nach oben

Erschienen in:

01.02.2011 | Position Paper

Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards

verfasst von: S. Vasikaran, R. Eastell, O. Bruyère, A. J. Foldes, P. Garnero, A. Griesmacher, M. McClung, H. A. Morris, S. Silverman, T. Trenti, D. A. Wahl, C. Cooper, J. A. Kanis, for the IOF-IFCC Bone Marker Standards Working Group

Erschienen in: Osteoporosis International | Ausgabe 2/2011

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Summary

The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) recommend that a marker of bone formation (serum procollagen type I N propeptide, s-PINP) and a marker of bone resorption (serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen, s-CTX) are used as reference analytes for bone turnover markers in clinical studies.

Introduction

Bone turnover markers (BTM) predict fracture risk, and treatment-induced changes in specific markers account for a substantial proportion of fracture risk reduction. The aims of this report were to determine their clinical potential in the prediction of fracture risk and for monitoring the treatment of osteoporosis and to set an appropriate research agenda.

Methods

Evidence from prospective studies was gathered through literature review of the PUBMED database between the years 2000 and 2010 and the systematic review of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality up to 2001.

Results

High levels of BTMs may predict fracture risk independently from bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. They have been used for this purpose in clinical practice for many years, but there is still a need for stronger evidence on which to base practice. BTMs provide pharmacodynamic information on the response to osteoporosis treatment, and as a result, they are widely used for monitoring treatment in the individual. However, their clinical value for monitoring is limited by inadequate appreciation of the sources of variability, by limited data for comparison of treatments using the same BTM and by inadequate quality control. IOF/IFCC recommend one bone formation marker (s-PINP) and one bone resorption marker (s-CTX) to be used as reference markers and measured by standardised assays in observational and intervention studies in order to compare the performance of alternatives and to enlarge the international experience of the application of markers to clinical medicine.

Conclusion

BTM hold promise in fracture risk prediction and for monitoring treatment. Uncertainties over their clinical use can be in part resolved by adopting international reference standards.

Consensus Development Conference (1993) Diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis. Am J Med 94:646–650CrossRef

Kanis JA, Johnell O (2005) Requirements for DXA for the management of osteoporosis in Europe. Osteoporos Int 16:229–238PubMedCrossRef

Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon D, Wong J, King A, Tosteson A (2007) Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005–2025. J Bone Miner Res 22:465–475PubMedCrossRef

Kanis JA, McCloskey EV, Johansson H, Oden A, Melton LJ, Khaltaev N (2008) A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis. Bone 42:467–475PubMedCrossRef

Kanis JA, Melton LJ, Christiansen C, Johnston C, Khaltaev N (1994) The diagnosis of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 9:1137–1141PubMedCrossRef

Delmas PD (2002) Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet 359:2018–2026PubMedCrossRef

MacLean C, Newberry S, Maglione M, McMahon M, Ranganath V, Suttorp M, Mojica W, Timmer M, Alexander A et al (2008) Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of treatments to prevent fractures in men and women with low bone density or osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med 148:197–213PubMed

Kanis JA, Burlet N, Cooper C, Delmas PD, Reginster J-Y, Borgstrom F, Rizzoli R, on behalf of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) (2008) European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 19:399–428PubMedCrossRef

Bergmann P, Body JJ, Boonen S, Boutsen Y, Devogelaer JP, Goemaere S, Kaufman JM, Reginster JY, Gangji V (2009) Evidence-based guidelines for the use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the selection and monitoring of bisphosphonate treatment in osteoporosis: a consensus document of the Belgian Bone Club. Int J Clin Pract 63:19–26PubMedCrossRef

10.

Vesper H, Cosman F, Endres DB, Garnero P, Hoyle NR, Kleerekoper M, Mallinak NJ (2004) Application of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the assessment and monitoring of bone diseases—approved guidelines. NCCLS document C48-A. ISBN 1-56238-539-9

11.

Brown JP, Albert C, Nassar BA, Adachi JD, Cole D, Davison KS, Dooley KC, Don-Wauchope A, Douville P et al (2009) Bone turnover markers in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clin Biochem 42:929–942PubMedCrossRef

12.

Szulc P, Delmas P (2008) Biochemical markers of bone turnover: potential use in the investigation and management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 19:1683–1704PubMedCrossRef

13.

Vasikaran SD (2008) Utility of biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density in management of osteoporosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 45:221–258PubMedCrossRef

14.

Hannon R, Eastell R (2000) Preanalytical variability of biochemical markers of bone turnover. Osteoporos Int 11:S30–S44PubMedCrossRef

15.

Seibel MJ, Lang M, Geilenkeuser WJ (2001) Interlaboratory variation of biochemical markers of bone turnover. Clin Chem 47:1443–1450PubMed

16.

Eisman J, Ebeling P, Ewald D, Flicker L, Holborow B, Nash P, Sambrook P, Seibel M, Stenmark J, Winzenberg T, Herjandono J (2010) Clinical guideline for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and older men. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. www.racgp.org.au. Accessed March 2010

17.

Sociedad Iberoamericana de Osteología y Metabolismo Mineral (SIBOMM) (2009) Ibero-American consensus on osteoporosis (Osteoporosis: Prevención, Diagnóstico y Tratamiento). www.aaomm.org.ar. Accessed March 2010

18.

