nach oben

Sports Medicine

Erschienen in:

01.03.2010 | Review Article

Muscle Carnosine Metabolism and β-Alanine Supplementation in Relation to Exercise and Training

verfasst von: Dr Wim Derave, Inge Everaert, Sam Beeckman, Audrey Baguet

Erschienen in: Sports Medicine | Ausgabe 3/2010

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Carnosine is a dipeptide with a high concentration in mammalian skeletal muscle. It is synthesized by carnosine synthase from the amino acids L-histidine and β-alanine, of which the latter is the rate-limiting precursor, and degraded by carnosinase. Recent studies have shown that the chronic oral ingestion of β-alanine can substantially elevate (up to 80%) the carnosine content of human skeletal muscle. Interestingly, muscle carnosine loading leads to improved performance in high-intensity exercise in both untrained and trained individuals. Although carnosine is not involved in the classic adenosine triphosphate-generating metabolic pathways, this suggests an important role of the dipeptide in the homeostasis of contracting muscle cells, especially during high rates of anaerobic energy delivery. Carnosine may attenuate acidosis by acting as a pH buffer, but improved contractile performance may also be obtained by improved excitation-contraction coupling and defence against reactive oxygen species. High carnosine concentrations are found in individuals with a high proportion of fast-twitch fibres, because these fibres are enriched with the dipeptide. Muscle carnosine content is lower in women, declines with age and is probably lower in vegetarians, whose diets are deprived of β-alanine. Sprint-trained athletes display markedly high muscular carnosine, but the acute effect of several weeks of training on muscle carnosine is limited. High carnosine levels in elite sprinters are therefore either an important genetically determined talent selection criterion or a result of slow adaptation to years of training. β-alanine is rapidly developing as a popular ergogenic nutritional supplement for athletes worldwide, and the currently available scientific literature suggests that its use is evidence based. However, many aspects of the supplement, such as the potential side effects and the mechanism of action, require additional and thorough investigation by the sports science community.

Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, et al. The absorption of orally supplied beta-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids 2006; 30 (3): 279–89PubMedCrossRef

Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, et al. Influence of betaalanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids 2007; 32 (2): 225–33PubMedCrossRef

Boldyrev AA. Carnosine and oxidative stress in cells and tissues. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007

Abe H. Role of histidine-related compounds as intracellular proton buffering constituents in vertebrate muscle. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000; 65 (7): 757–65

Harris RC, Marlin DJ, Dunnett M, et al. Muscle buffering capacity and dipeptide content in the thoroughbred horse, greyhound dog and man. Compar Biochem Physiol 1990; 97 (2): 249–51CrossRef

Baumann L, Ingvaldsen T. Concerning histidine and carnosine. The synthesis of carnosine. J Biol Chem 1918; 35: 263–76

Drozak J, Veiga-da-Cunha M, Vertommen D, et al. Molecular identification of carnosine synthase as ATP-grasp domain containing protein 1 (ATPGD1). J Biol Chem Epub 2010 Jan; 22

Horinishi H, Grillo M, Margolis FL. Purification and characterization of carnosine synthetase from mouse olfactory bulbs. J Neurochem 1978; 31 (4): 909–19PubMedCrossRef

Matthews MM, Traut TW. Regulation of N-carbamoylbeta-alanine amidohydrolase, the terminal enzyme in pyrimidine catabolism, by ligand-induced change in polymerization. J Biol Chem 1987; 262 (15): 7232–7PubMed

10.

Bakardjiev A, Bauer K. Transport of beta-alanine and biosynthesis of carnosine by skeletal muscle cells in primary culture. Eur J Biochem 1994; 225 (2): 617–23PubMedCrossRef

11.

Teufel M, Saudek V, Ledig JP, et al. Sequence identification and characterization of human carnosinase and a closely related non-specific dipeptidase. J Biol Chem 2003; 278 (8): 6521–31PubMedCrossRef

12.

Sauerhofer S, Yuan G, Braun GS, et al. L-Carnosine, a substrate of carnosinase-1, influences glucose metabolism. Diabetes 2007; 56 (10): 2425–32PubMedCrossRef

13.

Harding J, Margolis FL. Denervation in the primary olfactory pathway of mice: III, effect on enzymes of carnosine metabolism. Brain Res 1976; 110 (2): 351–60PubMedCrossRef

14.

Otani H, Okumura N, Hashida-Okumura A, et al. Identification and characterization of a mouse dipeptidase that hydrolyzes L-carnosine. J Biochem 2005; 137 (2): 167–75PubMedCrossRef

15.

Baguet A, Reyngoudt H, Pottier A, et al. Carnosine loading and washout in human skeletal muscles. J Appl Physiol 2009; 106 (3): 837–42PubMedCrossRef

16.

Jappar D, Hu Y, Keep RF, et al. Transport mechanisms of carnosine in SKPT cells: contribution of apical and basolateral membrane transporters. Pharm Res 2009; 26 (1): 172–81PubMedCrossRef

17.

Bakardjiev A, Bauer K. Biosynthesis, release, and uptake of carnosine in primary cultures. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000; 65 (7): 779–82

18.

Bhardwaj RK, Herrera-Ruiz D, Eltoukhy N, et al. The functional evaluation of human peptide/histidine transporter 1 (hPHT1) in transiently transfected COS-7 cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2006; 27 (5): 533–42PubMedCrossRef

19.

Kamal MA, Jiang H, Hu Y, et al. Influence of genetic knockout of Pept2 on the in vivo disposition of endogenous and exogenous carnosine in wild-type and Pept2 null mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296 (4): R986–91CrossRef

20.

Nagai K, Niijima A, Yamano T, et al. Possible role of L-carnosine in the regulation of blood glucose through controlling autonomic nerves. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228 (10): 1138–45

21.

Nordsborg N, Mohr M, Pedersen LD, et al. Muscle interstitial potassium kinetics during intense exhaustive exercise: effect of previous arm exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285 (1): R143–8

22.

Dunnett M, Harris RC, Dunnett CE, et al. Plasma carnosine concentration: diurnal variation and effects of age, exercise and muscle damage. Equine Vet J Suppl 2002 (34): 283–7PubMedCrossRef

23.

Gutierrez A, Anderstam B, Alvestrand A. Amino acid concentration in the interstitium of human skeletal muscle: a microdialysis study. Eur J Clin Invest 1999; 29 (11): 947–52PubMedCrossRef

24.

Dupin AM, Stvolinskii SL. Changes in carnosine levels in muscles working in different regimens of stimulation. Biokhimiia 1986; 51 (1): 160–4PubMed

25.

Gardner ML, Illingworth KM, Kelleher J, et al. Intestinal absorption of the intact peptide carnosine in man, and comparison with intestinal permeability to lactulose. J Physiol 1991; 439: 411–22PubMed

26.

Araujo EC, Suen VM, Marchini JS, et al. Muscle mass gain observed in patients with short bowel syndrome subjected to resistance training. Nutr Res 2008; 28 (2): 78–82PubMedCrossRef

27.

Ririe DG, Roberts PR, Shouse MN, et al. Vasodilatory actions of the dietary peptide carnosine. Nutrition 2000; 16 (3): 168–72PubMedCrossRef

28.

O’Dowd A, O’Dowd JJ, Miller DJ. The dipeptide carnosine constricts rabbit saphenous vein as a zinc complex apparently via a serotonergic receptor. J Physiol 1996; 495 (Pt2): 535–43PubMed

29.

Tanida M, Niijima A, Fukuda Y, et al. Dose-dependent effects of L-carnosine on the renal sympathetic nerve and blood pressure in urethane-anesthetized rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2005; 288 (2): R447–55CrossRef

30.

Shen J, Yao JF, Tanida M, et al. Regulation of sympathetic nerve activity by L-carnosine in mammalian white adipose tissue. Neurosci Lett 2008; 441 (1): 100–4PubMedCrossRef

31.

