Abstract
PCR-VNTRs are important markers for questions of identification, individualization, and discrimination. They already form an integral part of forensic DNA analysis. They can be subdivided into the systems of short tandem repeats (STR) with fragment lengths ranging between approx 100 and 300 bp (1-5) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AmpFLP) with fragment lengths between 350-1000 bp (6,7). Several hundred thousand STR loci are interspersed throughout the mammalian genome, and thousands have been further developed and mapped for the human genome (8,9).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Brinkmann, B. (1992) The use of STRs in stain analysis, in Proc. Third Int. Symp. Human Identification. Promega Corp., Madison, WI, 357–373.
Edwards, A., Hammond, H. A., Jin, L., Caskey, C. T., and Chakraborty, R. (1992) Genetic variation of five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomics 12, 241–253.
Urquhart, A., Oldroyd, N. J., Kimpton, C. P., and Gill, P. (1995) Highly discriminating heptaplex short tandem repeat PCR system for forensic identification. BioTechniques 18,116–121.
Möller, A., Wiegand, P., Seuchter, S. A., Baur, M. P., and Brinkmann, B. (1994) Population data and forensic efficiency values for the STR systems HumVWA, HumMBP and HumFABP. Int. J. Legal Med. 106,183–189.
Wiegand, P., Budowle, B., Rand, S., and Brinkmann, B. (1993) Forensic validation of the STR systems SE33 and TC11. Int. J. Legal Med. 105, 315–320.
Budowle, B., Chakraborty, R., Giusti, A. M., Eienberg, A. J., and Allen, R. C. (1991) Analysis of the variable number of tandem repeat locus D1S80 by the polymerase chain reaction followed by high resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48, 137–144.
Rand, S., Puers, C., Skowasch, K., Wiegand, P., Budowle, B., and Brinkmann, B. (1992) Population genetic and forensic efficiency data of 4 AmpFLPs. Int. J. Legal Med. 104, 329–333.
Tautz, D. and Rentz, M. (1984) Simple sequences are ubiquitous repetitive components of eucaryotic genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 12,4127–4138.
Weber, J. and Wong, C. (1993) Mutation of short tandem repeats. Hum. Mol. Genet. 8, 1123–1128.
Edwards, A., Civitello, A., Hammond, H. A., and Caskey, C. T. (1991) DNA typing and genetic mapping with trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeats. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49, 746–756.
Brinkmann, B. (1996) The STR approach, in Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, vol. 6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 41–51.
Brinkmann, B., Möller, A., and Wiegand, P. (1995) Structure of new mutations in 2 STR systems. Int. J. Legal Med. 107, 201–203.
Skowasch, K. and Brinkmann, B. (1992) Optimized amplification of the polymorphic system Col2A1. Int. J. Legal Med. 105, 185–187.
Sambrock, J., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.
Budowle, B. and Baechtel, F. S. (1990) Modifications to improve the effectiveness of restriction fragment length polymorphism typing. Appl. Theor. Electrophoresis 1, 181–187.
Grimberg, J., Nawoschic, S., Bellvscio, L., McKee, R., Tirck, A., and Eisenberg, A. (1989) A simple and efficient nonorganic procedure for the isolation of genomic DNA from blood. Nucleic Acids Res. 17, 8390.
Walsh, P. S., Metzger, D. A., and Higuchi, R. (1991) Chelex 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR-based typing of forensic material. BioTechniques 10, 506–513.
Hochmeister, M. N., Budowle, B., Borer, U. V., Eggmann, U., Comey, C. T., and Dirnhofer, R. (1991) Typing of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from compact bone from human remains. J. For. Sci. 36, 1649–1661.
Wiegand, P., Schürenkamp, M., and Schütte, U. (1992) DNA extraction from mixtures of body fluid using mild preferential lysis. Int. J. Legal Med. 104, 359,360.
Gill, P., Jeffreys, A. J., and Werrett, D. J. (1985) Forensic applications of DNA “fingerprints.” Nature 318, 577–579.
Wiegand P, Madeja M and Brinkmann, B. (1994) Investigations on vaginal cell/ sperm mixtures from microscopical slides, in Advances in Forensic Haemogenetics, vol. 5 (Bär, W., Fiori, A., and Rossi, U., eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 256–258.
DNA recommendations—1992 report concerning recommendations of the DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Haemogenetics relating the use of PCR-based polymorphisms. Int. J. Legal Med. 105, 63,64.
DNA recommendations—1994 report concerning further recommendations of the DNA commission of the ISFH regarding PCR-based polymorphisms in STR (short tandem repeat) systems. Int. J. Legal Med. 107, 159,160.
Möller, A. and Brinkmann, B. (1994) Locus ACTBP2 (SE33)—Sequencing data reveal considerable polymorphism. Int. J. Legal Med. 106, 262–267.
Möller, A., Meyer, E., and Brinkmann, B. (1994) Different types of structural variation in STRs: HumFES/FPS, HumVWA and HumD21S11. Int. J. Legal Med. 106, 319–323.
Alper, B., Meyer, E., Schürenkamp, M., and Brinkmann, B. (1995) HumFES/FPS and HumF13B: Turkish and German population data. Int. J. Legal Med. 108,93–95.
Puers, C., Hammond, H. A., Jin, L., Caskey, C. T., and Schumm, J. W. (1993) Identification of repeat sequence heterogeneity at the polymorphic short tandem repeat locus HUMTH01 (AATG)n and reassignment of alleles in population analysis by using a locus-specific allelic ladder. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 53, 953–958.
Puers, C., Hammond, H. A., Caskey, C. T., Lins, A. M., Sprecher, C. J., Brinkmann, B., and Schumm, J. W. (1994) Allelic ladder characterization of the short tandem repeat polymorphism located in the 5′ flanking region to the human coagulation factor XIII A subunit gene. Genomics 23, 260–264.
Barber, M. D., Piercy, R. C., Andersen, J. F., and Parkin, B. H. (1995) Structural variation of novel alleles at the HumVWA and HumFES/FPS short tandem repeat loci. Int. J. Legal Med. 108, 31–35.
Allen, R. C., Graves, G., and Budowle, B. (1989) Polymerase chain reaction amplification products separated on rehydratable polyacrylamide gels and stained with silver. Biotechniques 7, 736–744.
Schneider, H. R. and Rand, S. (1995) High-resolution vertical PAGE: an alternative electrophoretic system with multiple forensic applications. Int. J. Legal Med. 108, 276–279.
Kimpton, C. P., Gill, P., Walton, A., Urquhart, A., Millican, E. S., and Adams M. (1993) Automated DNA profiling employing multiplex amplification of short tandem repeat loci. PCR Meth. Appl. 3, 13–22.
Kimpton, C. P., Fisher, D., Watson, S., Adams, M., Urquhart, A., Lygo, J., and Gill, P. (1994) Evaluation of an automated DNA profiling system employing multiplex amplification of four tetrameric STR loci. Int. J. Legal Med. 106, 302–311.
Olaisen, B., Bar, W., Mayr, W., Lincoln, P., Carracedo, A., Brinkmann, B., Budowle, B., and Gill, P. (1997) DNA recommendations: further report of the DNA commission of the ISFH regarding the use of short tandem repeat systems. Int. J. Legal. Med., in press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Brinkmann, B. (1998). Overview of PCR-Based Systems in Identity Testing. In: Lincoln, P.J., Thomson, J. (eds) Forensic DNA Profiling Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 98. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-443-7:105
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/0-89603-443-7:105
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-0-89603-443-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-204-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols