictor of the degree of joint destruction during the six months after measurement, in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 43:852–858PubMedCrossRef
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Young-Min S, Cawston T, Marshall N, Coady D, Christgau S, Saxne T, Robins S, Griffiths I (2007) Biomarkers predict radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis and perform well compared with traditional markers. Arthritis Rheum 56:3236–3247PubMedCrossRef Young-Min S, Cawston T, Marshall N, Coady D, Christgau S, Saxne T, Robins S, Griffiths I (2007) Biomarkers predict radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis and perform well compared with traditional markers. Arthritis Rheum 56:3236–3247PubMedCrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Houssiau FA, Devogelaer JP, Van Damme J, de Deuxchaisnes CN, Van Snick J (1988) Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum 31:784–788PubMedCrossRef Houssiau FA, Devogelaer JP, Van Damme J, de Deuxchaisnes CN, Van Snick J (1988) Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides. Arthritis Rheum 31:784–788PubMedCrossRef
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Madhok R, Crilly A, Watson J, Capell HA (1993) Serum interleukin 6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations with clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis 52:232–234PubMedCrossRef Madhok R, Crilly A, Watson J, Capell HA (1993) Serum interleukin 6 levels in rheumatoid arthritis: correlations with clinical and laboratory indices of disease activity. Ann Rheum Dis 52:232–234PubMedCrossRef
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Sack U, Kinne RW, Marx T, Heppt P, Bender S, Emmrich F (1993) Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid is closely associated with chronic synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 13:45–51PubMedCrossRef Sack U, Kinne RW, Marx T, Heppt P, Bender S, Emmrich F (1993) Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid is closely associated with chronic synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 13:45–51PubMedCrossRef
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Choy EH, Isenberg DA, Garrood T, Farrow S, Ioannou Y, Bird H, Cheung N, Williams B, Hazleman B, Price R, Yoshizaki K, Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T, Panayi GS (2002) Therapeutic benefit of blocking interleukin-6 activity with an anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. Arthritis Rheum 46:3143–3150PubMedCrossRef Choy EH, Isenberg DA, Garrood T, Farrow S, Ioannou Y, Bird H, Cheung N, Williams B, Hazleman B, Price R, Yoshizaki K, Nishimoto N, Kishimoto T, Panayi GS (2002) Therapeutic benefit of blocking interleukin-6 activity with an anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. Arthritis Rheum 46:3143–3150PubMedCrossRef
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Emery P, Keystone E, Tony HP, Cantagrel A, van Vollenhoven R, Sanchez A, Alecock E, Lee J, Kremer J (2008) IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results from a 24-week multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 67:1516–1523PubMedCrossRef Emery P, Keystone E, Tony HP, Cantagrel A, van Vollenhoven R, Sanchez A, Alecock E, Lee J, Kremer J (2008) IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results from a 24-week multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 67:1516–1523PubMedCrossRef
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, Mysler EF, da Silva NA, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Gomez-Reino JJ (2008) Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum 58:2968–2980PubMedCrossRef Genovese MC, McKay JD, Nasonov EL, Mysler EF, da Silva NA, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Gomez-Reino JJ (2008) Interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis Rheum 58:2968–2980PubMedCrossRef
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Maini RN, Taylor PC, Szechinski J, Pavelka K, Broll J, Balint G, Emery P, Raemen F, Petersen J, Smolen J, Thomson D, Kishimoto T (2006) Double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist, tocilizumab, in European patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had an incomplete response to methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 54:2817–2829PubMedCrossRef Maini RN, Taylor PC, Szechinski J, Pavelka K, Broll J, Balint G, Emery P, Raemen F, Petersen J, Smolen J, Thomson D, Kishimoto T (2006) Double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial of the interleukin-6 receptor antagonist, tocilizumab, in European patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had an incomplete response to methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 54:2817–2829PubMedCrossRef
92.
Zurück zum Zitat Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Hashimoto J, Azuma J, Kishimoto T (2004) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 50:1761–1769PubMedCrossRef Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Hashimoto J, Azuma J, Kishimoto T (2004) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 50:1761–1769PubMedCrossRef
