Introduction
Methods
Participants
Biochemical analyses and genotyping
Mental health
Covariates
Statistical analyses
Results
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
<36.7 | 36.7–53.4 | 53.4–71.7 | 71.7> | ||
N
a
| 711 | 718 | 712 | 716 | |
25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 26 ± 7 | 45 ± 5 | 62 ± 5 | 89 ± 15 | <0.0001 |
Sex, number of men (%) | 306 (43) | 365 (51) | 383 (54) | 374 (52) | 0.0002 |
Age, years | 76.1 ± 7.4 | 73.7 ± 6.3 | 73.7 ± 6.1 | 72.7 ± 5.7 | <0.0001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.7 ± 4.6 | 27.3 ± 3.9 | 27.3 ± 3.7 | 26.3 ± 3.5 | <0.0001 |
Smoking status [n (%)] | 0.02 | ||||
Non-smoker | 266 (37) | 240 (33) | 232 (33) | 231 (32) | |
Smoker | 83 (12) | 72 (10) | 66 (9) | 56 (8) | |
Former smoker | 362 (51) | 406 (57) | 414 (58) | 429 (60) | |
Physical activity (kcal/day) | 544 ± 385 | 681 ± 504 | 679 ± 539 | 693 ± 451 | <0.0001 |
Educational level [n (%)] | 0.07 | ||||
Primary education | 393 (55) | 309 (54) | 386 (54) | 347 (48) | |
Secondary education | 142 (20) | 151 (21) | 155 (22) | 152 (21) | |
Higher education | 176 (25) | 177 (25) | 171 (24) | 217 (31) | |
Alcohol intake | 0.001 | ||||
Light | 512 (72) | 509 (71) | 446 (63) | 456 (64) | |
Moderate | 168 (24) | 188 (26) | 239 (34) | 228 (32) | |
Excessive | 29 (4) | 21 (3) | 27 (3) | 32 (4) | |
GDS baseline | 1 (3) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | <0.0001 |
(% GDS score ≥ 5) | (11) | (5) | (6) | (6) | |
GDS follow-up | 1 (3) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | <0.0001 |
(% GDS score ≥5) | (11) | (5) | (9) | (7) | |
Diabetes [n (%)] | 79 (14) | 55 (10) | 54 (10) | 43 (8) | 0.01 |
Hypertension [n (%)] | 233 (41) | 232 (41) | 203 (37) | 195 (37) | 0.25 |
TIA/stroke [n (%)] | 74 (13) | 33 (6) | 42 (8) | 44 (8) | 0.0002 |
Cardiac disease [n (%)] | 166 (29) | 138 (25) | 130 (24) | 123 (23) | 0.08 |
Blood sampling in summer [n (%)] | 224 (32) | 324 (45) | 429 (60) | 524 (73) | <0.0001 |
Assigned to B12 and folic acid supplementation [n (%)] | 372 (52) | 359 (50) | 329 (46) | 373 (52) | 0.07 |
TaqI/BsmI (n = 2555) | 0.75 | ||||
0 affected alleles [n (%)] | 108 (18) | 113 (18) | 110 (17) | 127 (20) | |
1 affected alleles [n (%)] | 285 (48) | 315 (49) | 316 (49) | 318 (49) | |
2 affected alleles [n (%)] | 206 (34) | 211 (33) | 173 (34) | 198 (31) | |
ApaI (n = 2555) | 0.55 | ||||
0 affected alleles [n (%)] | 137 (23) | 141 (22) | 155 (24) | 134 (21) | |
1 affected alleles [n (%)] | 299 (50) | 328 (51) | 302 (46) | 316 (49) | |
2 affected alleles [n (%)] | 163 (27) | 170 (27) | 192 (30) | 193 (30) | |
Cdx2 (n = 2555) | 0.99 | ||||
0 affected alleles [n (%)] | 21 (4) | 23 (4) | 25 (4) | 25 (4) | |
1 affected alleles [n (%)] | 180 (30) | 201 (31) | 193 (30) | 200 (31) | |
2 affected alleles [n (%)] | 398 (66) | 415 (65) | 431 (66) | 418 (65) | |
DHCR7 (n = 2555) | 0.004 | ||||
0 affected alleles [n (%)] | 50 (8) | 59 (9) | 49 (7) | 37 (6) | |
1 affected alleles [n (%)] | 261 (44) | 252 (40) | 232 (36) | 233 (36) | |
2 affected alleles [n (%)] | 288 (48) | 328 (51) | 368 (57) | 373 (58) | |
CYP2R1 (n = 2555) | 0.01 | ||||
0 affected alleles [n (%)] | 112 (19) | 97 (15) | 98 (15) | 116 (18) | |
1 affected alleles [n (%)] | 251 (42) | 307 (48) | 337 (52) | 318 (49) | |
2 affected alleles [n (%)] | 236 (39) | 235 (37) | 214 (33) | 209 (33) | |
CYP24A1 (n = 2555) | 0.06 | ||||
0 affected alleles [n (%)] | 35 (6) | 25 (4) | 25 (4) | 25 (4) | |
1 affected alleles [n (%)] | 218 (36) | 198 (31) | 226 (35) | 199 (31) | |
2 affected alleles [n (%)] | 346 (58) | 416 (65) | 398 (61) | 419 (65) | |
GC (n = 2555) | <0.0001 | ||||
0 affected alleles [n (%)] | 75 (13) | 62 (10) | 55 (8) | 20 (3) | |
1 affected alleles [n (%)] | 234 (39) | 278 (43) | 252 (39) | 215 (33) | |
2 affected alleles [n (%)] | 290 (48) | 299 (47) | 342 (53) | 408 (64) |
Serum 25(OH)D, vitamin D-related genetic make-up, and score of depressive symptoms
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
P for trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D status (nmol/L) | <36.7 | 36.7–53.3 | 53.4–71.7 | >71.7 | |
Baseline, n
| 704 | 714 | 709 | 712 | |
Crude model (n = 2839) | 1.0 | 0.69 (0.60–0.79)
P < 0.0001 | 0.69 (0.61–0.79)
P < 0.0001 | 0.68 (0.60–0.78)
P < 0.0001 |
P < 0.0001 |
Model 1 (n = 2839) | 1.0 | 0.76 (0.66–0.87)
P < 0.0001 | 0.77 (0.67–0.88)
P = 0.0001 | 0.78 (0.68–0.90)
P = 0.0007 |
P < 0.0001 |
Model 2 (n = 2822) | 1.0 | 0.78 (0.68–0.89)
P = 0.0003 | 0.79 (0.68–0.90)
P = 0.0007 | 0.82 (0.71–0.95)
P = 0.01 |
P < 0.0001 |
Model 3 (n = 2183) | 1.0 | 0.71 (0.61–0.83)
P < 0.0001 | 0.73 (0.62–0.86)
P < 0.0001 | 0.83 (0.70–0.98)
P = 0.03 |
P = 0.0001 |
Follow-up, n
| 610 | 639 | 635 | 660 | |
Crude model (n = 2544) | 1.0 | 0.66 (0.58–0.76)
P < 0.0001 | 0.74 (0.64–0.85)
P < 0.0001 | 0.68 (0.59–0.78)
P < 0.0001 |
P < 0.0001 |
Model 1 (n = 2544) | 1.0 | 0.72 (0.64–0.84)
P < 0.0001 | 0.82 (0.71–0.95)
P = 0.007 | 0.78 (0.67–0.90)
P = 0.0005 |
P < 0.0001 |
Model 2 (n = 2531)a
| 1.0 | 0.74 (0.64–0.84)
P < 0.0001 | 0.82 (0.70–0.95)
P = 0.007 | 0.79 (0.68–0.92)
P = 0.002 |
P < 0.0001 |
Model 3 (n = 1996)a
| 1.0 | 0.68 (0.59–0.79) | 0.78 (0.66–0.93) | 0.76 (0.64–0.90) |
P < 0.0001 |
Depressive symptoms: is there an interplay between serum 25(OH)D and diabetes?
25(OH)D status (nmol/L) |
n
|
Q1 |
Q2 |
Q3 |
Q4 |
P for trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4.1–36.7 | 36.7–53.4 | 53.4–71.7 | 71.7–193.6 | |||
Diabetes, n (cases) | 569 (79) | 560 (55) | 543 (54) | 536 (43) | ||
Crude model | 2208 | 1.0 | 0.71 (0.51–0.98) | 0.72 (0.52–0.99) | 0.58 (0.41–0.82) | 0.003 |
Model 1 | 2208 | 1.0 | 0.68 (0.49–0.95) | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) | 0.56 (0.39–0.80) | 0.002 |
Model 2 | 2191 | 1.0 | 0.80 (0.57–1.11) | 0.81 (0.57–1.16) | 0.77 (0.52–1.14) | 0.20 |
Self-report diabetes | ||
---|---|---|
No (n = 2024) | Yes (n = 231) | |
Crude model | 1.0 | 1.22 (1.04–1.43) |
Model 1 | 1.0 | 1.25 (1.07–1.46) |
Model 2 | 1.0 | 1.17 (1.00–1.38) |