Yamano T, Niijima A, Iimori S, et al. Effect of L-carnosine on the hyperglycemia caused by intracranial injection of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in rats. Neurosci Lett 2001; 313 (1-2): 78–82PubMedCrossRef

32.

Shen Y, Hu WW, Fan YY, et al. Carnosine protects against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in differentiated rat PC12 cells through carnosine-histidine-histamine pathway and H (1)/H (3) receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2007 Mar 1; 73 (5): 709–17PubMedCrossRef

33.

Janssen B, Hohenadel D, Brinkkoetter P, et al. Carnosine as a protective factor in diabetic nephropathy: association with a leucine repeat of the carnosinase gene CNDP1. Diabetes 2005; 54 (8): 2320–7PubMedCrossRef

34.

Hipkiss AR. Glycation, ageing and carnosine: are carnivorous diets beneficial? Mech Ageing Dev 2005; 126 (10): 1034–9PubMedCrossRef

35.

Goodall MC. Carnosine phosphates as phosphate donor in muscular contraction. Nature 1956; 178 (4532): 539–40PubMedCrossRef

36.

Cain DF, Delluva AM, Davies RE. Carnosine phosphate as phosphate donor in muscular contraction. Nature 1958; 182 (4637): 720–1PubMedCrossRef

37.

Ellington WR. Evolution and physiological roles of phosphagen systems. Annu Rev Physiol 2001; 63: 289–325PubMedCrossRef

38.

Cain DF, Infante AA, Davies RE. Chemistry of muscle contraction: adenosine triphosphate and phosphorylcreatine as energy supplies for single contractions of working muscle. Nature 1962; 196: 214–7PubMedCrossRef

39.

Davey CL. The significance of carnosine and anserine in striated skeletal muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 1960; 89: 303–8PubMedCrossRef

40.

Skulachev VP. Membrane-linked energy buffering as the biological function of Na+/K+ gradient. FEBS Lett 1978; 87 (2): 171–9PubMedCrossRef

41.

Kohen R, Yamamoto Y, Cundy KC, et al. Antioxidant activity of carnosine, homocarnosine, and anserine present in muscle and brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85 (9): 3175–9PubMedCrossRef

42.

Pavlov AR, Revina AA, Dupin AM, et al. The mechanism of interaction of carnosine with superoxide radicals in water solutions. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1157 (3): 304–12PubMedCrossRef

43.

Boldyrev A, Bulygina E, Leinsoo T, et al. Protection of neuronal cells against reactive oxygen species by carnosine and related compounds. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 137 (1): 81–8PubMedCrossRef

44.

Boldyrev AA, Yuneva MO, Sorokina EV, et al. Antioxidant systems in tissues of senescence accelerated mice. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2001; 66 (10): 1157–63CrossRef

45.

Trombley PQ, Horning MS, Blakemore LJ. Interactions between carnosine and zinc and copper: implications for neuromodulation and neuroprotection. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000; 65 (7): 807–16

46.

Hipkiss AR, Michaelis J, Syrris P. Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the dipeptide L-carnosine, a potential antiprotein-cross-linking agent. FEBS Lett 1995; 371 (1): 81–5PubMedCrossRef

47.

Quinn PJ, Boldyrev AA, Formazuyk VE. Carnosine: its properties, functions and potential therapeutic applications. Mol Aspects Med 1992; 13 (5): 379–444PubMedCrossRef

48.

Gallant S, Semyonova M, Yuneva M. Carnosine as a potential anti-senescence drug. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000; 65 (7): 866–8

49.

Temperini C, Scozzafava A, Puccetti L, et al. Carbonic anhydrase activators: x-ray crystal structure of the adduct of human isozyme II with L-histidine as a platform for the design of stronger activators. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15 (23): 5136–41PubMedCrossRef

50.