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, Ramos-Remus C, Rovensky J, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Alten R (2008) Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Lancet 371:987–997PubMedCrossRef Smolen JS, Beaulieu A, Rubbert-Roth A, Ramos-Remus C, Rovensky J, Alecock E, Woodworth T, Alten R (2008) Effect of interleukin-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (OPTION study): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Lancet 371:987–997PubMedCrossRef
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Nishimoto N, Hashimoto J, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Murata N, van der Heijde D, Kishimoto T (2007) Study of active controlled monotherapy used for rheumatoid arthritis, an IL-6 inhibitor (SAMURAI): evidence of clinical and radiographic benefit from an x ray reader-blinded randomised controlled trial of tocilizumab. Ann Rheum Dis 66:1162–1167PubMedCrossRef Nishimoto N, Hashimoto J, Miyasaka N, Yamamoto K, Kawai S, Takeuchi T, Murata N, van der Heijde D, Kishimoto T (2007) Study of active controlled monotherapy used for rheumatoid arthritis, an IL-6 inhibitor (SAMURAI): evidence of clinical and radiographic benefit from an x ray reader-blinded randomised controlled trial of tocilizumab. Ann Rheum Dis 66:1162–1167PubMedCrossRef
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Garnero P, Thompson E, Woodworth T, Smolen JS (2010) Rapid and sustained improvement in bone and cartilage turnover markers with the anti-interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: results from a substudy of the multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tocilizumab in inadequate responders to methotrexate alone. Arthritis Rheum 62:33–43PubMedCrossRef Garnero P, Thompson E, Woodworth T, Smolen JS (2010) Rapid and sustained improvement in bone and cartilage turnover markers with the anti-interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor tocilizumab plus methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: results from a substudy of the multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tocilizumab in inadequate responders to methotrexate alone. Arthritis Rheum 62:33–43PubMedCrossRef
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Confavreux CB, Levine RL, Karsenty G (2009) A paradigm of integrative physiology, the crosstalk between bone and energy metabolisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 310:21–29PubMedCrossRef Confavreux CB, Levine RL, Karsenty G (2009) A paradigm of integrative physiology, the crosstalk between bone and energy metabolisms. Mol Cell Endocrinol 310:21–29PubMedCrossRef
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Ferron M, Wei J, Yoshizawa T, Del Fattore A, DePinho RA, Teti A, Ducy P, Karsenty G (2010) Insulin signaling in osteoblasts integrates bone remodeling and energy metabolism. Cell 142:296–308PubMedCrossRef Ferron M, Wei J, Yoshizawa T, Del Fattore A, DePinho RA, Teti A, Ducy P, Karsenty G (2010) Insulin signaling in osteoblasts integrates bone remodeling and energy metabolism. Cell 142:296–308PubMedCrossRef
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Ahn JD, Confavreux C, Dacquin R, Mee PJ, McKee MD, Jung DY, Zhang Z, Kim JK, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Ducy P, Karsenty G (2007) Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell 130:456–469PubMedCrossRef Lee NK, Sowa H, Hinoi E, Ferron M, Ahn JD, Confavreux C, Dacquin R, Mee PJ, McKee MD, Jung DY, Zhang Z, Kim JK, Mauvais-Jarvis F, Ducy P, Karsenty G (2007) Endocrine regulation of energy metabolism by the skeleton. Cell 130:456–469PubMedCrossRef
99.
Zurück zum Zitat Strand V, Kavanaugh AF (2004) The role of interleukin-1 in bone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 43(Suppl 3):iii10–ii16CrossRef Strand V, Kavanaugh AF (2004) The role of interleukin-1 in bone resorption in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 43(Suppl 3):iii10–ii16CrossRef
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Jimi E, Ikebe T, Takahashi N, Hirata M, Suda T, Koga T (1996) Interleukin-1 alpha activates an NF-kappaB-like factor in osteoclast-like cells. J Biol Chem 271:4605–4608PubMedCrossRef Jimi E, Ikebe T, Takahashi N, Hirata M, Suda T, Koga T (1996) Interleukin-1 alpha activates an NF-kappaB-like factor in osteoclast-like cells. J Biol Chem 271:4605–4608PubMedCrossRef
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofbauer LC, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL, Khosla S (1999) Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not interleukin-6, stimulate osteoprotegerin ligand gene expression in human osteoblastic cells. Bone 25:255–259PubMedCrossRef Hofbauer LC, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Spelsberg TC, Riggs BL, Khosla S (1999) Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, but not interleukin-6, stimulate osteoprotegerin ligand gene expression in human osteoblastic cells. Bone 25:255–259PubMedCrossRef
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Arend WP, Welgus HG, Thompson RC, Eisenberg SP (1990) Biological properties of recombinant human monocyte-derived interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. J Clin Invest 85:1694–1697PubMedCrossRef Arend WP, Welgus HG, Thompson RC, Eisenberg SP (1990) Biological properties of recombinant human monocyte-derived interleukin 1 receptor antagonist. J Clin Invest 85:1694–1697PubMedCrossRef
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Henderson B, Rowe FM, Bird CR, Gearing AJ (1988) Production of interleukin 1 in the joint during the development of antigen-induced arthritis in the rabbit. Clin Exp Immunol 74:371–376PubMed Henderson B, Rowe FM, Bird CR, Gearing AJ (1988) Production of interleukin 1 in the joint during the development of antigen-induced arthritis in the rabbit. Clin Exp Immunol 74:371–376PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Miossec P, Dinarello CA, Ziff M (1986) Interleukin-1 lymphocyte chemotactic activity in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum 29:461–470PubMedCrossRef Miossec P, Dinarello CA, Ziff M (1986) Interleukin-1 lymphocyte chemotactic activity in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum 29:461–470PubMedCrossRef
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Eastgate JA, Symons JA, Wood NC, Grinlinton FM, di Giovine FS, Duff GW (1988) Correlation of plasma interleukin 1 levels with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2:706–709PubMedCrossRef Eastgate JA, Symons JA, Wood NC, Grinlinton FM, di Giovine FS, Duff GW (1988) Correlation of plasma interleukin 1 levels with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2:706–709PubMedCrossRef
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Kahle P, Saal JG, Schaudt K, Zacher J, Fritz P, Pawelec G (1992) Determination of cytokines in synovial fluids: correlation with diagnosis and histomorphological characteristics of synovial tissue. Ann Rheum Dis 51:731–734PubMedCrossRef Kahle P, Saal JG, Schaudt K, Zacher J, Fritz P, Pawelec G (1992) Determination of cytokines in synovial fluids: correlation with diagnosis and histomorphological characteristics of synovial tissue. Ann Rheum Dis 51:731–734PubMedCrossRef
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Bresnihan B, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Cobby M, Doherty M, Domljan Z, Emery P, Nuki G, Pavelka K, Rau R, Rozman B, Watt I, Williams B, Aitchison R, McCabe D, Musikic P (1998) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum 41:2196–2204PubMedCrossRef Bresnihan B, Alvaro-Gracia JM, Cobby M, Doherty M, Domljan Z, Emery P, Nuki G, Pavelka K, Rau R, Rozman B, Watt I, Williams B, Aitchison R, McCabe D, Musikic P (1998) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum 41:2196–2204PubMedCrossRef
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen S, Hurd E, Cush J, Schiff M, Weinblatt ME, Moreland LW, Kremer J, Bear MB, Rich WJ, McCabe D (2002) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, in combination with methotrexate: results of a twenty-four-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 46:614–624PubMedCrossRef Cohen S, Hurd E, Cush J, Schiff M, Weinblatt ME, Moreland LW, Kremer J, Bear MB, Rich WJ, McCabe D (2002) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, in combination with methotrexate: results of a twenty-four-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 46:614–624PubMedCrossRef
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang Y, Genant HK, Watt I, Cobby M, Bresnihan B, Aitchison R, McCabe D (2000) A multicenter, double-blind, dose-ranging, randomized, placebo-controlled study of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic progression and correlation of Genant and Larsen scores. Arthritis Rheum 43:1001–1009PubMedCrossRef Jiang Y, Genant HK, Watt I, Cobby M, Bresnihan B, Aitchison R, McCabe D (2000) A multicenter, double-blind, dose-ranging, randomized, placebo-controlled study of recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: radiologic progression and correlation of Genant and Larsen scores. Arthritis Rheum 43:1001–1009PubMedCrossRef
110.
Zurück zum Zitat Strand V, Sharp JT (2003) Radiographic data from recent randomized controlled trials in rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned? Arthritis Rheum 48:21–34PubMedCrossRef Strand V, Sharp JT (2003) Radiographic data from recent randomized controlled trials in rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned? Arthritis Rheum 48:21–34PubMedCrossRef
111.
Zurück zum Zitat Abrahamsen B, Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Ebbesen EN, Gram J, Beck-Nielsen H (2000) Cytokines and bone loss in a 5-year longitudinal study–hormone replacement therapy suppresses serum soluble interleukin-6 receptor and increases interleukin-1-receptor antagonist: the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study. J Bone Miner Res 15:1545–1554PubMedCrossRef Abrahamsen B, Bonnevie-Nielsen V, Ebbesen EN, Gram J, Beck-Nielsen H (2000) Cytokines and bone loss in a 5-year longitudinal study–hormone replacement therapy suppresses serum soluble interleukin-6 receptor and increases interleukin-1-receptor antagonist: the Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study. J Bone Miner Res 15:1545–1554PubMedCrossRef
112.
Zurück zum Zitat Fontova R, Gutierrez C, Vendrell J, Broch M, Vendrell I, Simon I, Fernandez-Real JM, Richart C (2002) Bone mineral mass is associated with interleukin 1 receptor autoantigen and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms in post-menopausal Mediterranean women. J Endocrinol Investig 25:684–690 Fontova R, Gutierrez C, Vendrell J, Broch M, Vendrell I, Simon I, Fernandez-Real JM, Richart C (2002) Bone mineral mass is associated with interleukin 1 receptor autoantigen and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms in post-menopausal Mediterranean women. J Endocrinol Investig 25:684–690
113.
Zurück zum Zitat Keen RW, Woodford-Richens KL, Lanchbury JS, Spector TD (1998) Allelic variation at the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene is associated with early postmenopausal bone loss at the spine. Bone 23:367–371PubMedCrossRef Keen RW, Woodford-Richens KL, Lanchbury JS, Spector TD (1998) Allelic variation at the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene is associated with early postmenopausal bone loss at the spine. Bone 23:367–371PubMedCrossRef
114.
Zurück zum Zitat Langdahl BL, Lokke E, Carstens M, Stenkjaer LL, Eriksen EF (2000) Osteoporotic fractures are associated with an 86-base pair repeat polymorphism in the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist gene but not with polymorphisms in the interleukin-1beta gene. J Bone Miner Res 15:402–414PubMedCrossRef Langdahl BL, Lokke E, Carstens M, Stenkjaer LL, Eriksen EF (2000) Osteoporotic fractures are associated with an 86-base pair repeat polymorphism in the interleukin-1-receptor antagonist gene but not with polymorphisms in the interleukin-1beta gene. J Bone Miner Res 15:402–414PubMedCrossRef
115.
Zurück zum Zitat Bajnok E, Takacs I, Vargha P, Speer G, Nagy Z, Lakatos P (2000) Lack of association between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein gene polymorphism and bone mineral density in Hungarian postmenopausal women. Bone 27:559–562PubMedCrossRef Bajnok E, Takacs I, Vargha P, Speer G, Nagy Z, Lakatos P (2000) Lack of association between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein gene polymorphism and bone mineral density in Hungarian postmenopausal women. Bone 27:559–562PubMedCrossRef
116.
Zurück zum Zitat Han KO, Choi JT, Moon IG, Jeong MS, Yim CH, Chung HY, Jang HC, Yoon HK, Han IK (2002) Nonassociation of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genotypes with bone mineral density, bone turnover status, and estrogen responsiveness in Korean postmenopausal women. Bone 31:612–615PubMedCrossRef Han KO, Choi JT, Moon IG, Jeong MS, Yim CH, Chung HY, Jang HC, Yoon HK, Han IK (2002) Nonassociation of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genotypes with bone mineral density, bone turnover status, and estrogen responsiveness in Korean postmenopausal women. Bone 31:612–615PubMedCrossRef
117.
Zurück zum Zitat Kim JG, Lim KS, Ku SY, Kim SH, Choi YM, Moon SY (2006) Relations between interleukin-1, its receptor antagonist gene polymorphism, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women. J Bone Miner Metab 24:53–57PubMedCrossRef Kim JG, Lim KS, Ku SY, Kim SH, Choi YM, Moon SY (2006) Relations between interleukin-1, its receptor antagonist gene polymorphism, and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Korean women. J Bone Miner Metab 24:53–57PubMedCrossRef
118.
Zurück zum Zitat Kimble RB, Vannice JL, Bloedow DC, Thompson RC, Hopfer W, Kung VT, Brownfield C, Pacifici R (1994) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist decreases bone loss and bone resorption in ovariectomized rats. J Clin Invest 93:1959–1967PubMedCrossRef Kimble RB, Vannice JL, Bloedow DC, Thompson RC, Hopfer W, Kung VT, Brownfield C, Pacifici R (1994) Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist decreases bone loss and bone resorption in ovariectomized rats. J Clin Invest 93:1959–1967PubMedCrossRef
119.
Zurück zum Zitat Charatcharoenwitthaya N, Khosla S, Atkinson EJ, McCready LK, Riggs BL (2007) Effect of blockade of TNF-alpha and interleukin-1 action on bone resorption in early postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 22:724–729PubMedCrossRef Charatcharoenwitthaya N, Khosla S, Atkinson EJ, McCready LK, Riggs BL (2007) Effect of blockade of TNF-alpha and interleukin-1 action on bone resorption in early postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 22:724–729PubMedCrossRef
120.
Zurück zum Zitat Abrams JR, Lebwohl MG, Guzzo CA, Jegasothy BV, Goldfarb MT, Goffe BS, Menter A, Lowe NJ, Krueger G, Brown MJ, Weiner RS, Birkhofer MJ, Warner GL, Berry KK, Linsley PS, Krueger JG, Ochs HD, Kelley SL, Kang S (1999) CTLA4Ig-mediated blockade of T-cell costimulation in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Clin Invest 103:1243–1252PubMedCrossRef Abrams JR, Lebwohl MG, Guzzo CA, Jegasothy BV, Goldfarb MT, Goffe BS, Menter A, Lowe NJ, Krueger G, Brown MJ, Weiner RS, Birkhofer MJ, Warner GL, Berry KK, Linsley PS, Krueger JG, Ochs HD, Kelley SL, Kang S (1999) CTLA4Ig-mediated blockade of T-cell costimulation in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Clin Invest 103:1243–1252PubMedCrossRef
