Introduction
Methods
Participants
Characteristics |
n
| % |
M
| SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||||
Male | 170 | ||||
Female | 230 | ||||
Age | |||||
Male | 16.5 years | 1.5 years | 12.2–19.3 | ||
Female | 16.9 years | 1.2 years | 13.5–20.2 | ||
Ethnic origin | |||||
Norwegian | 307 | 78.5 | |||
1st generation immigrant | 54 | 13.8 | |||
2nd generation immigrant | 23 | 5.9 | |||
Unaccompanied minor with asylum in Norway | 7 | 1.8 | |||
Number of placement in the total sample |
364
|
3.34
|
2.4
|
1–25
| |
Number of placements (by decision of the child welfare system) | |||||
1 | 69 | 19 | |||
2 | 96 | 26.4 | |||
3–5 | 150 | 41.2 | |||
>5 | 49 | 13.4 | |||
Age at first placement in the total sample |
392
|
12.5 years
|
3.9 years
|
0–17
| |
Age at first placement (by decision of the child welfare system) | |||||
0–2 years | 18 | 4.6 | |||
3–5 years | 15 | 3.9 | |||
6–12 years | 98 | 25 | |||
13–16 years | 233 | 59.4 | |||
16–23 years | 28 | 7.1 | |||
Placement in RYC | |||||
Voluntary | 171 | 43.6 | |||
Involuntary | 221 | 56.43 | |||
Daytime activities | |||||
School | 272 | 69.2 | |||
Work | 15 | 3.8 | |||
Work praxis | 30 | 7.5 | |||
Neither school or work | 70 | 19.5 | |||
Parental problems | |||||
Mother chronic illness | 85 | 22.8 | |||
Mother mental illness | 136 | 36 | |||
Mother drug use | 36 | 9.6 | |||
Father chronic illness | 64 | 17.9 | |||
Father mental illness | 67 | 19.0 | |||
Father drug use | 43 | 11.8 |
Setting
Procedures
Instruments
Psychiatric disorders
Symptom screening
General institutional information
Statistics
Anxious/depressed | Withdrawn/depressed | Somatic complaints | Social problems | Thought problems | Attention problems | Rule breaking | Aggressive behaviour | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Participants (n = 353–359) | 6.6 (4.9) | 4.7 (3.2) | 4.1 (3.8) | 4.6 (3.7) | 4.4 (3.8) | 7.3 (4.2) | 9.4 (6.0) | 10.3 (7.8) |
Nonparticipants (n = 140–141) | 7.2 (5.1) | 5.6 (3.1) | 3.8 (3.8) | 5.3 (3.8) | 5.4 (4.6) | 8.6 (4.1) | 10.8 (7.0) | 12.2 (8.1) |
p value | 0.218 |
0.007
| 0.516 | 0.079 |
0.021
|
0.003
|
0.041
|
0.016
|
Effect size (r)* | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
Range of subscale | 0–26 | 0–16 | 0–22 | 0–22 | 0–30 | 0–20 | 0–34 | 0–36 |
Ethics
Results
Prevalence of any DSM-IV psychiatric disorder
N
| Observedb prevalence % (N = 323–399) | Estimatedc prevalence % (N = 541) | Gendera
| Agea
| Placement statusa
| |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys % (Cl 95 %) | Girls % (Cl 95 %) | OR, p value | 12–16 % (Cl 95 %) | 17–21 % (Cl 95 %) | OR, p value | Voluntary % (Cl 95 %) | Involuntary % (Cl 95 %) | OR, p value | ||||
AS | 323 | 23.2 (18.9–28.1) | 24.4 | 26.3 (19.6–34.4) | 21.1 (15.8–27.4) | 1.3, p = 0.271 | 22.5 (16.7–29.6) | 23.9 (18.0–31.0) | 1.1, p = 0.761 | 19.4 (13.7–26.7) | 26.7 (20.7–33.7) | 1.5, p = 0.132 |