Nakagawa K, Ueno A, Nishikawa Y. Interactions between carnosine and captopril on free radical scavenging activity and angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in vitro. Yakugaku Zasshi 2006; 126 (1): 37–42PubMedCrossRef

51.

Begum G, Cunliffe A, Leveritt M. Physiological role of carnosine in contracting muscle. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2005; 15 (5): 493–514PubMed

52.

Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Bertani MF, et al. Reaction of carnosine with aged proteins: another protective process? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 959: 285–94PubMedCrossRef

53.

Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris RC, et al. Beta-alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103 (5): 1736–43PubMedCrossRef

54.

Dunnett M, Harris RC. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of imidazole dipeptides, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres. J Chromatogr B 1997; 688 (1): 47–5555CrossRef

55.

O’Dowd JJ, Robins DJ, Miller DJ. Detection, characterisation, and quantification of carnosine and other histidyl derivatives in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 967 (2): 241–9PubMedCrossRef

56.

Ozdemir MS, Reyngoudt H, De DY, et al. Absolute quantification of carnosine in human calf muscle by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Phys Med Biol 2007; 52 (23): 6781–94PubMedCrossRef

57.

Pan JW, Hamm JR, Rothman DL, et al. Intracellular pH in human skeletal muscle by 1H NMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988; 85 (21): 7836–9PubMedCrossRef

58.

Harris RC, Dunnett M, Greenhaff PL. Carnosine and taurine contents in individual fibres of human vastus lateralis muscle. J Sports Sci 1998; 16 (7): 639–43CrossRef

59.

Kendrick IP, Kim HJ, Harris RC, et al. The effect of 4 weeks beta-alanine supplementation and isokinetic training on carnosine concentrations in type I and II human skeletal muscle fibres. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 106 (1): 131–8PubMedCrossRef

60.

Dunnett M, Harris RC, Soliman MZ, et al. Carnosine, anserine and taurine contents in individual fibres from the middle gluteal muscle of the camel. Res Vet Sci 1997; 62 (3): 213–6PubMedCrossRef

61.

Dunnett M, Harris RC. Carnosine and taurine contents of different fibre types in the middle gluteal muscle of the thoroughbred horse. Equine Vet J (Suppl.) 1995; 18: 214–7

62.

Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Dunnett M, et al. Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadriceps femoris muscle of healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 1992; 64 (1): 47–50CrossRef

63.

Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Willan PL. Skeletal muscle buffer value, fibre type distribution and high intensity exercise performance in man. Exp Physiol 1995; 80 (1): 89–101PubMed

64.

Simoneau JA, Bouchard C. Human variation in skeletal muscle fiber-type proportion and enzyme activities. Am J Physiol 1989; 257 (4Pt1): E567–72

65.

Komi PV, Karlsson J. Skeletal muscle fibre types, enzyme activities and physical performance in young males and females. Acta Physiol Scand 1978; 103 (2): 210–8PubMedCrossRef

66.

Penafiel R, Ruzafa C, Monserrat F, et al. Gender-related differences in carnosine, anserine and lysine content of murine skeletal muscle. Amino Acids 2004; 26 (1): 53–8PubMedCrossRef

67.

Marlin DJ, Harris RC, Gash SP, et al. Carnosine content of the middle gluteal muscle in thoroughbred horses with relation to age, sex and training. Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol 1989; 93 (3): 629–32PubMedCrossRef

68.

Johnson P, Hammer JL. Histidine dipeptide levels in ageing and hypertensive rat skeletal and cardiac muscles. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1992; 103 (4): 981–4PubMedCrossRef

69.

Derave W, Jones G, Hespel P, et al. Creatine supplementation augments skeletal muscle carnosine content in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8). Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11 (3): 641–7PubMedCrossRef

70.

Tallon MJ, Harris RC, Maffulli N, et al. Carnosine, taurine and enzyme activities of human skeletal muscle fibres from elderly subjects with osteoarthritis and young moderately active subjects. Biogerontology 2007; 8 (2): 129–37PubMedCrossRef

71.