Lorenc R, Głuszko P, Karczmarewicz E, Księżopolska-Orłowska K, Misiorowski W, Franek E, Horst-Sikorska W, Kaleta M, Męczekalski B et al (2007) Recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. Reducing the incidence of fractures through effective prevention and treatment. Terapia 9:11–39

19.

Singapore Ministry of Health (2008) Clinical practice guidelines for osteoporosis. Ministry of Health, Singapore. www.moh.gov.sg/cpg. Accessed March 2010

20.

National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (2008) Osteoporosis—clinical guideline for prevention and treatment—executive summary. www.shef.ac.uk/NOGG. Accessed March 2010

21.

Dawson-Hughes B, Lindsay R, Khosla S, Melton LJ, Tosteson AN, Favus MJ, Baim S (2008) Clinician’s guide to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. National Osteoporosis Foundation. www.nof.org. Accessed March 2010

22.

Nelson HD, Morris CD, Kraemer DF, Mahon S, Carney N, Nygren PM, Helfand M (2001) Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: diagnosis and monitoring. Evidence report/technology assessment no. 28. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville

23.

Civitelli R, Armamento-Villareal R, Napoli N (2009) Bone turnover markers: understanding their value in clinical trials and clinical practice. Osteoporos Int 20:843–851PubMedCrossRef

24.

Leeming D, Alexandersen P, Karsdal M, Qvist P, Schaller S, Tankó L (2006) An update on biomarkers of bone turnover and their utility in biomedical research and clinical practice. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 62:781–792PubMedCrossRef

25.

Wickham C, Walsh K, Cooper C, Barker D, Margetts B, Morris J, Bruce S (1989) Dietary calcium, physical activity, and risk of hip fracture: a prospective study. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 299:889–892CrossRef

26.

Huopio J, Kröger H, Honkanen R, Saarikoski S, Alhava E (2000) Risk factors for perimenopausal fractures: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int 11:219–227PubMedCrossRef

27.

Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, Miller P, Thompson DE, Ross PD (2002) Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1586–1592PubMedCrossRef

28.

Darby AJ, Meunier PJ (1981) Mean wall thickness and formation periods of trabecular bone packets in idiopathic osteoporosis. Calcif Tissue Int 33:199–204PubMedCrossRef

29.

Jilka RL (2003) Biology of the basic multicellular unit and the pathophysiology of osteoporosis. Med Pediatr Oncol 41:182–185PubMedCrossRef

30.

Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Capuy MC, Delmas PD (1996) Increased bone turnover in late postmenopausal women is a major determinant of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 11:337–349PubMedCrossRef

31.

Chesnut CH, Bell NH, Clark GS, Drinkwater BL, English SC, Johnson CCJ, Notelovitz M, Rosen C, Cain DF, Flessland KA, Mallinak NJ (1997) Hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: urinary N-telopeptide of type I collagen monitors therapeutic effect and predicts response of bone mineral density. Am J Med 102:29–37PubMedCrossRef

32.

Peichl P, Griesmacher A, Pointinger P, Marteau R, Hartl W, Gruber W, Bröll H (1998) Association between female sex hormones and biochemical markers of bone turnover in peri- and postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 62:388–394PubMedCrossRef

33.

Christiansen C, Riis BJ, Rodbro P (1987) Prediction of rapid bone loss in postmenopausal women. Lancet 1:1105–1108PubMedCrossRef

34.

Christiansen C, Riis BJ, Rodbro P (1990) Screening procedures for women at risk of developing postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 1:35–40PubMedCrossRef

35.

Cosman F, Nieves J, Wilkinson C, Schnering D, Shen V, Lindsay R (1996) Bone density change and biochemical indices of skeletal turnover. Calcif Tissue Int 58:236–243PubMed

36.

Mole PA, Walkinshaw MH, Robins SP, Paterson CR (1992) Can urinary pyridinium crosslinks and urinary oestrogens predict bone mass and rate of bone loss after the menopause? Eur J Clin Investig 22:767–771CrossRef

37.

Reeve J, Pearson J, Mitchell A, Green J, Nicholls A, Justice J, Hudson E, Klenerman L (1995) Evolution of spinal bone loss and biochemical markers of bone remodelling after menopause in normal women. Calcif Tissue Int 57:105–110PubMedCrossRef

38.

Rosen CJ, Chesnut CH, Mallinak NJ (1997) The predictive value of biochemical markers of bone turnover for bone mineral density in early postmenopausal women treated with hormone replacement therapy or calcium supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:1904–1910PubMedCrossRef

39.

Ross PD, Knowlton W (1998) Rapid bone loss is associated with increased levels of biochemical markers. J Bone Miner Res 13:297–302PubMedCrossRef

40.

Riis BJ, Hansen MA, Jensen AM, Overgaard K, Christiansen C (1996) Low bone mass and fast rate of bone loss at menopause: equal risk factors for future fracture: a 15-year follow-up study. Bone 19:9–12PubMedCrossRef

41.

Finigan J, Greenfield D, Blumsohn A, Hannon R, Peel N, Jiang G, Eastell R (2008) Risk factors for vertebral and nonvertebral fracture over 10 years: a population-based study in women. J Bone Miner Res 23:75–85PubMedCrossRef

42.

Dempster DW (2000) The contribution of trabecular architecture to cancellous bone quality. J Bone Miner Res 15:20–23PubMedCrossRef

43.

