Background
Excess calorie intake including those from sugar can make a significant contribution to becoming overweight [1, 2] and thus increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [3, 4]. In 2013 a large long-term European study investigating the effect of diet on health [5] found an association between the amount of sugary soft drinks people consumed and their risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In this study weight gain had a large effect on diabetes risk, and sugary drinks had a small effect on diabetes risk even after correcting for body mass index (BMI). The global rise in T2DM is linked to the metabolic syndrome (dyslipidemia, hypertension, insulin resistance), and obesity is thought to be one of the greatest risk factors for metabolic syndrome and T2DM [6]. Dietary sugars and carbohydrates play a significant role, as calories from these foods promote fat storage and hunger [7]. A recently completed review of nutrition and its impact on T2DM concluded that dietary restriction of carbohydrate intake is the single most effective approach to manage T2DM [8]. It is estimated that more than 1 in 17 people in the UK have diabetes (diagnosed or undiagnosed) [9], and thus reducing the health impact of dietary sugar and poor quality carbohydrate intake is a public health priority. Herbal agents could be quite effective in the management of carbohydrates in the normal diet and in reducing postprandial blood glucose [10].
Mulberry (Morus alba) leaves have been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for several millennia; its use was first recorded in around 500 AD in the Divine Husbandman’s Classic of the Materia Medica [11]. It has also been used for more than 750 years in Japan as an infusion tea [10]. It is used by some human communities for food purposes and in several Asian countries as a herbal tea. Reports have shown that the leaves are nutritious and non-toxic [12]. The Chinese Ministry of Health and the Taiwanese Bureau of Food Safety recognise Morus alba leaves as both a food and a medicine [13]. Mulberry leaf extracts (ME) have a long history of safe use globally for normalising postprandial blood glucose, and it is thought that iminosugars such as 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), a reversible, competitive natural α-glucosidase inhibitor, are the main active components responsible for the activities [10].
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ME can significantly reduce peak blood glucose levels and insulin response levels (Kimura et al. [14]; Mudra et al. [15]), providing protection to the blood glucose metabolic function of healthy and hyperglycaemic subjects [14, 16]. ME can reduce oxidative stress, glucose fluctuations during postprandial periods and, more generally, glucose swings triggering effects on oxidative stress. By reducing oxidative stress, ME has the potential to slow down the process of prediabetes to diabetes and diabetes to developing complications [17, 18]. Long-term administration of ME produced a dose-dependent decrease in body weight and hepatic lipid accumulation [18], stimulated skeletal muscle 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase activity acutely without changing the intracellular energy status [19], suppressed the elevation of postprandial blood glucose and cholesterol in humans [14] and exhibited potential hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects in patients with diabetes [20]. Therefore, ME may help reduce blood glucose peaks caused by the ingestion of sugary or carbohydrate-rich foods and drinks. Mulberry tea has been shown to suppress the postprandial rise of blood glucose levels after 90 minutes of its consumption in subjects with T2DM [21].
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of three doses of a proprietary water extract of mulberry leaves standardised to contain 5 % DNJ (IminoNorm®) versus placebo on blood glucose and insulin responses when co-administered with 50 g maltodextrin in normoglycaemic healthy adults. We also aim to determine the gastrointestinal tolerability of the mulberry extract using normal (250 mg IminoNorm® containing 12.5 mg DNJ), half (125 mg IminoNorm® containing 6.75 mg DNJ) and also double (500 mg IminoNorm® containing 25 mg DNJ) the normal dose. Maltodextrin is a dietary starch with a high glycaemic index, is commonly added to many foods and beverages and has been used as a test carbohydrate in similar studies [15]. We hypothesise that ME will reduce glucose excursions without causing a disproportionate increase in insulin release, and thus its ingestion may confer protection against the development of diabetes, although further trials would be required to determine its long-term efficacy.
Methods/design
Objectives
The primary objective is to determine the effect of three doses of mulberry extract (IminoNorm®) versus placebo on blood glucose and insulin responses when co-administered with 50 g maltodextrin in normoglycaemic healthy adults. We also aim to determine the gastrointestinal tolerability of the mulberry extract using normal (250 mg IminoNorm® capsule containing 12.5 mg 1-deoxynojirimycin), as well as half (125 mg IminoNorm® containing 6.75 mg DNJ) and double (500 mg IminoNorm® containing 25 mg DNJ) the normal dose. The ME (IminoNorm®) is provided by Phynova Group Ltd, UK.
Hypothesis
Our primary hypothesis is that an appropriate dose of mulberry extract co-administered with oral maltodextrin will reduce the incremental area under the curve for plasma glucose concentration over 120 minutes in normoglycaemic adults in a dose-dependent manner when compared to co-administration with placebo. Our secondary hypothesis is that mulberry extract co-administered with oral maltodextrin will not disproportionately increase the incremental area under the curve for plasma insulin concentration over 120 minutes in normoglycaemic adults compared to co-administration with placebo.
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Study design
A double-blind, randomised, repeat measure, crossover design trial will be used to study the glycaemic response (GR) and insulinaemic response (IR) to three products: one reference product and three test products. Participants will act as their own controls; that is, each participant will test all four products. The trial will be conducted by the Functional Food Centre at Oxford Brookes University. Ethical approval for the study has been obtained from the University Research Ethics Committee (UREC) of Oxford Brookes University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Headington Campus, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK. Participants will be given full details of the study protocol and the opportunity to ask questions. All participants will give written informed consent prior to participation.
Participants
A sample size of 40 participants will be recruited to allow for any dropouts during the study. Healthy male and female adult participants (aged 18–60 years) will be recruited for the study in order to determine if ME can have an effect on subjects without impaired glucose tolerance.
Exclusion criteria
The exclusion criteria of the MULBERRY trial are listed in Table 1.
Table 1
Exclusion criteria of the MULBERRY trial
Exclusion criteria |
|---|
1. Aged < 18 or > 60 years |
2. Pregnant or lactating |
3. Body mass index (BMI) < 20 kg/m2 and > 30 kg/m2
|
4. Fasting blood glucose value > 6.1 mmol/L |
5. Any known food allergy or intolerance including mulberry extract |
6. Medical condition(s) or medication(s) known to affect glucose regulation or appetite and/or influence digestion and absorption of nutrients |
7. Known history of diabetes mellitus (type I/II) or the use of antihyperglycaemic drugs or insulin to treat diabetes and related conditions |
8. Use of steroids, protease inhibitors or antipsychotics (all of which have major effects on glucose metabolism and body fat distribution) |
9. Current oral hypoglycaemic use |
10. Symptomatic IBS |
11. History of renal or liver diseases |
12. History of clotting or bleeding disorders |
13. Taken antibiotics in last 3 weeks prior to screening |
14. Taking daily medications or dietary supplements that are not suitable for the study in the opinion of the PI |
15. Anaemia |
16. Subject to a major medical or surgical event requiring hospitalization within the preceding 3 months |
17. Current participation in another clinical study. |
In addition, participants will be excluded if they are unable to comply with experimental procedures or do not follow GR and IR testing safety guidelines.
Suspension criteria
All adverse events will be monitored and recorded from the time of the screening visit through 24 hours after treatment visit. Subjects may be excluded or have the study product discontinued if the investigator decides discontinuation of the study product is in the best medical interest of the subject (for example, due to noncompliance, changes in medications or dietary supplements, an adverse event or serious adverse event or a change in medical status) or if the subject requests withdrawal from the study.
Sample size
A recent study in India (which is yet to be published) in 12 healthy individuals age 18–25 using 250 mg ME dose showed a reduction in the glycaemic index of maltodextrin by 58 % when compared to placebo. A sample size of 30 would allow over 90 % power to detect a difference of a similar size. Being more conservative and allowing for a smaller difference to be detected in the lower concentration doses, 30 participants would still allow at least 80 % power to detect a difference of 25 % in the incremental Area Under the Curve (iAUC). In order to account for a potential loss to follow-up, and the possibility that our sample size may be inaccurate as it is based on a small pilot sample, we will therefore recruit 40 participants.
Randomisation
Researchers recruiting the participants will be unaware of the allocation sequence (concealed allocation). Assignment of participants to a participant number will be done according to their chronological order of enrolment in the study. The allocated participant number will identify the participants and their corresponding intervention sequence. A code break for the randomisation will be kept by the Principal Investigator and will only be broken in terms of a serious adverse event.
Blinding (treatment/placebo)
Four products will be tested in this study: one placebo reference product (four capsules containing 125 mg microcrystalline cellulose) and three test products containing different doses of mulberry extract (test product groups receive either 1, 2 or 4 capsules containing 125 mg ME, with either 3, 2 or 0 placebo capsules respectively so that participants always take 4 capsules). The study products are double blinded to both investigator and subject. Each test/reference product will be co-administered with 50 g maltodextrin dissolved in 250 mL water. Products will be produced by Phynova and delivered to the study centre labelled as ’Product variant A’, ‘Product variant B’, ‘Product variant C’ and ‘Product variant D’ with sealed envelopes labelled with participant number and the intervention sequence for the respective participant.
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Study period
In each participant, the reference product and test products will be tested in random order on (four) separate days, with at least a two-day gap between measurements to minimise carry over effects. The study schedule is summarised in Table 2.
Table 2
Summary of MULBERRY trial schedule
Screening visit | Visit 1 | Visit 2 | Visit 3 | Visit 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Informed consent | ● | ||||
Demographic info (age, contact details etc.) | ● | ||||
Medical history | ● | ||||
Inclusion/exclusion criteria | ● | ||||
Compliance check (fasting, drugs etc.) | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
Physical exam (BMI, waist circ. etc.) | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
Consume product/placebo + drink | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
Finger-prick glucose and insulin testing | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
GI questionnaire | ● | ● | ● | ● | |
Adverse event monitoring | ● | ● | ● | ● |
Outcomes
Primary outcome:
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iAUC for plasma glucose concentration over 120 minutes.
Secondary outcomes:
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iAUC for plasma insulin concentration over 120 minutes.
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Gastrointestinal tolerability – abdominal bloating may be experienced due to reduced carbohydrate absorption. Gastrointestinal symptoms will be measured via questionnaire for 24 hours following each study visit. Subjects will use a five-point scale to rate stool consistency for each bowel movement for 0–24 hours after the study product consumption. The five-point scale includes: 1 = watery, 2 = loose/mushy, 3 = soft, 4 = formed, 5 = hard. Frequency and intensity will be set to a 10-cm line scale (0 representing ’Absent’ for frequency and ’Usual’ for intensity; 10 representing ’More than usual’ for frequency and ’Severe’ for intensity).
Recruitment
Participants will be recruited following local advertisements, and all participants will be given full details of the study protocol and the opportunity to ask questions. All participants will give written informed consent prior to participation and will be paid £10 per visit, on completion of all four visits. This has been determined as an appropriate amount to cover travel costs and the time spent during each visit.
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Procedures/study schedule
The study will be conducted by Good Clinical Practice (GCP) certified researchers. The reference product and test products will be administered to participants in a randomised, repeated measures design. On the day prior to a test, participants will be asked to restrict their intake of alcohol and caffeine-containing drinks and to restrict their participation in intense physical activity (for example, long periods at the gym, excessive swimming, running, aerobics). Participants will also be told not to eat or drink after 10:00 pm the night before a test, although water will be allowed in moderation. Participants will be studied in the morning after an overnight fast. Participants will consume the products at a comfortable pace, within 5 minutes. The reference product and test products will be served with 50 g maltodextrin dissolved in 250 mL water. Participants will remain sedentary during each test session and will not consume any additional food or fluid. Participants will be instructed to record stool consistency for the first bowel movement after their visit and the frequency and intensity of gastrointestinal symptoms for 0–24 hours after the study product consumption.
All anthropometric measures will be taken, using standard methods, in the morning, after an overnight fast.
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Height and weight
-
BMI will be calculated using the standard formula: weight (kg)/height (m2)
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Waist and hip circumference
The glycaemic response method used is adapted from that described by Brouns et al. [22] and is carried out in accordance with the ISO 26642:2010 standards. Blood measurements will be taken at −5 minutes and 0 minute before consumption of the reference product/test products and the baseline value taken as a mean of these two values. Further blood measurements will be taken at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after starting to eat. Blood glucose will be measured using the HemoCue Glucose 201+ analyser (HemoCue® Ltd). The same time points will be used for determining insulin levels. At each test time point, 300 μL of capillary blood (from finger pricks) will be obtained. Finger pricks will be made using the Unistik 3 single-use lancing device (Owen Mumford, Woodstock, UK) and blood will be collected into chilled Microvette® capillary blood collection tubes treated with dipotassium EDTA (CB 300 K2E; Sarstedt Ltd., Leicester, UK). The Microvette® tubes will then be centrifuged and 200 μL of the supernatant plasma obtained. Insulin concentrations in the plasma samples will be determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay using an automated analyzer (Cobas® E411; Roche diagnostics, Burgess Hill, UK). The Cobas® system is a reliable method of plasma insulin determination. The unit of measurement is μU/mL. Sufficient blood is taken to enable two sets of analyses to be performed at every time point, thus greatly reducing the likelihood of missing data.
Statistical analysis
This is the first rigorous study of IM and should therefore be considered as a pilot study from a statistical perspective. We will calculate the incremental area under the curve for all four study products and compare using repeated measures ANOVA to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in plasma glucose levels and in secondary outcome measure over the 120-minute period. All models will control for the possible confounding effects of sex and BMI. The presence/absence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the 24 hours following the study visit will be assessed using logistic regression models. We anticipate a low likelihood of missing data (as sufficient blood is taken for a second analysis to be performed if the first analysis fails), and our glucose values will be measured in real time. We anticipate monophasic or biphasic glucose and insulin curve responses and will use a second order interpolation method for missing data, provided that no other data is missing from the two neighbouring time points at either side of a missing data set and that the baseline and end data values are obtained. If the baseline or endpoints are missing or more than one data point within five neighbouring time points, this data set will be deemed unsuitable and will not be included in the analysis.
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Discussion
In this paper, we have suggested the clinical trial design of a dietary supplement to reduce glucose excursions without a disproportionate increase in insulin release. This pilot study will influence further work on a larger scale RCT. In this study we aim to confirm the standard dose of IminoNorm that can be consumed with food. In addition, we aim to determine the magnitude of clinical effect and to measure the frequency and intensity of any gastrointestinal side effects. Based on the results, we will aim to design a larger RCT to investigate the protective effect of ME on the development of prediabetes and diabetes in at-risk individuals or the population as a whole. The treatment effect size may be used to determine the sample size of a larger study based on similar studies on the prevention of T2DM. As mentioned previously, ME may also have a positive effect on lipid profiles, and we may decide to include further endpoints in future larger trials. Glucose-lowering agents show ethnic variations; thus, future work should include assessment in more ethnically diverse populations.
Trial status
We have now finished recruiting and most of the participants have completed all four visits.
Acknowledgements
The work has been funded by a Technology Strategy Board/Innovate UK grant.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors are funded by a Technology Strategy Board/Innovate UK grant to undertake this work with Phynova (as the applicant), and our role is solely that of researchers.
Authors’ contributions
RF, AG and GL participated in the initial design of the study. BS participated in the statistical analysis. CB is the chief investigator and contributed to the study design. HL and AF participated in the final review of the protocol, the recruitment of participants and the running of the trial at Oxford Brookes. ML contributed to the protocol and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.