Stuerenburg HJ. The roles of carnosine in aging of skeletal muscle and in neuromuscular diseases. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000; 65 (7): 862–5

72.

Kim HJ. Comparison of the carnosine and taurine contents of vastus lateralis of elderly Korean males, with impaired glucose tolerance, and young elite Korean swimmers. Amino Acids 2009; 36 (2): 359–63PubMedCrossRef

73.

Tallon MJ, Harris RC, Boobis LH, et al. The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance-trained bodybuilders. J Strength Cond Res 2005; 19 (4): 725–9PubMed

74.

Parkhouse WS, McKenzie DC, Hochachka PW, et al. Buffering capacity of deproteinized human vastus lateralis muscle. J Appl Physiol 1985; 58 (1): 14–7PubMed

75.

Kendrick IP, Harris RC, Kim HJ, et al. The effects of 10 weeks of resistance training combined with beta-alanine supplementation on whole body strength, force production, muscular endurance and body composition. Amino Acids 2008; 34 (4): 547–54PubMedCrossRef

76.

Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Willan PL. Effects of isokinetic training of the knee extensors on high-intensity exercise performance and skeletal muscle buffering. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1994; 68 (4): 356–61PubMedCrossRef

77.

Suzuki Y, Ito O, Takahashi H, et al. The effect of sprint training on skeletal muscle carnosine in humans. Int J Sport Health Sci 2004; 2: 105–10CrossRef

78.

Hirakoba K. Buffering capacity in human skeletal muscle: a brief review. Bulletin of the Faculty of Computer Science and Systems Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology (Human Sciences) 1999; 12: 1–21

79.

Edge J, Bishop D, Goodman C. Effects of chronic NaHCO3 ingestion during interval training on changes to muscle buffer capacity, metabolism, and short-term endurance performance. J Appl Physiol 2006; 101 (3): 918–25PubMedCrossRef

80.

Park YJ, Volpe SL, Decker EA. Quantitation of carnosine in humans plasma after dietary consumption of beef. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53 (12): 4736–9PubMedCrossRef

81.

Dunnett M, Harris RC. Influence of oral b-alanine and histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius. Equine Vet J (Suppl.) 1999; 30: 499–504

82.

Tamaki N, Tsunemori F, Wakabayashi M, et al. Effect of histidine-free and -excess diets on anserine and carnosine contents in rat gastrocnemius muscle. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1977; 23 (4): 331–40CrossRef

83.

Harris RC, Jones G, Hill CA, et al. The carnosine content of V lateralis in vegetarians and omnivores [abstract]. FASEB J 2007; 21 (6): A944

84.

Sato M, Karasawa N, Shimizu M, et al. Safety evaluation of chicken breast extract containing carnosine and anserine. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46 (2): 480–9PubMedCrossRef

85.

Suzuki Y, Nakao T, Maemura H, et al. Carnosine and anserine ingestion enhances contribution of nonbicarbonate buffering. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38 (2): 334–8PubMed

86.

Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, et al. The effect of betaalanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on muscle composition and exercise performance [abstract]. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37 (5): S348

87.

Crozier RA, Ajit SK, Kaftan EJ, et al. MrgD activation inhibits KCNQ/M-currents and contributes to enhanced neuronal excitability. J Neurosci 2007; 27 (16): 4492–6PubMedCrossRef

88.

Harris RC, Jones G, Wise JA. The plasma concentration-time profile of beta-alanine using a controlled-release formulation (Carnosyn®) [abstract]. FASEB J 2008; 22: 701

89.

Parkhouse WS, McKenzie DC. Possible contribution of skeletal muscle buffers to enhanced anaerobic performance: a brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984; 16 (4): 328–38PubMed

90.

Suzuki Y, Ito O, Mukai N, et al. High level of skeletal muscle carnosine contributes to the latter half of exercise performance during 30-s maximal cycle ergometer sprinting. Jpn J Physiol 2002; 52 (2): 199–205PubMedCrossRef

91.

