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Akute Ischämien am Gastrointestinaltrakt

Acute ischemias of the gastrointestinal tract

  • Leitthema
  • Published:
Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin

Zusammenfassung

Die ischämische Kolitis ist die häufigste Durchblutungsstörung des Gastrointestinaltraktes. Meist liegt eine nichtgangränöse und nichtobstruktive Form vor, die im Verlaufe weniger Tage unter einer supportiven Therapie ausheilt. Akute mesenteriale Durchblutungsstörungen umfassen die Mesenterialarterienembolie und -thrombose, die Mesenterialvenenthrombose und die nichtokklusive mesenteriale Ischämie. Das klinische Bild ist häufig zunächst durch eine Diskrepanz zwischen heftigen subjektiven Beschwerden und einem relativ blanden klinischen Untersuchungsbefund gekennzeichnet; die Mortalität ist nach wie vor hoch. Die verbesserten bildgebenden Möglichkeiten mithilfe der breit verfügbaren Mehrzeilen CTs haben die Diagnostik deutlich vereinfacht. Therapeutisch stehen nach einer Stabilisierung der Kreislaufverhältnisse bei der arteriellen Embolie und Thrombose eine rasche Laparotomie mit Embolektomie oder Revaskularisation und ggf. der Resektion von infarziertem Darm im Vordergrund. Bei nichtokklusiver Ischämie ist die Durchbrechung der mesenterialen Vasokonstriktion, bei der Mesenterialvenenthrombose die Antikoagulation das wesentliche therapeutische Prinzip.

Abstract

Ischemic colitis is the most frequent circulatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Most patients suffer from a nongangrenous and nonobstructive form which gradually subsides under supportive treatment. Subsets of acute mesenteric circulation disorders comprise mesenteric artery embolism and thrombosis, nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia, and mesenteric vein thrombosis. Clinical presentation is often characterized by a discrepancy between severe subjective pain and relatively unspectacular findings on physical examination; all forms still carry a high mortality rate. Diagnosis has been substantially facilitated by improvements of imaging techniques with the widely available multidetector CT scans. In the obstructive forms of arterial mesenteric ischemia, the main therapeutic step after stabilization of the circulation remains early laparotomy with embolectomy or revascularization, and, if appropriate, resection of infarcted bowel. The main therapeutic principles in nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia and mesenteric vein thrombosis are counteraction of mesenteric vasoconstriction and anticoagluation, respectively.

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Lock, G. Akute Ischämien am Gastrointestinaltrakt. Intensivmed 47, 266–271 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00390-009-0156-7

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