Background
Consequences and correlates of peer victimisation
Consequences and correlates of bullying behaviours
Consequences and correlates of cyber-bullying and cyber-victimisation
Research questions
Method
Participants
Assessment of traditional bullying and victimisation
Assessment of cyber-bullying and -victimisation
Assessment of depressive symptoms
Data analyses
Results
Descriptive statistics
Australian sample
(n = 1259-1307)
|
Swiss sample
(n = 369-373)
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Female | Male | Female | Male | |
Being a bully-victim a | 19 (2.8%) | 27 (4.4%) | 5 (2.5%) | 9 (5.2%) |
Being a victim a | 66 (9.6%) | 55 (9.1%) | 22 (11.1%) | 24 (13.8%) |
Being a bully a | 29 (4.2%) | 70 (11.5%) | 23 (11.6%) | 31 (17.8%) |
Cyber-bullying (range 0-4) | Mean = .14 SD = .406 Median = 0 | Mean = .14 SD = .446 Median = 0 | Mean = .03 SD = .152 Median = 0 | Mean = .10 SD = .320 Median = 0 |
Cyber-victimisation (range 0-4) | Mean = .18 SD = .485 Median = 0 | Mean = .12 SD = .452 Median = 0 | Mean = .08 SD = .218 Median = 0 | Mean = .08 SD = .289 Median = 0 |
Depressive symptoms (range 0-3) | Mean = .34 SD = .630 Median = .05 | Mean = .35 SD = .670 Median = .04 | Mean = .59 SD = .637 Median = .37 | Mean = .34 SD = .449 Median = .13 |
Traditional bully/victim categorization
Bivariate associations
Complete sample
|
Age
|
Being a victim
|
Being a bully
|
Cyber-victimisation
|
Cyber-bullying
|
Depressive symptoms
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender (female) | .00 | -.04 | -.13** | .09* | .01 | .07** |
Age | -- | .00 | .13** | .02 | .14** | .14** |
Being a victim | -- | .16** | .24** | .18** | .26** | |
Being a bully | -- | .10** | .28** | .12** | ||
Cyber-victimisation | -- | .35** | .18** | |||
Cyber-bullying | -- | .24** |
Australian: Lower diagonal
Swiss: Upper diagonal
|
Gender (female)
|
Age
|
Being a victim
|
Being a bully
|
Cyber-victimisation
|
Cyber-bullying
|
Depressive symptoms
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | -- | .06 | -.07 | -.12* | .00 | -.16** | .24** |
Age | -.03 | -- | -.15** | .07 | -.06 | .04 | .09 |
Being a victim | -.03 | .05 | -- | .06 | .14** | .07 | .24** |
Being a bully | -.14** | .13** | .20** | -- | .00 | .19** | .05 |
Cyber-victimisation | .06* | .08** | .27** | .14** | -- | .35** | .12* |
Cyber-bullying | .00 | .06* | .21** | .32** | .46** | -- | .02 |
Depressive symptoms | -.01 | .10 | .26** | .11** | .22** | .24** | -- |
Overlap of bullying/victimisation forms: Multivariable analyses
Cyber-victimisation
Cyber-victimisation
|
Cyber-bullying
|
Depressive symptoms (M1)
|
Depressive symptoms (M2)
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Z | Sig | Z | Sig | Z | Sig | Z | Sig | |
Gender - female | 4.75 | < .001 | 1.02 | .307 | 3.14 | .002 | 2.79 | .005 |
Age | 1.48 | .138 | .67 | .502 | 3.58 | < .001 | 3.31 | .001 |
Country - Australia | 4.46 | < .001 | 4.11 | < .001 | -3.46 | .001 | -4.36 | < .001 |
Trad. bully/victim behaviors | ||||||||
Bullies vs non-involved | 2.50 | .012 | 9.32 | < .001 | 2.47 | .014 | 1.86 | .063 |
Victims vs non-involved | 8.31 | < .001 | 4.79 | < .001 | 9.89 | < .001 | 8.38 | < .001 |
Bully-victims vs non-involved | 8.96 | < .001 | 10.6 | < .001 | 8.89 | < .001 | 5.60 | < .001 |
Bullies vs victims | -3.83 | < .001 | 3.64 | < .001 | -5.18 | < .001 | -4.53 | < .001 |
Bullies vs bully-victims | -5.88 | < .001 | -3.48 | .001 | -6.18 | < .001 | -4.00 | < .001 |
Victims vs bully-victims | -3.02 | .002 | -6.31 | < .001 | -2.33 | .020 | -0.68 | .496 |
Cyber-victimisation | 4.83 | < .001 | ||||||
Cyber-bullying | 1.52 | .127 |
Cyber-victimisation
|
Cyber-bullying
|
Depressive symptoms
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional bully/victim behaviors
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Mean
|
SD
|
Bully-victims | 0.86 | 1.309 | 0.86 | 1.174 | 1.09 | 1.040 |
Victims | 0.37 | 0.716 | 0.14 | 0.328 | 0.79 | 0.894 |
Bullies | 0.10 | 0.250 | 0.37 | 0.705 | 0.42 | 0.647 |
Non-involved | 0.07 | 0.215 | 0.06 | 0.171 | 0.28 | 0.507 |