Ponte J, Harris RC, Hill CA, et al. Effect of 14 and 28 days β-alanine supplementation on isometric endurance of the knee extensors (abstract). J Sports Sci 2006; 25: 344

92.

Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, et al. Effects of betaalanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women. Amino Acids 2007; 32 (3): 381–6PubMedCrossRef

93.

Stout JR, Graves BS, Smith AE, et al. The effect of betaalanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 years): a double-blind randomized study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2008; 5: 21PubMedCrossRef

94.

Van Thienen R, Van Proeyen K, Van den Eynde B, et al. Beta-alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 898–903PubMedCrossRef

95.

Boldyrev AA, Petukhov VB. Localization of carnosine effect on the fatigued muscle preparation. Gen Pharmacol 1978; 9 (1): 17–20PubMedCrossRef

96.

Severin SE, Kirzon MV, Kaftanova TM. Effect of carnosine and anserine on action of isolated frog muscles [in Russian]. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 1953; 91 (3): 691–4PubMed

97.

Baguet A, Koppo K, Pottier A, et al. Beta-alanine supplementation reduces acidosis but not oxygen uptake response during high-intensity cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 108 (3): 495–503PubMedCrossRef

98.

Lamb GD, Stephenson DG, Bangsbo J, et al. Point/counterpoint: lactic acid accumulation is an advantage/disadvantage during muscle activity. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 1410–4PubMedCrossRef

99.

Linderman JK, Gosselink KL. The effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on exercise performance. Sports Med 1994; 18 (2): 75–80PubMedCrossRef

100.

Hultman E, Sahlin K. Acid-base balance during exercise. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1980; 8: 41–128PubMed

101.

Eberstein A, Sandow A. Fatigue in phasic and tonic fibers of frog muscle. Science 1961; 134: 383–4PubMedCrossRef

102.

Rubtsov AM. Molecular mechanisms of regulation of the activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-release channels (ryanodine receptors), muscle fatigue, and Severin’s phenomenon. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2001; 66 (10): 1132–43CrossRef

103.

Batrukova MA, Rubtsov AM, Boldyrev AA. Effect of carnosine on Ca2+-release channels of skeletal-muscle sarcoplasmicreticulum. Biochemistry (Mosc) 1992; 57 (6): 619–23

104.

Batrukova MA, Rubtsov AM. Histidine-containing dipeptides as endogenous regulators of the activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-release channels. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1324 (1): 142–50PubMedCrossRef

105.

Dutka TL, Lamb GD. Effect of carnosine on excitationcontraction coupling in mechanically-skinned rat skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2004; 25 (3): 203–13PubMedCrossRef

106.

Lamont C, Miller DJ. Calcium sensitizing action of carnosine and other endogenous imidazoles in chemically skinned striated muscle. J Physiol 1992; 454: 421–34PubMed

107.

Mishima T, Yamada T, Sakamoto M, et al. Chicken breast attenuates high-intensity-exercise-induced decrease in rat sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2008; 18 (4): 399–411PubMed

108.

Reid MB. Free radicals and muscle fatigue: of ROS, canaries, and the IOC. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44 (2): 169–79PubMedCrossRef

109.

Antonini FM, Petruzzi E, Pinzani P, et al. The meat in the diet of aged subjects and the antioxidant effects of carnosine. Arch Gerontol Geriatr Suppl 2002; 8: 7–14PubMedCrossRef

110.

Moopanar TR, Allen DG. Reactive oxygen species reduce myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity in fatiguing mouse skeletal muscle at 37 degrees C. J Physiol 2005; 564 (Pt1): 189–99PubMedCrossRef

111.

Tipton KD, Jeukendrup AE, Hespel P. Nutrition for the sprinter. J Sports Sci 2007; 25 Suppl. 1: 5–15CrossRef

112.

Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, et al. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men: a double-blind trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2009; 6: 5PubMedCrossRef

113.

