Background
Objectives
Methods
Study design and setting
Study | Region | Study period | N (%) | Age (years) mean (SD) | Women (%) | T2D (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SHIP
a
| North-east Germany (West Pomerania) | 1997–2001 | 2247 (14.9) | 59.0 (8.3) | 1128 (50.2) | 251 (11.2) |
DHS
b
| West Germany (Dortmund) | 2003-2004 | 883 (5.9) | 60.1 (8.5) | 447 (50.6) | 87 (9.9) |
CARLA
c
| East Germany (Halle) | 2002–2006 | 1382 (9.2) | 60.2 (7.9) | 651 (47.1) | 174 (12.6) |
NHR
d
| West Germany (Bochum, Essen, Mühlheim an der Ruhr) | 2000-2003 | 4734 (31.4) | 59.6 (7.8) | 2379 (50.3) | 350 (7.4) |
KORA
e
| South Germany (Augsburg region) | 1999–2001 | 2442 (16.2) | 58.9 (8.4) | 1227 (50.3) | 146 (6.0) |
GNHIES98
f
| Nationwide | 1997–1999 | 3383 (22.5) | 58.0 (8.0) | 1749 (51.7) | 279 (8.3) |
Total
| Germany | 1997–2006 | 15071 | 59.1 (8.1) | 7581 (50.3) | 1287 (8.5) |
Variables
Age
School education
Income
Smoking
Body mass index
Physical activity
T2D
Hypertension
Dyslipidemia
Burden of CVD
Anti-hypertensive medication
Lipid-lowering medication
Participants
Statistical analyses
Results
Participants
Study characteristics
Type 2 diabetes | Non-type 2 diabetes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Men, n = 706 | Women, n = 581 | All, n = 1287 | All, n = 13784 | |
Age (years) | 62.5 (7.2) | 63.8 (7.1)* | 63.1 (7.2) | 58.7 (8.1)◯ |
Women (%) | - | - | 45.1 | 50.8◯ |
BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 (4.8) | 31.6 (5.7)* | 30.8 (5.3) | 27.9 (4.5)◯ |
BMI > = 30 (%) | 41.8 | 58.1* | 49.2 | 27.6◯ |
Smoking (%) | 20.8 | 8.9* | 15.5 | 21.3◯ |
Low physical activity (%) | 73.2 | 71.6 | 72.5 | 58.0◯ |
Low income (%) | 13.7 | 21.9* | 17.3 | 12.5◯ |
Low education (%) | 73.5 | 83.6* | 78.1 | 63.6◯ |
Diabetes duration (years) | 8.8 (7.7) | 8.2 (7.2) | 8.5 (7.5) | - |
Diabetes treatment (%)
| ||||
Diet only or no treatment (%) | 22.1 | 23.4 | 22.7 | - |
OAD only (%) | 52.8 | 47.0 | 50.2 | - |
Insulin only (%) | 15.5 | 18.8 | 17.0 | - |
OAD and Insulin (%) | 9.7 | 10.8 | 10.2 | - |
Blood pressure (mmHg)
| ||||
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 149.1 (22.1) | 145.8 (21.8)* | 147.6 (22.0) | 138.5 (21.5)◯ |
Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 85.0 (11.4) | 82.1 (10.9)* | 83.7 (11.3) | 84.5 (11.4)◯ |
⋄
Hypertension (%)
| 80.7 | 84.8 | 82.5 | 59.0◯ |
current BP > = 140/90 (%)
| 67.0 | 59.6* | 63.6 | 48.9◯ |
Cholesterol (mg/dl)
| ||||
TC (mg/dl) | 216.4 (48.0) | 232.2 (48.8)* | 223.5 (49.0) | 236.2 (43.7)◯ |
LDL (mg/dl) | 132.1 (37.8) | 142.1 (41.5)* | 136.6 (39.8) | 149.5 (39.5)◯ |
HDL (mg/dl) | 46.3 (14.0) | 54.0 (16.6)* | 49.8 (15.7) | 58.4 (17.7)◯ |
⋄⋄
Dyslipidemia (%)
| 56.7 | 52.5 | 54.8 | 35.7◯ |
current TC/HDL ratio > = 5 (%)
| 45.7 | 36.5* | 41.6 | 28.8◯ |
Myocardial infarction (%) | 13.7 | 7.7* | 11.0 | 4.1◯ |
Stroke (%) | 8.4 | 5.5* | 7.1 | 2.4◯ |
Claudicatio intermittens (%) | 13.3 | 10.6 | 12.1 | 3.8◯ |
Angina pectoris (%) | 16.4 | 20.6* | 18.3 | 9.3◯ |
History of CVD (%)
| 34.3 | 32.3* | 33.4 | 15.5◯ |