121.
Zurück zum Zitat Kremer JM, Westhovens R, Leon M, Di Giorgio E, Alten R, Steinfeld S, Russell A, Dougados M, Emery P, Nuamah IF, Williams GR, Becker JC, Hagerty DT, Moreland LW (2003) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by selective inhibition of T-cell activation with fusion protein CTLA4Ig. N Engl J Med 349:1907–1915PubMedCrossRef Kremer JM, Westhovens R, Leon M, Di Giorgio E, Alten R, Steinfeld S, Russell A, Dougados M, Emery P, Nuamah IF, Williams GR, Becker JC, Hagerty DT, Moreland LW (2003) Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis by selective inhibition of T-cell activation with fusion protein CTLA4Ig. N Engl J Med 349:1907–1915PubMedCrossRef
122.
Zurück zum Zitat Moreland LW, Alten R, Van den Bosch F, Appelboom T, Leon M, Emery P, Cohen S, Luggen M, Shergy W, Nuamah I, Becker JC (2002) Costimulatory blockade in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot, dose-finding, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating CTLA-4Ig and LEA29Y eighty-five days after the first infusion. Arthritis Rheum 46:1470–1479PubMedCrossRef Moreland LW, Alten R, Van den Bosch F, Appelboom T, Leon M, Emery P, Cohen S, Luggen M, Shergy W, Nuamah I, Becker JC (2002) Costimulatory blockade in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a pilot, dose-finding, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluating CTLA-4Ig and LEA29Y eighty-five days after the first infusion. Arthritis Rheum 46:1470–1479PubMedCrossRef
123.
Zurück zum Zitat Kliwinski C, Kukral D, Postelnek J, Krishnan B, Killar L, Lewin A, Nadler S, Townsend R (2005) Prophylactic administration of abatacept prevents disease and bone destruction in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis. J Autoimmun 25:165–171PubMedCrossRef Kliwinski C, Kukral D, Postelnek J, Krishnan B, Killar L, Lewin A, Nadler S, Townsend R (2005) Prophylactic administration of abatacept prevents disease and bone destruction in a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis. J Autoimmun 25:165–171PubMedCrossRef
124.
Zurück zum Zitat Koga T, Inui M, Inoue K, Kim S, Suematsu A, Kobayashi E, Iwata T, Ohnishi H, Matozaki T, Kodama T, Taniguchi T, Takayanagi H, Takai T (2004) Costimulatory signals mediated by the ITAM motif cooperate with RANKL for bone homeostasis. Nature 428:758–763PubMedCrossRef Koga T, Inui M, Inoue K, Kim S, Suematsu A, Kobayashi E, Iwata T, Ohnishi H, Matozaki T, Kodama T, Taniguchi T, Takayanagi H, Takai T (2004) Costimulatory signals mediated by the ITAM motif cooperate with RANKL for bone homeostasis. Nature 428:758–763PubMedCrossRef
125.
Zurück zum Zitat Mocsai A, Humphrey MB, Van Ziffle JA, Hu Y, Burghardt A, Spusta SC, Majumdar S, Lanier LL, Lowell CA, Nakamura MC (2004) The immunomodulatory adapter proteins DAP12 and Fc receptor gamma-chain (FcRgamma) regulate development of functional osteoclasts through the Syk tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:6158–6163PubMedCrossRef Mocsai A, Humphrey MB, Van Ziffle JA, Hu Y, Burghardt A, Spusta SC, Majumdar S, Lanier LL, Lowell CA, Nakamura MC (2004) The immunomodulatory adapter proteins DAP12 and Fc receptor gamma-chain (FcRgamma) regulate development of functional osteoclasts through the Syk tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:6158–6163PubMedCrossRef
126.
Zurück zum Zitat Ochi S, Shinohara M, Sato K, Gober HJ, Koga T, Kodama T, Takai T, Miyasaka N, Takayanagi H (2007) Pathological role of osteoclast costimulation in arthritis-induced bone loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:11394–11399PubMedCrossRef Ochi S, Shinohara M, Sato K, Gober HJ, Koga T, Kodama T, Takai T, Miyasaka N, Takayanagi H (2007) Pathological role of osteoclast costimulation in arthritis-induced bone loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:11394–11399PubMedCrossRef
127.
Zurück zum Zitat Axmann R, Herman S, Zaiss M, Franz S, Polzer K, Zwerina J, Herrmann M, Smolen J, Schett G (2008) CTLA-4 directly inhibits osteoclast formation. Ann Rheum Dis 67:1603–1609PubMedCrossRef Axmann R, Herman S, Zaiss M, Franz S, Polzer K, Zwerina J, Herrmann M, Smolen J, Schett G (2008) CTLA-4 directly inhibits osteoclast formation. Ann Rheum Dis 67:1603–1609PubMedCrossRef
128.
Zurück zum Zitat Bedi B, Li JY, Grassi F, Tawfeek H, Weitzmann MN, Pacifici R (2010) Inhibition of antigen presentation and T cell costimulation blocks PTH-induced bone loss. Ann NY Acad Sci 1192:215–221PubMedCrossRef Bedi B, Li JY, Grassi F, Tawfeek H, Weitzmann MN, Pacifici R (2010) Inhibition of antigen presentation and T cell costimulation blocks PTH-induced bone loss. Ann NY Acad Sci 1192:215–221PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Systemic bone effects of biologic therapies in rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis
verfasst von
C. B. Confavreux
R. D. Chapurlat
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2011
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Osteoporosis International / Ausgabe 4/2011
Print ISSN: 0937-941X
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-2965
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1462-4