Hoffman J, Ratamess N, Kang J, et al. Effect of creatine and beta-alanine supplementation on performance and endocrine responses in strength/power athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2006; 16 (4): 430–46PubMed

114.

Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, et al. Shortduration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players. Nutr Res 2008; 28 (1): 31–5PubMedCrossRef

115.

Harris RC, Söderlund K, Hultman E. Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin Sci 1992; 83: 367–74PubMed

116.

Robinson TM, Sewell DA, Hultman E, et al. Role of submaximal exercise in promoting creatine and glycogen accumulation in human skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87 (2): 598–604PubMed

117.

Derave W, Eijnde BO, Hespel P. Creatine supplementation in health and disease: what is the evidence for long-term efficacy? Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 244 (1-2): 49–55PubMedCrossRef

118.

Clarkson PM. Nutrition for improved sports performance: current issues on ergogenic aids. Sports Med 1996; 21 (6): 393–401PubMedCrossRef

119.

Bishop D, Edge J, Davis C, et al. Induced metabolic alkalosis affects muscle metabolism and repeated-sprint ability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36 (5): 807–13PubMed

Titel: Muscle Carnosine Metabolism and β-Alanine Supplementation in Relation to Exercise and Training
verfasst von: Dr Wim Derave
Inge Everaert
Sam Beeckman
Audrey Baguet
Publikationsdatum: 01.03.2010
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in: Sports Medicine / Ausgabe 3/2010
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2165/11530310-000000000-00000

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen.
» Jetzt entdecken

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Knie-TEP: Kein Vorteil durch antibiotikahaltigen Knochenzement

29.05.2024 Periprothetische Infektionen Nachrichten

Zur Zementierung einer Knie-TEP wird in Deutschland zu über 98% Knochenzement verwendet, der mit einem Antibiotikum beladen ist. Ob er wirklich besser ist als Zement ohne Antibiotikum, kann laut Registerdaten bezweifelt werden.

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

28.05.2024 Häusliche Gewalt Nachrichten

In der Notaufnahme wird die Chance, Opfer von häuslicher Gewalt zu identifizieren, von Orthopäden und Orthopädinnen offenbar zu wenig genutzt. Darauf deuten die Ergebnisse einer Fragebogenstudie an der Sahlgrenska-Universität in Schweden hin.

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

28.05.2024 Fehlerkultur Podcast

Darüber reden und aus Fehlern lernen, sollte das Motto in der Medizin lauten. Und zwar nicht nur im Sinne der Patientensicherheit. Eine negative Fehlerkultur kann auch die Behandelnden ernsthaft krank machen, warnt Prof. Dr. Reinhard Strametz. Ein Plädoyer und ein Leitfaden für den offenen Umgang mit kritischen Ereignissen in Medizin und Pflege.

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

21.05.2024 Allgemeine Chirurgie Nachrichten

Ein Frauenanteil von mindestens einem Drittel im ärztlichen Op.-Team war in einer großen retrospektiven Studie aus Kanada mit einer signifikanten Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität assoziiert.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Muscle Carnosine Metabolism and β-Alanine Supplementation in Relation to Exercise and Training

Abstract

Arthropedia

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Knie-TEP: Kein Vorteil durch antibiotikahaltigen Knochenzement

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Live-Webinar "Urologie und Sexualmedizin in der Praxis"

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu diesem Inhalt zu erhalten

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2010

Alterations in Central Fatigue by Pharmacological Manipulations of Neurotransmitters in Normal and High Ambient Temperature

The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Exercise Metabolism

Is it Time to Retire the ‘Central Governor’? A Philosophical and Evolutionary Perspective

New Horizons for the Methodology and Physiology of Training Periodization

The Author’s Reply

Measuring Deficits in Visually Guided Action Post-Concussion

Arthropedia

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Knie-TEP: Kein Vorteil durch antibiotikahaltigen Knochenzement

Häusliche Gewalt in der orthopädischen Notaufnahme oft nicht erkannt

Fehlerkultur in der Medizin – Offenheit zählt!

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie