Introduction
Methods
Data Sources and Search Strategy
Study Selection and Eligibility Criteria
Full-Text Screening and Data Extraction
Methodological Quality Assessment of Individual Studies
General characteristics | Personal characteristics | Injury characteristics | Experimental design | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author, Year of Publication | Country | Study design | Population size (intervention, control) | Health status | Mean age ± SD | Number (%) of men | Injury level and completeness | Injury duration (years) | Intervention duration | Intervention type | Control type | Level of evidence |
Allison et al. 2019 (87) Allison et al. 2015 (65) Allison et al. 2017a (54) Allison et al. 2017b (41) | Canada | RCT | 20 (12, 8) | Individuals experiencing unstable medical condition within 2 weeks before intervention were excluded | 48.7 ± 13.9 | 10 (50%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C/D | 13.10 ± 10.56 | 12 weeks | The anti-inflammatory diet which involved elimination of foods associated with common food intolerances and those that may increase inflammation. Daily supplements like Omega-3, Chlorella, Antioxidants, etc. were also provided | Habitual diet/no intervention | 2 |
Aminmansour et al, 2016 (52) | Iran | RCT | 64 (32, 32) | Involvement of the nerve roots, cauda equina only, gunshot wounds, life-threatening morbidity were excluded | 43 ± 14 | 34 (53.1%) | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, AIS NA | Acute injury | 24 weeks | Intramuscular injection of progesterone 0.5 mg/kg twice a day for 5 days in addition to oral vitamin D (5 µg/kg twice a day for 5 days on admission) + Standard treatment with methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg intravenously as bolus dose and 15 mg/kg each 3 hours till 24 hours) | Placebo + Standard treatment with methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg intravenously as bolus dose and 15 mg/kg each 3 hours till 24 hours) | 1 |
Amorim et al, 2018 (46) | Portugal | RCT, pilot | 14 (10, 4) | NA | 47 ± 10.6 | 13 (92.9%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS NA | 3.92 ± 0.87 | 12 weeks | Creatine (n=5), vitamin D (n=5) plus progressive resistance training with four different type of exercises aiming to strengthen the upper body | Placebo and progressive resistance training with four different type of exercises aiming to strengthen the upper body | 2 |
Bauman et al, 2005 (51) | USA | RCT | 40 (19, 20) | NA | 43 ± 13 | 39 (97.5%) | Cervical, thoracic, AIS A/B | 12 ± 10 | 24 months | 1α-D21 (4 µg/day) (Bone Care International, Madison, WI). Calcium (1.3 g/d) and vitamin D (800 IU/d; 20 µg/d) | Placebo containing calcium (1.3 g/d) and vitamin D (800 IU/d; 20 µg/d) | 2 |
Brewer et al, 2010 (88) | Australia | NRCT | 35 (18, 17) | NA | 51.1 ± 3.4 | 34 (97.1%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS NA | 23.32 ± 2.8 | Until full wound healing occurred | Consumption the equivalent of two sachets of a commercially available arginine-containing powder (Arginaid, Nestlé Nutrition, Minneapolis, MN, US) per day. Each sachet of 9.2g containing 4.5g of arginine, 4g of carbohydrate, 155mg of Vitamin C and 60mg of vitamin E. | Historical control group (as assessed by medical history audit) – no intervention fruit, and vegetable) in order from high energy concentration | 3 |
Chen et al., 2006 (89) | USA | Pre-post study | 16 (16, no control) | Overweight or obese | 43.8 (21.0–66.0) | 9 (56%) | Cervical and thoracic, ASIA A/C/D | 17.5 (1.7–60.3) | 24 weeks | 1200 kcal for women and 1400 for men within number of servings from five food groups (fat, meat/dairy, starch, to low energy concentration. 90-min education class once a week for 12 weeks. 30-min exercise session from week 6. | NA | 4 |
Dolbow et al, 2021 (90) | USA | NRCT – pilot study | 13 After drop out: 10 (5, 5) | NA | 38 ± 11.5 | 3 (30%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS NA | 11.7 ± 7 | 8 weeks | RG-HIIT-FES cycling program (Resistance-guided (RG) HIIT2 into FES3 cycling) - 30 min 3 times per week and nutritional counselling - 30 min once per week (22.7 or 27.9 kcal/kg of body weight, 0.8–1.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day, and 1 milliliter of fluid per kilogram of body weight plus 500 milliliters per day). | Nutritional counselling (22.7 or 27.9 kcal/kg of body weight, 0.8–1.0 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day, and 1 milliliter of fluid per kilogram of body weight plus 500 milliliters per day). | 3 |