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2011

Osteoporosis International 4/2011 Zur Ausgabe

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Ein Drittel der jungen Ärztinnen und Ärzte erwägt abzuwandern

07.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Extreme Arbeitsverdichtung und kaum Supervision: Dr. Andrea Martini, Sprecherin des Bündnisses Junge Ärztinnen und Ärzte (BJÄ) über den Frust des ärztlichen Nachwuchses und die Vorteile des Rucksack-Modells.

Aquatherapie bei Fibromyalgie wirksamer als Trockenübungen

03.05.2024 Fibromyalgiesyndrom Nachrichten

Bewegungs-, Dehnungs- und Entspannungsübungen im Wasser lindern die Beschwerden von Patientinnen mit Fibromyalgie besser als das Üben auf trockenem Land. Das geht aus einer spanisch-brasilianischen Vergleichsstudie hervor.

Endlich: Zi zeigt, mit welchen PVS Praxen zufrieden sind

IT für Ärzte Nachrichten

Darauf haben viele Praxen gewartet: Das Zi hat eine Liste von Praxisverwaltungssystemen veröffentlicht, die von Nutzern positiv bewertet werden. Eine gute Grundlage für wechselwillige Ärztinnen und Psychotherapeuten.

Proximale Humerusfraktur: Auch 100-Jährige operieren?

01.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Mit dem demographischen Wandel versorgt auch die Chirurgie immer mehr betagte Menschen. Von Entwicklungen wie Fast-Track können auch ältere Menschen profitieren und bei proximaler Humerusfraktur können selbst manche 100-Jährige noch sicher operiert werden.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.