Introduction
Methods
Participants
Measures
Neuroimaging paradigm
Control, Stroop and negative priming tasks
Image acquisition
Image analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
ALS | Controls | Statistic | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 52.6 (11.6) | 52.4 (7.2) | Mann-Whitney U = 52.5, Z = −0.239, p = 0.811 |
Gender | 9 M: 5F | 6 M: 2F | Fisher’s exact test p = 1.0 |
NART-estimated IQ | 118.0 (12.6) | 124.6 (2.7) | Mann-Whitney, U = 38.0, |
Z = −1.023, p = 0.306 | |||
HADS anxiety (max 21) | 7.1 (5.1) | 5.8 (2.3) | Mann-Whitney U = 47.0, |
Z = 0.620, p = 0.536 | |||
HADS depression (max 21) | 4.7 (3.1) | 2.5 (2.9) | Mann-Whitney U = 31.5, |
Z = −1.685, p = 0.092 | |||
HADS depression (modified)* (max 18) | 2.7 (2.7) | 1.8 (2.0) | Mann-Whitney U = 43.0, |
Z = −0.909, p = 0.363 | |||
ALSSS | N/A | N/A | |
Bulbar (max 20) | 16.5 (4.2) Range 8–20 | ||
Spinal (max 20) | 14.9 (3.9) Range 8–19 | ||
Total (max 40) | 32.1 (4.9) Range 23–39 |
Behavioural performance during the fMRI tasks
ALS | Controls | Statistic | |
---|---|---|---|
Control condition RT (ms) | 802 (190) | 641 (149) | Mann-Whitney U = 18.5, Z = −2.277, p = 0.023 |
Stroop condition RT(ms) | 932 (207) | 717 (146) | Mann-Whitney U = 13.0, Z = −2.70 p = 0.007 |
Negative priming condition RT (ms) | 951 (179) | 747 (134) | Mann-Whitney U = 10.0, Z = −2.932, p = 0.003 |
Stroop effect RT (ms) | 129 (60) | 76 (65) | Mann-Whitney U = 27.0, Z = −1.62 p = 0.105 |
Negative priming effect RT (ms) | 20 (53) | 29 (53) | Mann-Whitney U = 46.0, Z = −0.154 p = 0.877 |
Stroop RT expressed as percentage of control RT | 117 (8) | 113 (12) | Mann-Whitney U = 40.0, Z = −0.617, p = 0.537 |
NP RT expressed as percentage of Stroop RT | 105 (9) | 103 (6) | Mann-Whitney U = 45.0, Z = −0.231, p = 0.817 |
Errors during control condition | 0.4 (1.3) | 0 (0) | Mann-Whitney U = 44.0, Z = −0.816 p = 0.414 |
Errors during Stroop condition | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.1 (0.2) | Mann-Whitney U = 41.5, Z = −0.720 p = 0.472 |
Errors during negative priming condition | 0.6 (1.6) | 0 (0) | Mann-Whitney U = 32.0, Z = −1.767 p = 0.077 |
fMRI analyses
Stroop effect (Stroop minus control condition)
Cerebral region | Brodmann area(s) | Side | Coordinates of centroid point | Area (voxels) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
ALS > CON
| ||||||
Hippocampus | – | L | −29 | −9 | −20 | 13 |
L | −39 | −19 | −16 | 124 | ||
Inferior temporal gyrus | 20, 37 | L | −51 | −14 | −20 | 17 |
L | −60 | −49 | −12 | 7 | ||
Parahippocampal gyrus | 19, 28, 36 | L | −34 | −26 | −20 | 30 |
L | −40 | −43 | −8 | 26 | ||
L | −38 | −44 | −4 | 4 | ||
Fusiform gyrus | 18, 37 | L | −43 | −52 | −16 | 8 |
L | −8 | −85 | −16 | 117 | ||
L | −27 | −96 | −16 | 20 | ||
Middle temporal gyrus | 20, 21, 39 | L | −49 | −28 | −12 | 98 |
L | −55 | −33 | −8 | 110 | ||
L | −51 | −21 | −4 | 7 | ||
L | −58 | −30 | −4 | 13 | ||
L | −53 | −47 | 8 | 20 | ||
L | −40 | −67 | 20 | 71 | ||
Lingual gyrus | 18 | L | −16 | −84 | −8 | 116 |
L | −11 | −74 | −8 | 14 | ||
L | −14 | −89 | −8 | 56 | ||
Superior temporal gyrus | 21, 22, 42 | L | −51 | −20 | 1 | 10 |
L | −51 | −20 | 4 | 10 | ||
L | −56 | −44 | 12 | 19 | ||
L | −47 | −53 | 12 | 25 | ||
L | −48 | −47 | 16 | 219 | ||
L | −49 | −36 | 20 | 124 | ||
Cingulate gyrus | 24, 32 | L | −3 | 35 | 12 | 6 |
L | −12 | 42 | 16 | 4 | ||
L | −12 | 34 | 20 | 15 | ||
L | −22 | 24 | 20 | 15 | ||
L | −9 | 36 | 24 | 24 | ||
L | −23 | 23 | 24 | 4 | ||
L | −8 | 11 | 28 | 13 | ||
L | −10 | 26 | 32 | 117 | ||
24, 32 | R | 1 | 34 | 16 | 5 | |
R | 2 | 35 | 20 | 4 | ||
Insula | – | L | −35 | 24 | 12 | 37 |
Trans temporal gyrus | 41 | L | −50 | −19 | 12 | 13 |
Middle occipital gyrus | 19 | L | −45 | −71 | 12 | 8 |
Caudate nucleus | – | L | −25 | 26 | 16 | 109 |
Medial frontal gyrus | 9 | R | 3 | 38 | 24 | 3 |
R | 3 | 38 | 28 | 4 | ||
9, 32 | L | −9 | 35 | 28 | 33 | |
L | −10 | 25 | 35 | 111 | ||
Postcentral gyrus | 2 | L | −57 | −16 | 24 | 3 |
Inferior parietal | 39, 40 | L | −48 | −43 | 24 | 56 |
L | −48 | −62 | 24 | 7 | ||
L | −41 | −40 | 40 | 73 | ||
L | −49 | −36 | 45 | 26 | ||
L | −35 | −44 | 45 | 19 | ||
Superior occipital gyrus | 19 | L | −36 | −73 | 24 | 60 |
L | −37 | −73 | 28 | 59 | ||
L | −38 | −72 | 32 | 22 | ||
Supramarginal gyrus | 40 | L | −53 | −38 | 28 | 23 |
L | −38 | −46 | 28 | 13 | ||
L | −55 | −39 | 32 | 3 | ||
L | −35 | −43 | 32 | 14 | ||
L | −38 | −41 | 35 | 63 |
Negative priming effect (NP minus Stroop condition)
Cerebral region | Brodmann area(s) | Side | Coordinates of centroid point | Area (voxels) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X | Y | Z | ||||
CON > ALS
| ||||||
Brain stem | – | L | −12 | −39 | −40 | 4 |
L | −12 | −39 | −36 | 5 | ||
R | 17 | −38 | −36 | 8 | ||
R | 14 | −39 | −32 | 13 | ||
Fusiform gyrus | 18 | R | 12 | −90 | −16 | 78 |
Lingual gyrus | 17, 18 | R | 11 | −89 | −12 | 4 |
R | 2 | −85 | −8 | 35 | ||
L | −6 | −75 | −1 | 5 | ||
Cuneus | 17 | R | 5 | −89 | −4 | 17 |
Precentral gyrus | 4, 6 | L | −51 | 5 | 12 | 33 |
L | −48 | 5 | 16 | 12 | ||
L | −40 | −11 | 20 | 164 | ||
L | −44 | −4 | 32 | 16 | ||
L | −25 | −23 | 45 | 4 | ||
L | −26 | −21 | 50 | 7 | ||
L | −39 | −27 | 50 | 6 | ||
L | −37 | −28 | 55 | 10 | ||
L | −28 | −23 | 60 | 38 | ||
Putamen | – | L | −27 | −4 | 16 | 20 |
Superior temporal gyrus | 42 | L | −53 | −27 | 16 | 6 |
Cingulate gyrus | 23, 24, 29, | L | −28 | −32 | 20 | 3 |
31 | L | −24 | −28 | 24 | 33 | |
L | −29 | −14 | 28 | 174 | ||
L | −21 | −19 | 32 | 107 | ||
L | −20 | −6 | 35 | 43 | ||
L | −21 | −28 | 35 | 42 | ||
L | −12 | 0 | 40 | 116 | ||
L | −26 | −26 | 40 | 21 | ||
L | −14 | −28 | 40 | 27 | ||
L | −14 | −6 | 45 | 113 | ||
L | −3 | 0 | 45 | 8 | ||
Postcentral gyrus | 3 | L | −40 | −11 | 24 | 177 |
Inferior parietal | 40 | L | −54 | −27 | 28 | 30 |
L | −55 | −28 | 35 | 3 | ||
Supramarginal gyrus | 40 | L | −55 | −29 | 35 | 11 |
Medial frontal gyrus | 6 | L | −13 | 4 | 50 | 30 |
L | −1 | 3 | 50 | 14 | ||
L | −15 | −4 | 55 | 122 | ||
L | −10 | −5 | 60 | 23 |