Follet H, Boivin G, Rumelhart C, Meunier PJ (2004) The degree of mineralization is a determinant of bone strength: a study on human calcanei. Bone 34:783–789PubMedCrossRef

44.

Banse X, Sims TJ, Bailey AJ (2002) Mechanical properties of adult vertebral cancellous bone: correlation with collagen intermolecular cross-links. J Bone Miner Res 17:1621–1628PubMedCrossRef

45.

Viguet-Carin S, Roux JP, Arlot ME, Merabet Z, Leeming DJ, Byrjalsen I, Delmas PD, Bouxsein ML (2006) Contribution of the advanced glycation end product pentosidine and of maturation of type I collagen to compressive biomechanical properties of human lumbar vertebrae. Bone 39:1073–1079CrossRef

46.

Bauer DC (2001) Biochemical markers of bone turnover: the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture. In: Eastell R, Baumann M, Hoyle N, Wieczorek L (eds) Bone markers—biochemical and clinical perspectives. Martin Dunitz, London, pp 219–223

47.

Dobnig H, Piswanger-Solkner JC, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Tiran A, Strele A, Maier E, Maritschnegg P, Riedmuller G, Brueck C, Fahrleitner-Pammer A (2007) Hip and nonvertebral fracture prediction in nursing home patients: role of bone ultrasound and bone marker measurements. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1678–1686PubMedCrossRef

48.

Tromp AM, Ooms ME, Popp-Snijders C, Roos JC, Lips P (2000) Predictors of fractures in elderly women. Osteoporos Int 11:134–140PubMedCrossRef

49.

Akesson K, Ljunghall S, Jonsson B, Sernbo I, Johnell O, Gärdsell P, Obrant KJ (1995) Assessment of biochemical markers of bone metabolism in relation to the occurrence of fracture: a retrospective and prospective population-based study of women. J Bone Miner Res 10:1823–1829PubMedCrossRef

50.

Garnero P, Hausherr E, Chapuy M-C, Marcelli C, Grandjean H, Muller C, Cormier C, Breart G, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD (1996) Markers of bone resorption predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 11:1531–1538PubMedCrossRef

51.

Gerdhem P, Ivaska KK, Alatalo SL, Halleen JM, Hellman J, Isaksson A, Pettersson K, Vaananen HK, Akesson K, Obrant KJ (2004) Biochemical markers of bone metabolism and prediction of fracture in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 19:386–393PubMedCrossRef

52.

Ross PD, Kress BC, Parson RE, Wasnich RD, Armour KA, Mizrahi IA (2000) Serum bone alkaline phosphatase and calcaneus bone density predict fractures: a prospective study. Osteoporos Int 11:76–82PubMedCrossRef

53.

Sornay-Rendu E, Munoz F, Garnero P, Duboeuf F, Delmas PD (2005) Identification of osteopenic women at high risk of fracture: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res 20:1813–1819PubMedCrossRef

54.

van Daele PL, Seibel MJ, Burger H, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, van Leeuwen JP, Birkenhager JC, Pols HA (1996) Case–control analysis of bone resorption markers, disability, and hip fracture risk: the Rotterdam study. BMJ 312:482–483PubMed

55.

Vergnaud P, Garnero P, Meunier PJ, Breart G, Kamihagi K, Delmas PD (1997) Undercarboxylated osteocalcin measured with a specific immunoassay predicts hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:719–724PubMedCrossRef

56.

Szulc P, Chapuy MC, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD (1993) Serum undercarboxylated osteocalcin is a marker of the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. J Clin Invest 91:1769–1774PubMedCrossRef

57.

Chapurlat RD, Garnero P, Bréart G, Meunier PJ, Delmas PD (2000) Serum type I collagen breakdown product (serum CTX) predicts hip fracture risk in elderly women: the EPIDOS study. Bone 27:283–286PubMedCrossRef

58.

Luukinen H, Kakonen S-M, Pettersson K, Koski K, Laippala P, Lovgren T, Kivela S-L, Vaananen HK (2000) Strong prediction of fractures among older adults by the ratio of carboxylated to total serum osteocalcin. J Bone Miner Res 15:2473–2478PubMedCrossRef

59.

Garnero P, Sornay-Rendu E, Claustrat B, Delmas PD (2000) Biochemical markers of bone turnover, endogenous hormones and the risk of fractures in postmenopausal women: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res 15:1526–1536PubMedCrossRef

60.

Greenfield DM, Hannon RA, Eastell R (2001) The association between bone turnover and fracture risk (Sheffield Osteoporosis study). In: Eastell R, Baumann M, Hoyle N, Wieczorek L (eds) Bone markers—biochemical and clinical perspectives. Martin Dunitz, London, pp 225–236

61.

Garnero P, Cloos P, Sornay-Rendu E, Qvist PER, Delmas PD (2002) Type I collagen racemization and isomerization and the risk of fracture in postmenopausal women: the OFELY prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 17:826–833PubMedCrossRef

62.

Bruyère O, Collette J, Delmas PD, Rouillon A, Roux C, Seidel L, Richy F, Reginster J-Y (2003) Interest of biochemical markers of bone turnover for long-term prediction of new vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women. Maturitas 44:259–265PubMedCrossRef

63.

Melton LJ III, Crowson CS, O’Fallon WM, Wahner HW, Riggs BL (2003) Relative contributions of bone density, bone turnover, and clinical risk factors to long-term fracture prediction. J Bone Miner Res 18:312–318PubMedCrossRef

64.

Meier C, Nguyen TV, Center JR, Seibel MJ, Eisman JA (2005) Bone resorption and osteoporotic fractures in elderly men: the dubbo osteoporosis epidemiology study. J Bone Miner Res 20:579–587PubMedCrossRef

65.

Ivaska KK, Gerdhem P, Vaananen HK, Akesson K, Obrant KJ (2010) Bone turnover markers and prediction of fracture: a prospective follow-up study of 1040 elderly women for a mean of 9 years. J Bone Miner Res 25:393–403PubMedCrossRef

66.

Bauer DC, Garnero P, Harrison SL, Cauley JA, Eastell R, Ensrud KE, Orwoll E, Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Research Group (2009) Biochemical markers of bone turnover, hip bone loss, and fracture in older men: the MrOS study. J Bone Miner Res 24:2032–2038PubMedCrossRef

67.

Johnell O, Oden A, De Laet C, Garnero P, Delmas PD, Kanis JA (2002) Biochemical indices of bone turnover and the assessment of fracture probability. Osteoporos Int 13:523–526PubMedCrossRef

68.

Bauer DC, Sklarin PM, Stone KL, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Ensrud KE, Arnaud CD, Genant HK, Garnero P, Delmas PD, Lawaetz H, Cummings SR (1999) Biochemical markers of bone turnover and prediction of hip bone loss in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res 14:1404–1410PubMedCrossRef

69.

Khosla S, Melton LJ, Atkinson EJ, O’Fallon WM, Klee GG, Riggs BL (1998) Relationship of serum sex steroid levels and bone turnover markers with bone mineral density in men and women: a key role for bioavailable estrogen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2266–2274PubMedCrossRef

70.

Marcus R, Holloway L, Wells B, Greendale G, James MK, Wasilauskas C, Kelaghan J (1999) The relationship of biochemical markers of bone turnover to bone density changes in postmenopausal women: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. J Bone Miner Res 14:1583–1595PubMedCrossRef

71.

Stepan JJ, Pospichal J, Presl J, Pacovsky V (1987) Bone loss and biochemical indices of bone remodeling in surgically induced postmenopausal women. Bone 8:279–284PubMedCrossRef

72.

Kanis JA, on behalf of the World Health Organization Scientific Group (2008) Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level. Technical report, Sheffield, UK. WHO Collaborating Center, University of Sheffield. Available at http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/index.htm. Accessed July 2009

73.

Berry SD, Kiel DP, Donaldson MG, Cummings SR, Kanis JA, Johansson H, Samelson EJ (2010) Application of the National Osteoporosis Foundation Guidelines to postmenopausal women and men: the Framingham Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int 21:53–60PubMedCrossRef

74.

Compston J, Cooper A, Cooper C, Francis R, Kanis JA, Marsh D, McCloskey EV, Reid DM, Selby P, Wilkins M, for the National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and men from the age of 50 years in the UK. Maturitas 62:105–108PubMedCrossRef

75.

Fujiwara S, Nakamura T, Orimo H, Hosoi T, Gorai I, Oden A, Johansson H, Kanis JA (2008) Development and application of a Japanese model of the WHO fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX (TM)). Osteoporos Int 19:429–435PubMedCrossRef

76.

Kanis JA, Black D, Cooper C, Dargent P, Dawson-Hughes B, De Laet C, Delmas PD, Eisman J, Johnell O, on behalf of the International Osteoporosis Foundation and the National Osteoporosis Foundation, USA et al (2002) A new approach to the development of assessment guidelines for osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 13:527–536PubMedCrossRef

77.

Lippuner K, Johansson H, Kanis JA, Rizzoli R (2010) FRAX (R) assessment of osteoporotic fracture probability in Switzerland. Osteoporos Int 21:381–389PubMedCrossRef

78.

Riggs BL, Parfitt AM (2005) Drugs used to treat osteoporosis: the critical need for a uniform nomenclature based on their action on bone remodeling. J Bone Miner Res 20:177–184PubMedCrossRef

79.

Arlot M, Meunier PJ, Boivin G, Haddock L, Tamayo J, Correa-Rotter R, Jasqui S, Donley DW, Dalsky GP, Martin JS, Eriksen EF (2005) Differential effects of teriparatide and alendronate on bone remodeling in postmenopausal women assessed by histomorphometric parameters. J Bone Miner Res 20:1244–1253PubMedCrossRef

80.

McClung M, Lewiecki E, Cohen S, Bolognese M, Woodson G, Moffett A, Peacock M, Miller P, Lederman S et al (2006) Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med 354:821–831PubMedCrossRef

81.

Vasikaran SD, Khan S, McCloskey EV, Kanis JA (1995) Sustained response to intravenous alendronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone Miner 17:517–520

82.

Saag K, Lindsay R, Kriegman A, Beamer E, Zhou W (2007) A single zoledronic acid infusion reduces bone resorption markers more rapidly than weekly oral alendronate in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. Bone 40:1238–1243PubMedCrossRef

83.

Chesnut CH, Silverman S, Andriano K, Genant H, Gimona A, Harris S, Kiel D, LeBoff M, Maricic M et al (2000) A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. Am J Med 109:267–276PubMedCrossRef

84.

Meunier PJ, Roux C, Seeman E, Ortolani S, Badurski JE, Spector TD, Cannata J, Balogh A, Lemmel E-M et al (2004) The effects of strontium ranelate on the risk of vertebral fracture in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 350:459–468PubMedCrossRef

85.

Bruyère O, Collette J, Rizzoli R, Decock C, Ortolani S, Cormier C, Detilleux J, Reginster J-Y (2010) Relationship between 3-month changes in biochemical markers of bone remodelling and changes in bone mineral density and fracture incidence in patients treated with strontium ranelate for 3 years. Osteoporos Int 21:1031–1036PubMedCrossRef

86.

Naylor K, Clowes J, Finigan J, Paggiosi M, Peel N, Eastell R (2010) The effect of cessation of raloxifene treatment on bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Bone 46:592–597PubMedCrossRef

87.

Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, Knickerbocker RK, Nickelsen T, Genant HK, Christiansen C, Delmas PD, Zanchetta JR et al (1999) Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. JAMA 282:637–645PubMedCrossRef

88.

Prestwood K, Gunness M, Muchmore D, Lu Y, Wong M, Raisz L (2000) A comparison of the effects of raloxifene and estrogen on bone in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2197–2202PubMedCrossRef

89.

Pereda C, Hannon R, Naylor K, Eastell R (2002) The impact of subcutaneous oestradiol implants on biochemical markers of bone turnover and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 109:812–820CrossRef

90.

Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, McKeever CD, Hangartner T, Keller M, Chesnut Iii CH, Brown J, Eriksen EF et al (1999) Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 282:1344–1352PubMedCrossRef

91.

Rosen C, Hochberg M, Bonnick S, McClung M, Miller P, Broy S, Kagan R, Chen E, Petruschke R, Thompson D, de Papp A (2005) Treatment with once-weekly alendronate 70 mg compared with once-weekly risedronate 35 mg in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized double-blind study. J Bone Miner Res 20:141–151PubMedCrossRef

92.

Hannon R, Clowes J, Eagleton A, Al H, Eastell R, Blumsohn A (2004) Clinical performance of immunoreactive tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b as a marker of bone resorption. Bone 34:187–194PubMedCrossRef

93.

Emkey R, Delmas P, Bolognese M, Borges J, Cosman F, Ragi-Eis S, Recknor C, Zerbini C, Neate C, Sedarati F, Epstein S (2009) Efficacy and tolerability of once-monthly oral ibandronate (150 mg) and once-weekly oral alendronate (70 mg): additional results from the Monthly Oral Therapy With Ibandronate For Osteoporosis Intervention (MOTION) study. Clin Ther 31:751–761PubMedCrossRef

94.

Delmas PD, Recker RR, Chesnut CH, Skag A, Stakkestad JA, Emkey R, Gilbride J, Schimmer RC, Christiansen C (2004) Daily and intermittent oral ibandronate normalize bone turnover and provide significant reduction in vertebral fracture risk: results from the BONE study. Osteoporos Int 15:792–798PubMedCrossRef

95.

Delmas P, Adami S, Strugala C, Stakkestad J, Reginster J, Felsenberg D, Christiansen C, Civitelli R, Drezner M et al (2006) Intravenous ibandronate injections in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: one-year results from the dosing intravenous administration study. Arthritis Rheum 54:1838–1846PubMedCrossRef

96.

Miller P, McClung M, Macovei L, Stakkestad J, Luckey M, Bonvoisin B, Reginster J, Recker R, Hughes C et al (2005) Monthly oral ibandronate therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis: 1-year results from the MOBILE study. J Bone Miner Res 20:1315–1322PubMedCrossRef

97.

Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R, Reid IR, Boonen S, Cauley JA, Cosman F, Lakatos P, Leung PC et al (2007) Once-yearly zoledronic acid for treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 356:1809–1822PubMedCrossRef

98.

Cummings SR, San MJ, McClung MR, Siris ES, Eastell R, Reid IR, Delmas PD, Zoog HB, Austin M et al (2009) Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 361:756–765PubMedCrossRef

99.

Bone HG, Bolognese MA, Yuen CK, Kendler DL, Wang H, Liu Y, San Martin J (2008) Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2149–2157PubMedCrossRef

100.

Lewiecki E, Miller P, McClung M, Cohen S, Bolognese M, Liu Y, Wang A, Siddhanti S, Fitzpatrick L (2007) Two-year treatment with denosumab (AMG 162) in a randomized phase 2 study of postmenopausal women with low BMD. J Bone Miner Res 22:1832–1841PubMedCrossRef

101.

Glover S, Eastell R, McCloskey E, Rogers A, Garnero P, Lowery J, Belleli R, Wright T, John M (2009) Rapid and robust response of biochemical markers of bone formation to teriparatide therapy. Bone Miner 45:1053–1058

102.

Greenspan S, Bone H, Ettinger M, Hanley D, Lindsay R, Zanchetta J, Blosch C, Mathisen A, Morris S, Marriott T (2007) Effect of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1–84) on vertebral fracture and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 146:326–339PubMed

103.

Black D, Bouxsein M, Palermo L, McGowan J, Newitt D, Rosen E, Majumdar S, Rosen C (2008) Randomized trial of once-weekly parathyroid hormone (1–84) on bone mineral density and remodeling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2166–2172PubMedCrossRef

104.

Black D, Bilezikian J, Ensrud K, Greenspan S, Palermo L, Hue T, Lang T, McGowan J, Rosen C (2005) One year of alendronate after one year of parathyroid hormone (1–84) for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 353:555–565PubMedCrossRef

105.

Blake G, Compston J, Fogelman I (2009) Could strontium ranelate have a synergistic role in the treatment of osteoporosis? J Bone Miner Res 24:1354–1357PubMedCrossRef

106.

Bone H, McClung M, Roux C, Recker R, Eisman J, Verbruggen N, Hustad C, DaSilva C, Santora A, Ince B (2010) Odanacatib, a cathepsin-K inhibitor for osteoporosis: a two-year study in postmenopausal women with low bone density. J Bone Miner Res 25:937–947PubMed

107.

Garnero P, Shih W, Gineyts E, Karpf D, Delmas P (1994) Comparison of new biochemical markers of bone turnover in late postmenopausal osteoporotic women in response to alendronate treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:1693–1700PubMedCrossRef

108.

Glover SJ, Gall M, Schoenborn-Kellenberger O, Wagener M, Garnero P, Boonen S, Cauley JA, Black DM, Delmas PD, Eastell R (2009) Establishing a reference interval for bone turnover markers in 637 healthy, young, premenopausal women from the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, and the United States. J Bone Miner Res 24:389–397PubMedCrossRef

109.

Glover SJ, Gamero P, Naylor K, Rogers A, Eastell R (2008) Establishing a reference range for bone turnover markers in young, healthy women. Bone 42:623–630PubMedCrossRef

110.

de Papp AE, Bone HG, Caulfield MP, Kagan R, Buinewicz A, Chen E, Rosenberg E, Reitz RE (2007) A cross-sectional study of bone turnover markers in healthy premenopausal women. Bone 40:1222–1230PubMedCrossRef

111.

Adami S, Bianchi G, Brandi ML, Giannini S, Ortolani S, DiMunno O, Frediani B, Rossini M, on behalf of the BONTURNO study group (2008) Determinants of bone turnover markers in healthy premenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 82:341–347PubMedCrossRef

112.

Garnero P, Borel O, Delmas PD (2001) Evaluation of a fully automated serum assay for C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen in osteoporosis. Clin Chem Lab Med 47:694–702

113.

Garnero P, Vergnaud P, Hoyle N (2008) Evaluation of a fully automated serum assay for total N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clin Chem 54:188–196PubMedCrossRef

114.

Rogers A, Glover SJ, Eastell R (2009) A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, trial to determine the individual response in bone turnover markers to lasofoxifene therapy. Bone 45:1044–1052PubMedCrossRef

115.

Hannon R, Blumsohn A, Naylor K, Eastell R (1998) Response of biochemical markers of bone turnover to hormone replacement therapy: impact of biological variability. J Bone Miner Res 13:1124–1133PubMedCrossRef

116.

Eastell R, Krege JH, Chen P, Glass EV, Reginster J-Y (2006) Development of an algorithm for using PINP to monitor treatment of patients with teriparatide. Curr Med Res Opin 22:61–66PubMedCrossRef

117.

Greenspan S, Resnick N, Parker R (2005) Early changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover are associated with long-term changes in bone mineral density in elderly women on alendronate, hormone replacement therapy, or combination therapy: a three-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2762–2767PubMedCrossRef

118.

Chen P, Satterwhite JH, Licata AA, Lewiecki EM, Sipos AA, Misurski DM, Wagman RB (2005) Early changes in biochemical markers of bone formation predict BMD response to teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 20:962–970PubMedCrossRef

119.

Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Harris F, Genant HK, Ensrud K, LaCroix AZ, Black DM (2002) Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with antiresorptive drugs. Am J Med 112:281–289PubMedCrossRef

120.

Watts NB, Cooper C, Lindsay R, Eastell R, Manhart MD, Barton IP, van Staa TP, Adachi JD (2004) Relationship between changes in bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk associated with risedronate: greater increases in bone mineral density do not relate to greater decreases in fracture risk. J Clin Densitom 7:255–261PubMedCrossRef

121.

Sarkar S, Mitlak BH, Wong M, Stock JL, Black DM, Harper KD (2002) Relationships between bone mineral density and incident vertebral fracture risk with raloxifene therapy. J Bone Miner Res 17:1–10PubMedCrossRef

122.

Delmas PD, Seeman E (2004) Changes in bone mineral density explain little of the reduction in vertebral or nonvertebral fracture risk with anti-resorptive therapy. Bone 34:599–604PubMedCrossRef

123.

Eastell R, Barton I, Hannon RA, Chines A, Garnero P, Delmas PD (2003) Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate. J Bone Miner Res 18:1051–1056PubMedCrossRef

124.

Reginster J-Y, Sarkar S, Zegels B, Henrotin Y, Bruyere O, Agnusdei D, Collette J (2004) Reduction in PINP, a marker of bone metabolism, with raloxifene treatment and its relationship with vertebral fracture risk. Bone 34:344–351PubMedCrossRef

125.

