nach oben

Arthritis Research & Therapy

Erschienen in:

01.08.2009 | Review

Rheumatoid arthritis and smoking: putting the pieces together

verfasst von: Zsuzsanna Baka, Edit Buzás, György Nagy

Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy | Ausgabe 4/2009

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Besides atherosclerosis and lung cancer, smoking is considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It has long been known that there is a connection between rheumatoid factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis and cigarette smoking. Recently, an important gene–environment interaction has been revealed; that is, carrying specific HLA-DRB1 alleles encoding the shared epitope and smoking establish a significant risk for anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis. We summarize how smoking-related alteration of the cytokine balance, the increased risk of infections (the possibility of cross-reactivity) and modifications of autoantigens by citrullination may contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis.

Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich

Vessey MP, Villard-Mackintosh L, Yeates D: Oral contraceptives, cigarette smoking and other factors in relation to arthritis. Contraception. 1987, 35: 457-464.CrossRefPubMed

Heliovaara M, Aho K, Aromaa A, Knekt P, Reunanen A: Smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1993, 20: 1830-1835.PubMed

Symmons DP, Bankhead CR, Harrison BJ, Brennan P, Barrett EM, Scott DG, Silman AJ: Blood transfusion, smoking, and obesity as risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis: results from a primary care-based incident case–control study in Norfolk, England. Arthritis Rheum. 1997, 40: 1955-1961.CrossRefPubMed

Hazes JM, Dijkmans BA, Vandenbroucke JP, de Vries RR, Cats A: Lifestyle and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis: cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Ann Rheum Dis. 1990, 49: 980-982.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Costenbader KH, Karlson EW: Cigarette smoking and autoimmune disease: what can we learn from epidemiology?. Lupus. 2006, 15: 737-745.CrossRefPubMed

Green GM, Carolin D: The depressant effect of cigarette smoke on the in vitro antibacterial activity of alveolar macrophages. N Engl J Med. 1967, 276: 421-427.CrossRefPubMed

Ortega E, Barriga C, Rodriguez AB: Decline in the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages from mice exposed to cigarette smoke. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 1994, 17: 77-84.CrossRefPubMed

King TE, Savici D, Campbell PA: Phagocytosis and killing of Listeria monocytogenes by alveolar macrophages: smokers versus nonsmokers. J Infect Dis. 1988, 158: 1309-1316.CrossRefPubMed

Nguyen Van Binh P, Zhou D, Baudouin F, Martin C, Radionoff M, Dutertre H, Marchand V, Thevenin M, Warnet JM, Thien Duc H: Modulation of the primary and the secondary antibody response by tobacco smoke condensates. Biomed Pharmacother. 2004, 58: 527-530.CrossRefPubMed

10.

de Jonge WJ, Ulloa L: The alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a pharmacological target for inflammation. Br J Pharmacol. 2007, 151: 915-929.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

11.

Higashimoto Y, Shimada Y, Fukuchi Y, Ishida K, Shu C, Teramoto S, Sudo E, Matsuse T, Orimo H: Inhibition of mouse alveolar macrophage production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by acute in vivo and in vitro exposure to tobacco smoke. Respiration. 1992, 59: 77-80.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Pessina GP, Paulesu L, Corradeschi F, Luzzi E, Tanzini M, Aldinucci C, Di Stefano A, Bocci V: Chronic cigarette smoking enhances spontaneous release of tumour necrosis factor-alpha from alveolar macrophages of rats. Mediators Inflamm. 1993, 2: 423-428.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

13.

Yamaguchi E, Itoh A, Furuya K, Miyamoto H, Abe S, Kawakami Y: Release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha from human alveolar macrophages is decreased in smokers. Chest. 1993, 103: 479-483.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Sauty A, Mauel J, Philippeaux MM, Leuenberger P: Cytostatic activity of alveolar macrophages from smokers and nonsmokers: role of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 1994, 11: 631-637.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Singh SP, Kalra R, Puttfarcken P, Kozak A, Tesfaigzi J, Sopori ML: Acute and chronic nicotine exposures modulate the immune system through different pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2000, 164: 65-72.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Matsunaga K, Klein TW, Friedman H, Yamamoto Y: Involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in suppression of antimicrobial activity and cytokine responses of alveolar macrophages to Legionella pneumophila infection by nicotine. J Immunol. 2001, 167: 6518-6524.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Borovikova LV, Ivanova S, Zhang M, Yang H, Botchkina GI, Watkins LR, Wang H, Abumrad N, Eaton JW, Tracey KJ: Vagus nerve stimulation attenuates the systemic inflammatory response to endotoxin. Nature. 2000, 405: 458-462.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Wang H, Yu M, Ochani M, Amella CA, Tanovic M, Susarla S, Li JH, Wang H, Yang H, Ulloa L, Al-Abed Y, Czura CJ, Tracey KJ: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha7 subunit is an essential regulator of inflammation. Nature. 2003, 421: 384-388.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Ouyang Y, Virasch N, Hao P, Aubrey MT, Mukerjee N, Bierer BE, Freed BM: Suppression of human IL-1β, IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α production by cigarette smoke extracts. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000, 106: 280-287.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Choi JM, Cho YC, Cho WJ, Kim TS, Kang BY: Hydroquinone, a major component in cigarette smoke, reduces IFN-γ production in antigen-primed lymphocytes. Arch Pharm Res. 2008, 31: 337-341.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Facchinetti F, Amadei F, Geppetti P, Tarantini F, Di Serio C, Dragotto A, Gigli PM, Catinella S, Civelli M, Patacchini R: α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in cigarette smoke release inflammatory mediators from human macrophages. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2007, 37: 617-623.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Nguyen C, Teo JL, Matsuda A, Eguchi M, Chi EY, Henderson WR, Kahn M: Chemogenomic identification of Ref-1/AP-1 as a therapeutic target for asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 1169-1173.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

23.

Hasnis E, Bar-Shai M, Burbea Z, Reznick AZ: Cigarette smoke-induced NF-κB activation in human lymphocytes: the effect of low and high exposure to gas phase of cigarette smoke. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2007, 58 (Suppl 5): 263-274.PubMed

24.

Lannan S, Donaldson K, Brown D, MacNee W: Effects of cigarette smoke and its condensates on alveolar cell injury in vitro. Am J Physiol. 1994, 266: L92-L100.PubMed

25.

Criswell LA, Saag KG, Mikuls TR, Cerhan JR, Merlino LA, Lum RF, Pfeiffer KA, Woehl B, Seldin MF: Smoking interacts with genetic risk factors in the development of rheumatoid arthritis among older Caucasian women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006, 65: 1163-1167.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

26.

Bowes J, Barton A: Recent advances in the genetics of RA susceptibility. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008, 47: 399-402.CrossRef

27.

Dong S, Zhang Z, Takahara H: Estrogen-enhanced peptidylarginine deiminase type IV gene (PADI4) expression in MCF-7 cells is mediated by estrogen receptor-alpha-promoted transfactors activator protein-1, nuclear factor-Y, and Sp1. Mol Endocrinol. 2007, 21: 1617-1629.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Méchin MC, Sebbag M, Arnaud J, Nachat R, Foulquier C, Adoue V, Coudane F, Duplan H, Schmitt AM, Chavanas S, Guerrin M, Serre G, Simon M: Update on peptidylarginine deiminases and deimination in skin physiology and severe human diseases. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2007, 29: 147-168.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Makrygiannakis D, Hermansson M, Ulfgren AK, Nicholas AP, Zendman AJ, Eklund A, Grunewald J, Skold CM, Klareskog L, Catrina AI: Smoking increases peptidylarginine deiminase 2 enzyme expression in human lungs and increases citrullination in BAL cells. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 1488-1492.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Baron JA, La Vecchia C, Levi F: The antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990, 162: 502-514.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ: Fibrinogen, cigarette smoking, and risk of cardiovascular disease: insights from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J. 1987, 113: 1006-1010.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Masson-Bessiére C, Sebbag M, Girbal-Neuhauser E, Vincent C, Serre G: Synovial target antigens of antifilaggrin autoantibodies are deiminated forms of fibrin alpha and beta chains [abstract]. Rev Rheum. 1999, 66: 754-

33.

Nakayama-Hamada M, Suzuki A, Furukawa H, Yamada R, Yamamoto K: Citrullinated fibrinogen inhibits thrombin-catalyzed fibrin polymerization. J Biochem. 2008, 144: 393-398.CrossRefPubMed

34.

The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium: Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature. 2007, 447: 661-678.PubMedCentralCrossRef

35.

McInnes IB, Schett G: Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007, 7: 429-442.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Yamamoto K, Yamada R: Lessons from a genome wide association study of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2007, 357: 1250-1251.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Gregersen PK: Pathways to gene identification in rheumatoid arthritis: PTPN22 and beyond. Immunol Rev. 2005, 204: 74-86.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, Schrodi SJ, Chokkalingam AP, Alexander HC, Ardlie KG, Huang Q, Smith AM, Spoerke JM, Conn MT, Chang M, Chang SY, Saiki RK, Catanese JJ, Leong DU, Garcia VE, McAllister LB, Jeffery DA, Lee AT, Batliwalla F, Remmers E, Criswell LA, Seldin MF, Kastner DL, Amos CI, Sninsky JJ, Gregersen PK: A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2004, 75: 330-337.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

39.

Costenbader KH, Chang SC, De Vivo I, Plenge R, Karlson EW: PTPN22, PADI-4 and CTLA-4 genetic polymorphisms and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in two longitudinal cohort studies: evidence of gene–environment interactions with heavy cigarette smoking. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008, 10: R52-PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

40.

Luo Y, Arita K, Bhatia M, Knuckley B, Lee YH, Stallcup MR, Sato M, Thompson PR: Inhibitors and inactivators of protein arginine deiminase 4: functional and structural characterization. Biochemistry. 2006, 45: 11727-11736.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

41.

Füst G, Arason GJ, Kramer J, Szalai C, Duba J, Yang Y, Chung EK, Zhou B, Blanchong CA, Lokki ML, Bödvarsson S, Prohászka Z, Karádi I, Vatay A, Kovács M, Romics L, Thorgeirsson G, Yu CY: Genetic basis of tobacco smoking: strong association of a specific major histocompatibility complex haplotype on chromosome 6 with smoking behavior. Int Immunol. 2004, 16: 1507-1514.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Ates O, Hatemi G, Hamuryudan V, Topal-Sarikaya A: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 gene promoter polymorphisms in Turkish rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2008, 27: 1243-1248.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Padyukov L, Silva C, Stolt P, Alfredsson L, Klareskog L: A gene–environment interaction between smoking and shared epitope genes in HLA-DR provides a high risk of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3085-3092.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Tuomi T, Heliövaara M, Palosuo T, Aho K: Smoking, lung function, and rheumatoid factors. Ann Rheum Dis. 1990, 49: 753-756.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

45.

Masdottir B, Jónsson T, Manfredsdottir V, Víkingsson A, Brekkan A, Valdimarsson H: Smoking, rheumatoid factor isotypes and severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000, 39: 1202-1205.CrossRef

46.

Uhlig T, Hagen KB, Kvien TK: Current tobacco smoking, formal education, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 1999, 26: 47-54.PubMed

47.

Krishnan E, Sokka T, Hannonen P: Smoking-gender interaction and risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2003, 5: R158-R162.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

48.

Voigt LF, Koepsell TD, Nelson JL, Dugowson CE, Daling JR: Smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Epidemiology. 1994, 5: 525-532.PubMed

49.

Stolt P, Bengtsson C, Nordmark B, Lindblad S, Lundberg I, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L, EIRA study group: Quantification of the influence of cigarette smoking on rheumatoid arthritis: results from a population based case–control study, using incident cases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003, 62: 835-841.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

50.

Karlson EW, Lee IM, Cook NR, Manson JE, Buring JE, Hennekens CH: A retrospective cohort study of cigarette smoking and risk of rheumatoid arthritis in female health professionals. Arthritis Rheum. 1999, 42: 910-917.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Hutchinson D, Shepstone L, Moots R, Lear JT, Lynch MP: Heavy cigarette smoking is strongly associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), particularly in patients without a family history of RA. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001, 60: 223-227.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

52.

Criswell LA, Merlino LA, Cerhan JR, Mikuls TR, Mudano AS, Burma M, Folsom AR, Saag KG: Cigarette smoking and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis among postmenopausal women: results from the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Med. 2002, 112: 465-471.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Costenbader KH, Feskanich D, Mandl LA, Karlson EW: Smoking intensity, duration, and cessation, and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis in women. Am J Med. 2006, 119: e1-503.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Saag KG, Cerhan JR, Kolluri S, Ohashi K, Hunninghake GW, Schwartz DA: Cigarette smoking and rheumatoid arthritis severity. Ann Rheum Dis. 1997, 56: 463-469.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

55.

56.

Nyhäll-Wåhlin BM, Jacobsson LT, Petersson IF, Turesson C, BARFOT study group: Smoking is a strong risk factor for rheumatoid nodules in early rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006, 65: 601-606.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

57.

Struthers GR, Scott DL, Delamere JP, Sheppeard H, Kitt M: Smoking and rheumatoid vasculitis. Rheumatol Int. 1981, 1: 145-146.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Nagai S, Hoshino Y, Hayashi M, Ito I: Smoking-related interstitial lung diseases. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2000, 6: 415-419.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Manfredsdottir VF, Vikingsdottir T, Jonsson T, Geirsson AJ, Kjartansson O, Heimisdottir M, Sigurdardottir SL, Valdimarsson H, Vikingsson A: The effects of tobacco smoking and rheumatoid factor seropositivity on disease activity and joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006, 45: 734-740.CrossRef

60.

Papadopoulos NG, Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Epagelis EK, Tsifetaki N, Drosos AA: Does cigarette smoking influence disease expression, activity and severity in early rheumatoid arthritis patients?. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005, 23: 861-866.PubMed

61.

Finckh A, Dehler S, Costenbader KH, Gabay C, Swiss Clinical Quality Management project for RA: Cigarette smoking and radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007, 66: 1066-1071.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

62.

Westhoff G, Rau R, Zink A: Rheumatoid arthritis patients who smoke have a higher need for DMARDs and feel worse, but they do not have more joint damage than non-smokers of the same serological group. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008, 47: 849-854.CrossRef

63.

Linn-Rasker SP, Helm-van Mil van der AH, van Gaalen FA, Kloppenburg M, de Vries RR, le Cessie S, Breedveld FC, Toes RE, Huizinga TW: Smoking is a risk factor for anti-CCP antibodies only in rheumatoid arthritis patients who carry HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006, 65: 366-371.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

64.

Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Klarlund M, Pedersen BV, Wiik A, Wohlfahrt J, Frisch M: Environmental risk factors differ between rheumatoid arthritis with and without auto-antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006, 8: R133-PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

65.

Lee DM, Phillips R, Hagan EM, Chibnik LB, Costenbader KH, Schur PH: Quantifying Anti-CCP titer: clinical utility and association with tobacco exposure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 201-208.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Klareskog L, Stolt P, Lundberg K, Källberg H, Bengtsson C, Grunewald J, Rönnelid J, Harris HE, Ulfgren AK, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Eklund A, Padyukov L, Alfredsson L: A new model for an etiology of rheumatoid arthritis: smoking may trigger HLA-DR (shared epitope)-restricted immune reactions to autoantigens modified by citrullination. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 38-46.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Pedersen M, Jacobsen S, Garred P, Madsen HO, Klarlund M, Svejgaard A, Pedersen BV, Wohlfahrt J, Frisch M: Strong combined gene–environment effects in anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide-positive rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide case–control study in Denmark. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 1446-1453.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Helm-van Mil van der AH, Verpoort KN, le Cessie S, Huizinga TW, de Vries RR, Toes RE: The HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles differ in the interaction with smoking and predisposition to antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptide. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 425-432.CrossRefPubMed

69.

Verpoort KN, Papendrecht-van der Voort EA, Helm-van Mil van der AH, Jol-van der Zijde CM, van Tol MJ, Drijfhout JW, Breedveld FC, de Vries RR, Huizinga TW, Toes RE: Association of smoking with the constitution of the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide response in the absence of HLA-DRB1 shared epitope alleles. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 2913-2918.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Michou L, Teixeira VH, Pierlot C, Lasbleiz S, Bardin T, Dieudé P, Prum B, Cornélis F, Petit-Teixeira E: Associations between genetic factors, tobacco smoking and autoantibodies in familial and sporadic rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 466-470.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Lee HS, Irigoyen P, Kern M, Lee A, Batliwalla F, Khalili H, Wolfe F, Lum RF, Massarotti E, Weisman M, Bombardier C, Karlson EW, Criswell LA, Vlietinck R, Gregersen PK: Interaction between smoking, the shared epitope, and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide: a mixed picture in three large North American rheumatoid arthritis cohorts. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 1745-1753.CrossRefPubMed

72.

Mikuls TR, Hughes LB, Westfall AO, Holers VM, Parrish L, Heijde van der D, van Everdingen M, Alarcon GS, Conn DL, Jonas B, Callahan LF, Smith EA, Gilkeson G, Howard G, Moreland LW, Bridges SL: Cigarette smoking, disease severity, and autoantibody expression in African Americans with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008, 67: 1529-1534.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

73.

Kallberg H, Padyukov L, Plenge RM, Ronnelid J, Gregersen PK, Helm-van Mil van der AH, Toes RE, Huizinga TW, Klareskog L, Alfredsson L, Epidemiological Investigation of Rheumatoid Arthritis Study Group: Gene–gene and gene–environment interactions involving HLA-DRB1, PTPN22, and smoking in two subsets of rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet. 2007, 80: 867-875.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

74.

Klareskog L, Rönnelid J, Lundberg K, Padyukov L, Alfredsson L: Immunity to citrullinated proteins in rheumatoid arthritis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2008, 26: 651-675.CrossRefPubMed

75.

György B, Tóth E, Tarcsa E, Falus A, Buzás EI: Citrullination: a posttranslational modification in health and disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2006, 38: 1662-1677.CrossRefPubMed

76.

Vossenaar ER, Smeets TJ, Kraan MC, Raats JM, van Venrooij WJ, Tak PP: The presence of citrullinated proteins is not specific for rheumatoid synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 2004, 50: 3485-3494.CrossRefPubMed

77.

Foulquier C, Sebbag M, Clavel C, Chapuy-Regaud S, Al Badine R, Méchin MC, Vincent C, Nachat R, Yamada M, Takahara H, Simon M, Guerrin M, Serre G: Peptidyl arginine deiminase type 2 (PAD-2) and PAD-4 but not PAD-1, PAD-3, and PAD-6 are expressed in rheumatoid arthritis synovium in close association with tissue inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 2007, 56: 3541-3553.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Shibata S, Tada Y, Komine M, Hattori N, Osame S, Kanda N, Watanabe S, Saeki H, Tamaki K: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and IL-23p19 in psoriatic arthritis. J Dermatol Sci. 2009, 53: 34-39.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Atzeni F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Lama N, Bonacci E, Bobbio-Pallavicini F, Montecucco C, Caporali R: Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in primary Sjögren syndrome may be associated with non-erosive synovitis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2008, 10: R51-PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

80.

Moscarello MA, Mastronardi FG, Wood DD: The role of citrullinated proteins suggests a novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Res. 2007, 32: 251-256.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

81.

Tracey D, Klareskog L, Sasso EH, Salfeld JG, Tak PP: Tumor necrosis factor antagonist mechanisms of action: a comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther. 2008, 117: 244-279.CrossRefPubMed

82.

Glossop JR, Dawes PT, Mattey DL: Association between cigarette smoking and release of tumour necrosis factor alpha and its soluble receptors by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006, 45: 1223-1229.CrossRef

83.

Askling J, Baecklund E, Granath F, Geborek P, Fored M, Backlin C, Bertilsson L, Cöster L, Jacobsson L, Lindblad S, Lysholm J, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S, Saxne T, van Vollenhoven R, Klareskog L, Feltelius N: Anti-TNF therapy in RA and risk of malignant lymphomas. Relative risks and time-trends in the Swedish Biologics Register. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009, 68: 648-653.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Bongartz T, Sutton AJ, Sweeting MJ, Buchan I, Matteson EL, Montori V: Anti-TNF antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis and the risk of serious infections and malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of rare harmful effects in randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2006, 295: 2275-2285.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Bueno C, Criado G, McCormick JK, Madrenas J: T cell signalling induced by bacterial superantigens. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2007, 93: 161-180.CrossRefPubMed

86.

Pratesi F, Tommasi C, Anzilotti C, Chimenti D, Migliorini P: Deiminated Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 is a target of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006, 54: 733-741.CrossRefPubMed

87.

Toussirot E, Roudier J: Pathophysiological links between rheumatoid arthritis and the Epstein–Barr virus: an update. Joint Bone Spine. 2007, 74: 418-426.CrossRefPubMed

88.

89.

Laxman VK, Annaji S: Tobacco use and its effects on the periodontium and periodontal therapy. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2008, 9: 97-107.PubMed

90.

Harris ML, Darrah E, Lam GK, Bartlett SJ, Giles JT, Grant AV, Gao P, Scott WW, El-Gabalawy H, Casciola-Rosen L, Barnes KC, Bathon JM, Rosen A: Association of autoimmunity to peptidyl arginine deiminase type 4 with genotype and disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008, 58: 1958-1967.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

91.

Ebringer A, Rashid T: Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease triggered by Proteus urinary tract infection. Clin Dev Immunol. 2006, 13: 41-48.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

92.

He X, Kang AH, Stuart JM: Anti-Human type II collagen CD19⁺B cells are present in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals. J Rheumatol. 2001, 28: 2168-2175.PubMed

93.

Neeli I, Khan SN, Radic M: Histone deimination as a response to inflammatory stimuli in neutrophils. J Immunol. 2008, 180: 1895-1902.CrossRefPubMed

94.

Cutolo M, Straub RH: Stress as a risk factor in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2006, 13: 277-282.CrossRefPubMed

95.

Hill JA, Southwood S, Sette A, Jevnikar AM, Bell DA, Cairns E: Cutting edge: the conversion of arginine to citrulline allows for a high-affinity peptide interaction with the rheumatoid arthritis-associated HLA-DRB1*0401 MHC class II molecule. J Immunol. 2003, 171: 538-541.CrossRefPubMed

96.

Li P, Yao H, Zhang Z, Li M, Luo Y, Thompson PR, Gilmour DS, Wang Y: Regulation of p53 target gene expression by peptidylarginine deiminase 4. Mol Cell Biol. 2008, 28: 4745-4758.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

Titel: Rheumatoid arthritis and smoking: putting the pieces together
verfasst von: Zsuzsanna Baka
Edit Buzás
György Nagy
Publikationsdatum: 01.08.2009
Verlag: BioMed Central
Erschienen in: Arthritis Research & Therapy / Ausgabe 4/2009
Elektronische ISSN: 1478-6362
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2751

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

^{Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag}

Kostenlos registrieren

Neu im Fachgebiet Innere Medizin

NSCLC: Progressionsfreies Überleben unter Osimertinib fast versiebenfacht

06.06.2024 ASCO 2024 Kongressbericht

Erste Ergebnisse der Phase-III-Studie LAURA etablieren Osimertinib als neuen Therapiestandard für Menschen mit nicht-resezierbarem, EGFR-mutiertem, nicht-kleinzelligem Lungenkarzinom im Stadium III, die nach definitiver Radiochemotherapie progressionsfrei sind. Auf der ASCO-Tagung wurden diese beeindruckenden Ergebnisse besprochen.

Hodgkin Lymphom: BrECADD-Regime übertrifft die Erwartungen

05.06.2024 ASCO 2024 Kongressbericht

Das Kombinationsregime BrECADD mit Brentuximab vedotin ermöglichte in der Studie HD21 beim fortgeschrittenen klassischen Hodgkin-Lymphom eine unerwartet hohe progressionsfreie Überlebensrate von 94,3% nach vier Jahren. Gleichzeitig war das Regime besser tolerabel als der bisherige Standard eBEACOPP.

Antikörper-Drug-Konjugat verdoppelt PFS bei Multiplem Myelom

05.06.2024 ASCO 2024 Nachrichten

Zwei Phase-3-Studien deuten auf erhebliche Vorteile des Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugats Belantamab-Mafodotin bei vorbehandelten Personen mit Multiplem Myelom: Im Vergleich mit einer Standard-Tripeltherapie wurde das progressionsfreie Überleben teilweise mehr als verdoppelt.

Neuer TKI gegen CML: Höhere Wirksamkeit, seltener Nebenwirkungen

05.06.2024 Chronische myeloische Leukämie Nachrichten

Der Tyrosinkinasehemmer (TKI) Asciminib ist älteren Vertretern dieser Gruppe bei CML offenbar überlegen: Personen mit frisch diagnostizierter CML entwickelten damit in einer Phase-3-Studie häufiger eine gute molekulare Response, aber seltener ernste Nebenwirkungen.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Adipositas in der Primärversorgung – Herausforderungen und Chancen einer ganzheitlichen Betreuung

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2009

Comprehensibility, reliability, validity, and responsiveness of the Thai version of the Health Assessment Questionnaire in Thai patients with rheumatoid arthritis

AIT test has no problem in the detection of anti-ribosomal P – authors' response

How much sleep apnea is too much? Authors' response

Reduced Fas ligand-expressing splenic CD5+ B lymphocytes in severe collagen-induced arthritis

Short- and long-term effects of anti-CD20 treatment on B cell ontogeny in bone marrow of patients with rheumatoid arthritis