1 Chronic inflammation and IL-1-mediated carcinogenesis
2 Proinflammatory cytokines: two sides of the same coin
3 IL-1 and metastasis
4 IL-1-mediated angiogenesis
5 Are endogenous IL-1Ra levels sufficient to suppress the prometastatic effects of IL-1?
Elevated levels associated with greater disease severity |
Postsurgical sepsis [75] |
Survival ovarian arcinoma |
Chronic fatigue in breast cancer [76] |
Tumor extent in bone sarcoma [77] |
Pelvic metastasis in cervical cancer [78] |
Tumor load in childhood leukemia [79] |
Malignant histiocytosis [80] |
Hairy cell leukemia [81] |
Testicular cancer-related fatigue [85] |
Thyroid cancer [86] |
Pancreatic cancer [87] |
Estrogen receptor breast cancer [43] |
Elevated levels associated with lesser disease severity |
Pancreatic carcinoma [88] |
aColorectal carcinoma [46] |
Metastatic gastric cancer [89] |
cOvarian carcinoma [90] |
dLung carcinoma [44] |
Low levels associated with greater disease severity |
Polyneuropathy, organomegaly, and endocrinopathy myeloma variant [92] |
Colorectal cancer [93] |
*Colorectal carcinoma [46] |
Prostate cancer [94] |
Multiple myeloma [92] |
6 A hypothesis derived from circulating IL-1Ra levels in cancer
7 IL-1 in multiple myeloma
8 Blocking IL-1β in metastatic disease in humans
9 Therapeutic options for treating metastatic disease with IL-1 blocking agents
Classic autoinflammatory diseases |
Behçet's disease [106] |
PAPA syndrome; Blau's syndrome; Sweet's syndrome [113] |
Probable autoinflammatory diseases |
Urticarial vasculitis [116] |
Antisynthetase syndrome [117] |
Relapsing chondritis [118] |
Common diseases mediated by IL-1β |
Smoldering multiple myeloma [11] |
Postmyocardial infarction heart failure [124] |
Osteoarthritis [125] |