Sarkar S, Reginster J-Y, Crans GG, Diez-Perez A, Pinette KV, Delmas PD (2004) Relationship between changes in biochemical markers of bone turnover and BMD to predict vertebral fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res 19:394–401PubMedCrossRef

126.

Bauer DC, Black DM, Garnero P, Hochberg M, Ott S, Orloff J, Thompson DE, Ewing SK, Delmas PD (2004) Change in bone turnover and hip, non-spine, and vertebral fracture in alendronate-treated women: the fracture intervention trial. J Bone Miner Res 19:1250–1258PubMedCrossRef

127.

Delmas PD, Munoz F, Black DM, Cosman F, Boonen S, Watts NB, Kendler D, Eriksen EF, Mesenbrink PG, Eastell R, The HORIZON-PFT Research Group (2009) Effects of yearly zoledronic acid 5 mg on bone turnover markers and relation of PINP with fracture reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res 24:1544–1551PubMedCrossRef

128.

Bjarnason NH, Sarkar S, Duong T, Mitlak B, Delmas PD, Christiansen C (2001) Six and twelve month changes in bone turnover are related to reduction in vertebral fracture risk during 3 years of raloxifene treatment in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 12:922–930PubMedCrossRef

129.

Li Z, Meredith MP, Hoseyni MS (2002) A method to assess the proportion of treatment effect explained by a surrogate endpoint. Stat Med 20:7531–7588

130.

Freedman LS, Graubard BI, Schatzkin A (1992) Statistical validation of intermediate endpoints for chronic diseases. Stat Med 11:167–178PubMedCrossRef

131.

Eastell R, Hannon RA, Garnero P, Campbell MJ, Delmas PD (2007) Relationship of early changes in bone resorption to the reduction in fracture risk with risedronate: review of statistical analysis. J Bone Miner Res 22:1656–1660PubMedCrossRef

132.

Bauer DC, Garnero P, Hochberg MC, Santora A, Delmas P, Ewing SK, Black DM (2006) Pretreatment levels of bone turnover and the antifracture efficacy of alendronate: the fracture intervention trial. J Bone Miner Res 21:292–299PubMedCrossRef

133.

Veitch SW, Findlay SC, Hamer AJ, Blumsohn A, Eastell R, Ingle BM (2006) Changes in bone mass and bone turnover following tibial shaft fracture. Osteoporos Int 17:364–372PubMedCrossRef

134.

Hansen M, Overgaard K, Riis B, Christiansen C (1991) Potential risk factors for development of postmenopausal osteoporosis—examined over a 12-year period. Osteoporos Int 1:95–102PubMedCrossRef

135.

Delmas PD, Eastell R, Garnero P, Seibel MJ, Stepan J (2000) The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 11:S2–S17PubMedCrossRef

136.

McKiernan FE, Berg RL, Linneman JG (2010) The utility of BMD Z-score diagnostic thresholds for secondary causes of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. doi:10.1007/s00198-00010-01307-00191

137.

Seibel MJ, Naganathan V, Barton I, Grauer A (2004) Relationship between pretreatment bone resorption and vertebral fracture incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women treated with risedronate. J Bone Miner Res 19:323–329PubMedCrossRef

138.

Delmas P, Licata A, Reginster J, Crans G, Chen P, Misurski D, Wagman R, Mitlak B (2006) Fracture risk reduction during treatment with teriparatide is independent of pretreatment bone turnover. Bone Miner 39:237–243

139.

Collette J, Bruyère O, Kaufman J, Lorenc R, Felsenberg D, Spector T, Diaz-Curiel M, Boonen S, Reginster J (2010) Vertebral anti-fracture efficacy of strontium ranelate according to pre-treatment bone turnover. Osteoporos Int 21:233–241PubMedCrossRef

140.

Blouin J, Dragomir A, Ste-Marie LG, Fernandes JC, Perreault S (2007) Discontinuation of antiresorptive therapies: a comparison between 1998–2001 and 2002–2004 among osteoporotic women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:887–894PubMedCrossRef

141.

Blouin J, Dragomir A, Moride Y, Ste-Marie LG, Fernandes JC, Perreault S (2008) Impact of noncompliance with alendronate and risedronate on the incidence of nonvertebral osteoporotic fractures in elderly women. Br J Clin Pharmacol 66:117–127PubMedCrossRef

142.

Siris ES, Harris ST, Rosen CJ, Barr CE, Arvesen JN, Abbott TA, Silverman S (2006) Adherence to bisphosphonate therapy and fracture rates in osteoporotic women: relationship to vertebral and nonvertebral fractures from two US claims databases. Mayo Clin Proc 81:1013–1022PubMedCrossRef

143.

Clowes JA, Peel NF, Eastell R (2004) The impact of monitoring on adherence and persistence with antiresorptive treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1117–1123PubMedCrossRef

144.

Delmas PD, Vrijens B, Eastell R, Roux C, Pols HA, Ringe JD, Grauer A, Cahall D, Watts NB, Improving Measurements of Persistence on Actonel Treatment (IMPACT) Investigators (2007) Effect of monitoring bone turnover markers on persistence with risedronate treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1296–1304PubMedCrossRef

145.

Foged N, Delaissé J, Hou P, Lou H, Sato T, Winding B, Bonde M (1996) Quantification of the collagenolytic activity of isolated osteoclasts by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. J Bone Miner Res 11:226–237PubMedCrossRef

146.