Frequency and medical treatment of hypertension
Type 2 diabetes | Non-type 2 diabetes | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Men, n = 706 | Women, n = 581 | All, n = 1287 | All, n = 13785 | |
Complete cases hypertension
|
n(cc) = 698
|
n(cc) = 572
|
n(cc) = 1270
|
n(cc) = 13443
|
No hypertension | 135 (19.3) | 87 (15.2) | 222 (17.5) | 5509 (41.0)◯ |
Hypertension
| 563 (80.7) | 485 (84.8) | 1048 (82.5) | 7934 (59.0)◯ |
(1) Controlled treated, BP < 140/90 | 97 (13.9) | 143 (25.0)* | 240 (18.9) | 1357 (10.1)◯ |
(2) Uncontrolled treated, > = 140/90 | 271 (38.8) | 249 (43.5)* | 520 (40.9) | 2495 (18.6)◯ |
(3) Known, but not treated, > = 140/90 | 51 (7.3) | 34 (5.9) | 85 (6.7) | 1178 (8.8)◯ |
(4) Unknown, > = 140/90 | 144 (20.6) | 59 (10.3)* | 203 (16.0) | 2904 (21.6)◯ |
Untreated or insufficiently treated (groups 2, 3, 4)
|
466 (66.8)
|
342 (59.8)*
|
808 (63.6)
|
6577 (48.9)
◯
|
GNHIES98 | 101 (72.1) | 94 (67.6) | 195 (69.9) | 1904 (61.4)◯ |
CARLA | 72 (75.8) | 42 (53.9)* | 114 (65.9) | 668 (55.3)◯ |
DHS | 39 (75.0) | 24 (68.6) | 63 (72.4) | 503 (63.3) |
KORA | 49 (61.3) | 37 (56.9) | 86 (59.3) | 898 (39.3)◯ |
HNR | 107 (52.7) | 66 (49.6) | 173 (51.5) | 1504 (36.8)◯ |
SHIP | 98 (76.6) | 80 (65.0)* | 178 (70.9) | 1110 (55.7)◯ |
Complete cases dyslipidemia
|
n(cc) = 639
|
n(cc) = 522
|
n(cc) = 1161
|
n(cc) =12451
|
No dyslipidemia | 277 (43.4) | 248 (47.5) | 525 (45.2) | 8004 (64.3)◯ |
Dyslipidemia
| 362 (56.7) | 274 (52.5) | 636 (54.8) | 4447 (35.7)◯ |
(1) Controlled treated , TC/HDL <5 | 65 (10.2) | 78 (14.9) | 143 (12.3) | 861 (6.9)◯ |
(2) Uncontrolled treated, > = 5 | 43 (6.7) | 41 (7.9) | 84 (7.2) | 299 (2.4)◯ |
(3) Known, but not treated, > = 5 | 114 (17.8) | 85 (16.3) | 199 (17.1) | 1535 (12.3)◯ |
(4) Unknown, > = 5 | 140 (21.9) | 70 (13.4)* | 210 (18.1) | 1752 (14.1)◯ |
Untreated or insufficiently treated (groups 2, 3, 4)
|
297 (46.5)
|
196 (37.6)*
|
493 (42.5)
|
3586 (28.8)
◯
|
GNHIES98 | 73 (54.9) | 62 (48.8) | 135 (51.9) | 1040 (35.3)◯ |
CARLA | 34 (35.8) | 18 (23.1) | 52 (30.1) | 280 (23.3) |
(DHS)
◖
| (15 (31.3)) | (7 (22.6)) | (22 (27.9) | (105 (14.7) |
KORA | 39 (48.8) | 24 (38.1) | 63 (44.1) | 675 (29.7)◯ |
HNR | 87 (42.9) | 41 (31.1)* | 128 (38.2) | 996 (24.5)◯ |
SHIP | 64 (50.0) | 51 (41.5) | 115 (45.8) | 600 (30.4)◯ |
Frequency and medical treatment of dyslipidemia
Basic factors that influence treatment goals and the odds of using medication
Blood pressure > = 140/90 mmHg n = 15045, n (BP > = 140/90 mmHg) = 7551 | Total cholesterol/HDL > =5 n = 14735, n (TC/HDL > = 5) = 4300 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
| |
Diabetes | yes | 1.43 | 1.26-1.61 | <0.0001 | 1.80 | 1.59-2.04 | <0.0001 |
Age | year | 1.05 | 1.04-1.05 | <0.0001 | 1.01 | 1.00-1.01 | 0.0444 |
Sex | male | 1.79 | 1.67-1.91 | <0.0001 | 3.01 | 2.79-3.25 | <0.0001 |
Study | |||||||
KORA | 0.38 | 0.34-0.42 | <0.0001 | 0.74 | 0.66-0.84 | <0.0001 | |
CARLA | 0.68 | 0.60-0.78 | <0.0001 | 0.48 | 0.42-0.56 | <0.0001 | |
DHS | 0.99 | 0.85-1.17 | 0.9446 | 0.29 | 0.24-0.36 | <0.0001 | |
HNR | 0.34 | 0.31-0.37 | <0.0001 | 0.56 | 0.51-0.62 | <0.0001 | |
SHIP | 0.76 | 0.68-0.85 | <0.0001 | 0.77 | 0.68-0.87 | <0.0001 | |
GNHIES98 | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Interactions
| |||||||
Diabetes*Sex | 0.2494 | <.0001 | |||||
Age*Sex | 0.0013 | <.0001 | |||||
Age*Study | 0.0032 | 0.0042 | |||||
Sex*Study | 0.0002 | 0.0133 | |||||
Stratification
| |||||||
Diabetes (yes) | Men | 1.37 | 1.16-1.61 | 0.0002 | |||
Women | 2.32 | 1.91-2.82 | <.0001 | ||||
Age (year) | Men | 1.04 | 1.03-1.04 | <.0001 | 0.99 | 0.99-1.00 | 0.0062 |
Women | 1.05 | 1.05-1.06 | <.0001 | 1.03 | 1.02-1.04 | <.0001 |
Anti-hypertensive medication n = 8982, n (med) = 4958 | Lipid-lowering medication n = 5083, n (med) = 1443 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
| |
Diabetes | yes | 2.86 | 2.44-3.35 | <0.0001 | 1.38 | 1.15-1.65 | 0.0006 |
Age | year | 1.07 | 1.06-1.07 | <0.0001 | 1.06 | 1.05-1.07 | <0.0001 |
Sex | male | 0.64 | 0.58-0.70 | <0.0001 | 0.59 | 0.52-0.67 | <0.0001 |
Study | |||||||
KORA | 1.33 | 1.15-1.54 | <0.0001 | 1.25 | 1.01-1.53 | 0.0383 | |
CARLA | 1.95 | 1.66-2.30 | <0.0001 | 1.94 | 1.53-2.50 | <0.0001 | |
DHS | 0.93 | 0.77-1.12 | 0.4219 | *- | - | - | |
HNR | 1.96 | 1.73-2.22 | <0.0001 | 1.96 | 1.64-2.33 | <0.0001 | |
SHIP | 1.68 | 1.47-1.93 | <0.0001 | 1.27 | 1.03-1.56 | 0.0232 | |
GNHIES98 | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Interactions
| |||||||
Effect
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
|
OR
|
95% CI
|
p-value
| |
Age*Diabetes | 0.0581 | 0.0037 | |||||
Age*Sex | 0.0001 | 0.6613 | |||||
Age*Study | 0.0006 | 0.0295 | |||||
Stratification
| |||||||
Age (year) | T2D | 1.02 | 1.00-1.05 | 0.0593 | |||
Non-T2D | 1.06 | 1.05-1.07 | <.0001 | ||||
Age (year) | Men | 1.08 | 1.07-1.09 | <.0001 | |||
Women | 1.05 | 1.04-1.06 | <.0001 |
Anti-hypertensive treatment regimens
ATC group | Use in treated participants with T2D | Use in treated participants without T2D | Comment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 760 (%) single or in combination with other preparations
|
as spreparation/ATC group
|
N = 3852 (%) single or in combination with other preparations
|
as single preparation/ATC group
| |||
C02
| Anti-hypertensives | 9.47 | 2.11 | 8.00 | 2.78 | |
C03
| Diuretics | 29.47 | 2.50 | 17.29* | 2.52 | not ideal as first line treatment since they can worsen glucose and lipid levels |
C04
| Peripheral vasodilators | 4.21 | 0.13 | 2.65* | 0.31 | |
C07
| Beta blocking agents | 44.74 | 8.82 | 52.23* | 23.81* | best used as second- or third-line treatments in T2D, more efficacious in younger patients (55–60 years), not for asthma patients, because of bronchoconstrictive effects, promote weight gain, may mask hypoglycaemia |
C08
| Calcium channel blockers | 33.68 | 5.79 | 27.13* | 7.84* | not recommended as first-line and single treatment |
C09
| Agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system | 68.95 | 20.53 | 51.43* | 18.98 | recommended as first-line treatment, reduce the risk for renal end points |