ADHD (CAPA) | 382 | 13.4 (10.3–17.1) | – | 15.5 (10.7–21.9) | 11.8 (8.2–16.7) | 1.4, p = 0.287 | 13.7 (9.6–19.2) | 13.0 (8.9–18.6) | 0.9, p = 0.833 | 12.8 (8.5–18.8) | 13.3 (9.4–18.6) | 1.1, p = 0.881 |
Clinical ADHD/treatment | 399 | 24.8 (20.8–29.3) | – | 27.6 (21.5–34.8) | 22.7 (17.7–28.6) | 1.3, p = 0.259 | 26.1 (20.6–32.5) | 23.4 (18.0–29.9) | 0.9, p = 0.541 | 25.1 (19.2–32.1) | 24.5 (19.3–30.6) | 1.0, p = 0.891 |
ADHD total | 399 | 32.3 (27.9–37.1) | 33.1 | 37.1 (30.2–44.5) | 28.8 (23.3–35.0) | 1.4, p = 0.083 | 31.4 (25.5–38.0) | 33.3 (27.0–40.3) | 1.1, p = 0.680 | 32.2 (25.6–39.5) | 32.7 (26.9–39.2) | 1.0, p = 0.906 |
CD | 335 | 19.1 (15.2–23.6) | 17.9 | 28.8 (21.9–36.8) | 12.2 (8.4–17.6) |
2.9,
p = 0.001
| 21.7 (16.1–28.5) | 16.6 (11.7–22.9) | 0.7, p = 0.235 | 9.7 (5.8–15.5) | 26.4 (20.5–33.2) |
3.4,
p = 0.001
|
ODD | 335 | 3.0 (1.6–5.4) | 2.2 | 1.4 (0.3–5.1) | 4.1 (2.1–7.8) | 0.3, p = 0.180 | 3.6 (1.7–7.7) | 2.4 (0.9–5.9) | 0.6, p = 0.505 | 2.8 (1.1–6.9) | 3.3 (1.5–7.0) | 1.2, p = 0.779 |
RAD | 323 | 21.1 (17.6–25.8) | 23.7 | 18.0 (12.4–25.4) | 23.2 (17.7–29.7) | 0.7, p = 0.268 | 23.8 (17.8–30.9) | 18.4 (13.2–25.1) | 0.7, p = 0.240 | 16.5 (11.3–23.6) | 25.6 (19.7–32.5) | 1.7, p = 0.055 |
Substance abuse | 335 | 11.9 (8.9–15.9) | 12.0 | 12.2 (7.7–18.7) | 11.7 (7.9–17.0) | 1.0, p = 0.890 | 12.7 (8.4–18.6) | 11.2 (7.3–16.9) | 0.9, p = 0.691 | 9.7 (5.8–15.6) | 14.3 (9.9–20.1) | 1.6, p = 0.207 |
Substance dependence | 335 | 2.7 (1.4–5.0) | 2.6 | 0.7 (0.1–4.0) | 4.1 (2.1–7.8) | 0.2, p = 0.097 | 2.4 (0.9–6.0) | 3.0 (1.3–6.7) | 1.2, p = 0.756 | 2.8 (1.1–6.9) | 2.7 (1.2–6.3) | 1.0, p = 0.995 |
MDD | 335 | 23.3 (19.1–28.1) | 21.6 | 10.8 (6.6–17.0) | 32.1 (26.0–39.0) |
0.3
p = 0.001
| 24.7 (18.8–31.8) | 21.9 (16.3–28.7) | 0.9, p = 0.544 | 20.7 (14.9–28.0) | 25.3 (19.5–32.1) | 1.3, p = 0.330 |
Dysthymiad
| 335 | 30.1 (25.5–35.3) | 29.0 | 14.4 (9.5–21.2) | 41.3 (34.6–48.3) |
0.2,
p = 0.001
| 31.3 (24.7–38.7) | 29.0 (22.7–36.2) | 0.9, p = 0.642 | 24.8 (18.5–32.4) | 33.5 (27.1–40.7) | 1.5, p = 0.088 |
Depression NOS | 335 | 24.8 (20.5–29.7) | 22.7 | 16.5 (11.3–23.6) | 30.6 (24.6–37.3) |
0.5,
p = 0.004
| 28.3 (22.0–35.6) | 21.3 (15.8–28.1) | 0.7, p = 0.138 | 20.0 (14.3–27.2) | 27.5 (21.5–34.4) | 1.5, p = 0.118 |
Bipolar disorder | 334 | 0.6 (0.1–2.0) | 0.6 | 0.0 (0–0) | 1.0 (0.3–3.7) | 0.0, p = 0.996 | 0.0 (0–0) | 1.2 (0.3–4.2) | 0.0, p = 0.996 | 0.7 (0.1–3.8) | 0.5 (0.1–3.0) | 0.8, p = 0.868 |
MDD, dep NOS or dysthymiae
| 335 | 37.0 (32.0–42.3) | – | 22.3 (16.2–29.3) | 47.4 (40.6–54.4) |
0.3,
p = 0.001
| 39.2 (32.1–46.7) | 34.9 (28.1–42.4) | 0.8, p = 0.413 | 30.3 (23.4–38.3) | 41.8 (34.8–49.0) | 1.6, p = 0.059 |
AG without panic | 333 | 12.6 (9.5–16.6) | 12.9 | 8.7 (5.0–14.6) | 15.4 (11.0–21.1) | 0.5, p = 0.074 | 10.4 (6.6–16.0) | 14.8 (10.2–20.9) | 1.5, p = 0.226 | 11.0 (6.9–17.2) | 13.9 (9.6–19.7) | 1.3, p = 0.442 |
Panic without AG | 333 | 3.9 (3.3.–6.6) | 3.5 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 6.7 (3.9–11.1) | 0.0, p = 0.996 | 4.9 (2.5–9.3) | 3.0 (1.3–6.7) | 0.6, p = 0.371 | 2.8 (1.1–6.9) | 5.0 (2.7–9.2) | 1.9, p = 0.312 |
Panic with AG | 333 | 0.9 (0.3–2.6) | 0.9 | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 1.5 (0.5–4.4) | 0.0, p = 0.996 | 0.6 (0.1–3.4) | 1.2 (10.2–20.9) | 1.9, p = 0.586 | 0.7 (0.1–3.8) | 1.1 (0.3–4.0) | 1.6, p = 0.696 |
Specific phobia | 335 | 6.3 (4.1–9.4) | 5.9 | 3.6 (1.5–8.1) | 8.2 (5.0–12.8) | 0.4, p = 0.098 | 5.4 (2.9–10.0) | 7.1 (4.1–12.0) | 1.3, p = 0.527 | 6.2 (3.3–11.4) | 6.0 (3.4–10.5) | 1.0, p = 0.951 |
Social phobia | 335 | 12.5 (9.4–16.5) | 13.7 | 7.2 (4.0–12.7) | 16.3 (11.8–22.1) |
0.4,
p = 0.015
| 12.0 (7.9–17.9) | 13.0 (8.8–18.9) | 1.1, p = 0.789 | 12.4 (8.0–18.8) | 12.6 (8.6–18.2) | 1.0, p = 0.952 |
OCD | 335 | 3.6 (2.1–6.2) | 3.1 | 2.2 (0.7–6.2) | 4.6 (2.4–8.4) | 0.5, p = 0.249 | 2.4 (0.9–6.0) | 4.7 (2.4–9.1) | 2.0, p = 0.261 | 4.1 (2.9–8.7) | 3.3 (1.5–7.0) | 0.8, p = 0.688 |
PTSD | 335 | 0.6 (0.2–2.2) | 0.4 | 0.7 (0.1–3.9) | 0.5 (0.09–2.8) | 1.4, p = 0.807 | 0.6 (0.1–3.3) | 0.6 (0.1–3.3) | 1.0, p = 0.990 | 0.7 (0.1–3.8) | 0.5 (0.1–3.0) | 0.8, p = 0.872 |
GAD | 335 | 20.9 (16.9–25.6) | 20.7 | 15.1 (10.0–21.9) | 25.0 (19.5–31.5) |
0.5,
p = 0.030
| 21.1 (15.6–27.9) | 20.7 (15.3–27.4) | 1.0, p = 0.933 | 15.9 (10.8–22.7) | 25.3 (19.5–32.1) |
1.8,
p = 0.040
|
Bulimia | 335 | 0.9 (0.3–2.5) | 0.7 | 0.0 (0–0) | 1.5 (0.5–4.4) | 0.0, p = 0.996 | 1.2 (0.3–4.3) | 0.6 (0.1–3.3) | 0.5, p = 0.560 | 1.4 (0.4–4.9) | 0.5 (0.1–3.0) | 0.4, p = 0.450 |
Any anxiety disorder | 335 | 34.0 (29.2–39.2) | – | 25.9 (19.3–33.7) | 39.8 (33.2–46.8) |
0.6,
p = 0.028
| 31.3 (24.7–38.7) | 36.7 (29.8–44.2) | 1.2, p = 0.491 | 26.2 (19.7–33.9) | 40.1 (33.3–47.4) |
1.9,
p = 0.014
|
Any disorder |
323
|
76.2
(71.2–80.1)
|
76.0
| 73.7 (65.6–80.0) | 77.9 (71.5–83.2) | 0.8, p = 0.383 | 76.9 (69.7–82.7) | 75.5 (68.3–81.4) | 0.9, p = 0.765 | 68.3 (60.2–75.4) | 81.8 (75.4–86.8) |
2.1,
p = 0.006
|
Distribution of DSM-IV disorders and comorbid conditions
Any affective disorder | Any anxiety disorder | ADHD | Any disruptive behaviour disorder | Any substance disorder | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Any affective disorder |
–
| 59.8 %
5.6 (3.4–9.3)
| 35.2 % 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 29.5 %
2.1 (1.2–3.7)
| 17.2 % 1.8 (0.9–3.4) |
Any anxiety disorder | 63.5 %
5.6 (3.4–9.3)
|
–
| 33.0 % 1.1(0.7–1.8) | 28.7 %
1.9 (1.1–3.3)
| 18.3 %
2.0 (1.0–3.8)
|
ADHD | 42.2 % 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | 37.3 % 1.1 (0.7–1.8) |
–
| 29.4 %
1.9 (1.1–3.4)
| 15.7 % 1.4 (0.7–2.7) |
Any disruptive behaviour disorder | 52.2 %
2.1 (1.2–3.7)
| 47.8 %
1.9(1.1–3.3)
| 43.5 %
1.9 (1.1–3.4)
|
–
| 31.9 %
5.5 (2.8–10.8)
|
Any substance disorder | 50.0 % 1.8 (0.9–3.4) | 50.0 %
2.0 (1.0–3.8)
| 38.1 % 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 52.5 %
5.5 (2.8–10.8)
|
–
|