Panteghini M (2007) Traceability, reference systems and result comparability. Clin Biochem Rev 28:97–104PubMed

147.

Müller MM (2000) Implementation of reference systems in laboratory medicine. Clin Chem 46:1907–1909PubMed

148.

Hoelzel W, Weykamp C, Jeppsson JO, Miedema K, Barr JR, Goodall I, Hoshino T, John GW, Kobold U, on behalf of the IFCC Working Group on HbA1c Standardization et al (2004) IFCC reference system for measurement of hemoglobin A1c in human blood and the national standardization schemes in the United States, Japan, and Sweden: a method-comparison study. Clin Chem 50:166–174PubMedCrossRef

149.

Panteghini M, Bunk D, Christenson R, Katrukha A, Porter R, Schimmel H, Wang L, Tate J, The IFCC Working Group on Standardization of Troponin I (2008) Standardization of troponin I measurements: an update. Clin Chem Lab Med 46:1501–1506PubMedCrossRef

150.

Stamey TA, Chen Z, Prestigiacomo AF (1998) Reference material for PSA: the IFCC standardization study. Clin Biochem 31:473–481CrossRef

151.

Stenman U (2004) Standardization of assays for human chorionic gonadotropin. Clin Chem 50:798–800PubMedCrossRef

152.

Thienpont LM, van Uytfanghe K, Beastall G, Faix JD, Ieiri T, Miller WG, Nelson JC, Ronin C, Ross HA, Thijssen JH, Toussaint B, for the IFCC Working Group on Standardization of Thyroid Function Tests (2010) Report of the IFCC Working Group for Standardization of Thyroid Function Tests; part 1: thyroid-stimulating hormone. Clin Chem 56:902–911PubMedCrossRef

153.

Thienpont LM, van Uytfanghe K, De Leenheer AP (2002) Reference measurement systems in clinical chemistry. Clin Chim Acta 323:73–87PubMedCrossRef

154.

Morris HA (2009) Traceability and standardization of immunoassays: a major challenge. Clin Biochem 42:241–245PubMedCrossRef

155.

Panteghini M (2009) Traceability as a unique tool to improve standardization in laboratory medicine. Clin Biochem 42:236–240PubMedCrossRef

156.

Christenson RH, Duh SH, Apple FS, Bodor GS, Bunk DM, Panteghini M, Welch MJ, Wu AHB, Kahn SE, for the American Association for Clinical Chemistry Cardiac Troponin I Standardization Committee (2006) Toward standardization of cardiac troponin I measurements part II: assessing commutability of candidate reference materials and harmonization of cardiac troponin I assays. Clin Chem 52:1685–1692PubMedCrossRef

157.

Klee GG (2010) Harmonization and standardization of thyroid function tests. Clin Chem 56:879–880PubMedCrossRef

Titel: Markers of bone turnover for the prediction of fracture risk and monitoring of osteoporosis treatment: a need for international reference standards
verfasst von: S. Vasikaran
R. Eastell
O. Bruyère
A. J. Foldes
P. Garnero
A. Griesmacher
M. McClung
H. A. Morris
S. Silverman
T. Trenti
D. A. Wahl
C. Cooper
J. A. Kanis
for the IOF-IFCC Bone Marker Standards Working Group
Publikationsdatum: 01.02.2011
Verlag: Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in: Osteoporosis International / Ausgabe 2/2011
Print ISSN: 0937-941X
Elektronische ISSN: 1433-2965
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1501-1

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen.
» Jetzt entdecken

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Proximale Humerusfraktur: Auch 100-Jährige operieren?

01.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Mit dem demographischen Wandel versorgt auch die Chirurgie immer mehr betagte Menschen. Von Entwicklungen wie Fast-Track können auch ältere Menschen profitieren und bei proximaler Humerusfraktur können selbst manche 100-Jährige noch sicher operiert werden.

Sind Frauen die fähigeren Ärzte?

30.04.2024 Gendermedizin Nachrichten

Patienten, die von Ärztinnen behandelt werden, dürfen offenbar auf bessere Therapieergebnisse hoffen als Patienten von Ärzten. Besonders gilt das offenbar für weibliche Kranke, wie eine Studie zeigt.

Notfall-TEP der Hüfte ist auch bei 90-Jährigen machbar

26.04.2024 Hüft-TEP Nachrichten

Ob bei einer Notfalloperation nach Schenkelhalsfraktur eine Hemiarthroplastik oder eine totale Endoprothese (TEP) eingebaut wird, sollte nicht allein vom Alter der Patientinnen und Patienten abhängen. Auch über 90-Jährige können von der TEP profitieren.

Arthroskopie kann Knieprothese nicht hinauszögern

25.04.2024 Gonarthrose Nachrichten

Ein arthroskopischer Eingriff bei Kniearthrose macht im Hinblick darauf, ob und wann ein Gelenkersatz fällig wird, offenbar keinen Unterschied.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Summary

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2011

A FRAX® model for the assessment of fracture probability in Belgium

Risk of fractures associated with treatment for benign prostate hyperplasia in men

Adherence and persistence with teriparatide among patients with commercial, Medicare, and Medicaid insurance

Do RANKL inhibitors (denosumab) affect inflammation and immunity?

Physical activity in middle-aged women and hip fracture risk: the UFO study