Gorgey et al., 2012 (42) | USA | RCT, parallel | 9 (5, 4) | Otherwise healthy | 35 ± 9 | 9 (100%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B | 8 ± 10 | 12 weeks | Resistance Training (leg extensions using surface Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) and ankle weights) and diet (45% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 25% protein) | Diet alone (45% carbohydrate, 30% fat, and 25% protein) | 2 |
Hess et al., 2008 (59) | USA | RCT, crossover | 57 started 47 completed study | NA | 53 years (range: 28–79) | 47 (100%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C | Chornic injury, (mean value NA) | 24 weeks (crossover without washout time) | Cranberry extract tablet (500mg) twice per day | Placebo | 2 |
Jacobs et al., 2002 (49) | USA | RCT, crossover | 16 (8, 8) | NA | 35.3 ± 8.6 | 16 (100%) | Cervical, AIS A/B | 7.75 ± 6.5 | 7 days (a 21-day washout period in between) | 20g/d of creatine monohydrate supplement powder (1 teaspoon of the respective supplement with 8 ounces of water, 4 times daily) | Placebo | 2 |
Javidan et al., 2014 (53) | Iran | RCT | 104 (54, 50) | No history of diabetes, cancer, endocrinology disease, acute infection, etc. | 52.7 ± 12.6 | 85 (81.7%) | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, AIS NA | 9.2 ± 6.3 | 14 months | MorDHA capsules (435 mg of docosahexaenoic acid and 65 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid) per day. No specific advices on food intake were given to patients and no diet modification was made through the study. | Two placebo capsules - twice daily No specific advices on food intake were given to patients and no diet modification was made by us through the study. | 1 |
Javierre et al., 2005 (91) | Spain | Pre-post study | 19 (19, no control) | NA | NA | 19 (100%) | Cervical and thoracic, ASIA A/B/C/D | Chronic, (mean value NA) | 24 weeks | Oral supplementation with the DHA (1.5 g) + EPA (0.75g) mixture given 6x day (2 per each meal) | NA | 4 |
Javierre et al., 2006 (92) | Spain | Pre-post study | 21 (21, no control) | NA | 33.9 ± 8.2 | 21 (100%) | Cervical and Thoracic, AIS NA | 8.5 (4.8 to 25.0 Years) | 6 months | Daily supplement of 1.5 g·day-1 of docosahexanoic acid (DHA) and 0.60 g·day-1 of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus 9 mg of α-tocopherol | Evaluation procedure: control 1 - starting point; control 2 – at 3 months; control 3 at 6 months. | 4 |
Kendall et al., 2005 (50) | USA | RCT, crossover | 8 (4, 4) | No cognitive deficits and history of diabetes mellitus or renal dysfunction | 47.8 | 7 (87.5%) | Cervical, AIS A/B/B | 16.5 | 7 days (a 5-week washout period in between) | 20g (10 g 2x/day) of creatine monohydrate powder (America’s Nutrition, Rochester Hills, Ml) for 6 days, then maintained on 5 g daily | Placebo | 2 |
Lee et al., 2007 (55) | Australia | RCT | 305 (75, 78, 75, 77) | Subjects with neurogenic bladder and stable bladder management | 43.5 ± 13.5 | 252 (83%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C | Median time since injury: 12 years (range 1 month to 61 years) | 24 weeks | The urinary antiseptic Methenamine Hippurate (MH) 1 g twice-daily. Cranberry tablets 800 mg twice-daily. Factorial design: Group 1: MH with Cranberry. Group 2: MH with Cranberry. Placebo Group 3: Cranberry with MH placebo. | Group 4: MH placebo with Cranberry placebo | 1 |
Li et al., 2018 (40) | USA | RCT, pilot | 11 (5, 6) | Included individua with type 2 diabetes (n=3, 27.3%) | 46.0 ± 7.8 | 10 (90.9%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B | 21.8 ± 6.3 | 8 wk | A 8-week iso-caloric high-protein diet: ∼30% total energy as protein (1.6 g/kg per day) | Combined exercise regimen - 3 days/week | 3 |
Li et al., 2022 (62) | USA | RCT (preliminary results) | 25 (12, 13) Analysed: 19 (8, 11) | Participants had impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, had no type 2 diabetes and no kidney disease | 56.96 (6.2) | 13 (68.42%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C | 19.04 (13.1) | 8 weeks | Low-carbohydrate, high-protein (LC/HP) diet that includes healthy dietary components (e.g., lean meat, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, fiber, etc.) | Not receive any dietary intervention (continue with their regular diet) | 2 |
Linsenmeyer, et al, 2004 (58) | USA | RCT, crossover | 21 | Individuals with neurogenic bladders due to SCI. | NA | 16 (76.2%) | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, AIS NA | Chronic injury, (mean value NA) | 4 weeks (1 week washout period in between) | 1200 mg cranberry tablet (400-mg cranberry tablet 3 times/day) | Placebo | 2 |
Mohammadi et al., 2015 (45) | Iran | RCT | 58 (28, 30) | No self-reported specific diseases and malignancies | 37.9 ± 7.0 | 58 (100%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B | 6.4 ± 2.8 | 12 weeks | 600 mg of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplementation | Placebo | 1 |
Myers, et al., 2012 (93) | USA | Pre-post study | 26 | Relatively healthy | 56.92 ± 5.74 | 26 (100%) | Cervical and thoracic, ASIA A/B/C/D | 23.8 ± 12.3 | 24 months | After recruitment and initial testing, participants underwent a baseline visit that included blood analyses; dietary, lifestyle, and physical activity questionnaires; a maximal exercise test; an evaluation by a physical therapist; and recommendations for individualized exercise and nutrition plans a physical therapist; and recommendations for individualized exercise and nutrition plans | NA | 4 |
Pritchett et al., 2015 (94) | USA | Pre-post study | 34 | Para-athletes | 33 ± 15 | NA, male and female | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, AIS NA | Chronic injury, (mean value NA) | 12 and 16 weeks | Participants with deficient 25(OH)D status (<50 nmol/L) received 50,000 IU/week for 8 weeks, and participants with insufficient status (50–75 nmol/L) received 35,000 IU/week for 4 weeks, after which both received a maintenance dose of 15,000 IU/week. Participants with sufficient status (>75 nmol/L) received the maintenance dose of 15,000 IU/week. 25(OH)D concentrations increased significantly (p<.001; 66.3 ± 24.3 nmol/Land 111.3 ± 30.8 nmol/L pre- and post-supplementation, respectively | NA | 4 |
Radomski et al., 2011 (64) | USA | Pre-post study | 10 (10, no control) | NA | 47.3 ± 32 | 6 (60%) | Thoracic, lumbar, ASIA A/B | 15.7 ± 29.04 | 12 weeks (end of program). 24 weeks (long-term follow-up). | Each week, participants attended a class, group exercise session, and an individual exercise session The nutrition component emphasizes development of and adherence to an individualized meal plan that meets nutritional, medical, and weight management goals. | NA | 4 |
Reid et al., 2015 (95) | Canada | Pre-post study | 15 (15, no control) | NA | 42.3 ± 14.9 | 10 (66.7%) | Cervical, thoracic, AIS NA | Chronic injury, (mean value NA) | 15 days | 250 ml glass of water in addition to their normal diet, at breakfast, lunchtime and dinner time for 7 days. On the ninth day, for a further 7 days, each patient took a 250-ml glass of cranberry juice (Ocean Spray Cranberries, Lakeville, MA, USA) at the three meal times. | NA | 4 |
Sabour et al, 2012 (47) | Iran | RCT | 75 (39, 36) | Individuals with osteoporosis | 38.28 ± 13.52 | 69 (84,14%) | NA | 11.55 ± 19.44 | 4 months | Two MorDHA capsules (435 g of DHA and 65 mg of EPA) per day plus 1000 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin D daily. | Placebo plus 1000 mg calcium and 400 IU vitamin D daily. | 1 |
Sabour et al., 2018 (44) | Iran | RCT | 57 (30, 27) | Individuals with body mass index higher than 22 kg/m2 | NA | 45 (78.9%) | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, AIS NA | Chornic injury, (mean value NA) | 7 months | Standard nutrition brochures and education program (5 sessions). Specific diets designed for each individual based on anthropometric characteristics | Standard nutrition brochures | 1 |
Sappal et al., 2018 (57) | USA | RCT | 13 (7, 6) | Subjects without urolithiasis. Also excluded if they had fevers, chills, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, generalized malaise, new or worsened spasticity, autonomic dysreflexia, or subjective sense of having a UTI | > 65 (mean age NA) | 16 (100%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/B | > 6 months post injury (mean value NA) | 15 days | Daily dosage of concentrated proanthocyanidins (PACs) in the cranberry supplement ellura | Placebo | 2 |
Szlachcic et al., 2001 (29) | USA | NRCT | 222 (86, 136) | NA | 38.5 ± 11.1 | 198 (89.2%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C/D | 12.8 ± 8.3 | 96 weeks | Diet based on recommendations of the American Heart Association (AHA) and American Dietetic Association guidelines. | No dietary consultation | 4 |
Toh et al., 2019 (60 61) | Australia | RCT | 207 Group 1: n = 51 Group 2: n = 50 Group 3: n = 53 Group 4: n = 53 | Individuals with stable neurogenic bladder management | 49.1 | 164 (79%) | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, AIS A/B/C/D | Chornic injury, (mean value NA) | 24 weeks | Group 1: Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14+Lactobacillus GR-1 (RC14-GR1), concentration per capsule was 5.4 × 109 colony-forming units + Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG+Bifidobacterium BB-12 (LGG-BB12), concentration per capsule is 7 × 109 colony-forming units Group 2: RC14-GR1 (concentration as above) + matched placebo (no LGG-BB12) Group 3: LGG-BB12 (concentration as above) + matched placebo (no RC14-GR1) | Group 4: Matched placebo capsules | 1 |
Waites et al., 2004 (56) | USA | RCT | 26 (10, 16) | NA | 41 (NA) | 42 (91.3%) | Cervical, thoracic, AIS A/B/C/D | 10 (NA) | 24 weeks | 2 g of concentrated cranberry extract in capsules (divided into 2 dailly doses) | Placebo | 2 |
Wong et al., 2013 (63) | UK | RCT | 158 (78, 82) | Individuals with diarrhoea before antibiotic therapy, antibiotics or probiotic for prophylaxis, bowel problems, infective endocarditis and immunosuppression were excluded | 52.5 | 131 (82.9%) | Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, AIS A/B/C/D | Sustained injury less than 6 months prior to trail | While using antibiotics +7 days | Probiotic drink (Yakult Light®: 65 ml) containing a minimum of 6·5 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU) LcS/bottle and skimmed milk, for the duration of the antibiotic course. In addition, probiotic was used for additional 7 days | Routine care for duration of antibiotic course | 2 |
Yarar-Fisher et al., 2018 (48) | USA | RCT, pilot, feasibility | 7 (4, 3) | NA | 35.4 ± 12.2 | 5 (71.4%) | Cervical and thoracic, ASIA A/B/C | 16 days ± 7.9 | 5 weeks | Ketogenic diet (KD): a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet (≈72% total energy as fat, ≈25% as protein, and ≈3% as carbohydrate during enteral feeding and ≈65% total energy as fat, ≈27% as protein, and ≈8% as carbohydrate and fiber during solid feeding | Standard diet (SD): ≈35% total energy as fat, ≈27% as protein, and ≈44% as carbohydrate and fiber | 2 |
Zheng et al., 2021 (43) | China | RCT | 37 (19, 18) Completed: 34 (16, 18) | Individuals with respiratory failures and diabetes were excluded | 35 ± 3.9 | 34 (91.89%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C | 0.9 (0.1) | 8 weeks | Every-other-day fasting: Fasting lasted from 09:00 P.M. on day 1 to 06:00 P.M. on the following day (day 2). On day 2, breakfast and lunch were skipped and dinner was restricted to 30% of the daily average calorie intake | No food restrictions | 2 |
Synthesis of Evidence
Results
Study Characteristics
Author, Year of Publication | Country | Study design | Population size | Health status | Mean age ± SD | Number (percentage) of men | Injury type, level and completeness | Injury duration (years) | Exposure | Statis-tical analysis | Adjustment | The main findings | Level of evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DiPiro et al, 2019 (69) | USA | Cohort | 2,979 | Not described | NR | NR | Cervical and non-cervical, AIS not reported | 12.1 ± 9.4 | Six behavioral domains (prescription medication usage, alcohol use, smoking, two nutrition factors, and fitness) | Cox regression | No | - Study explored the association between two nutrition factors and CVD mortality. Nutrition — 1 factor (mostly healthy nutrition practices) reflected drinking juices, eating fruit, salad, carrots, vegetables, and breakfast; nutrition — 2 factor (mostly unhealthy options) reflected eating fried food, red meat, junk food, and adding salt to food. The hazard of death due to heart and blood vessel diseases was lower among those who reported higher scores on the nutrition — 2 factor, which primarily reflects unhealthy eating behaviours like eating fried, fast food, or red meat and adding salt to food. | 3 |
de Groot et al., 2013 (67) | The Netherlands | Cohort | 130 | Without progressive disease | 40.1 ± 13.8 | 70% | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C/D | <1 year since injury | Fat intake | Regression | No | - Self-care question related to fat intake at 1 year after inpatient rehabilitation discharge, was not associated with lipid levels nor body mass index. | 3 |
Beal et al. 2017 (74) | USA | Case-control | 20 | Not described | 47 ± 10.1 | 20 (100%) | Cervical, thoracic and lumbar, AIS A/B | 15.2 ± 11.8 | Vitamin D intake | Correlation | Total dietary intake, body weight | - Total cholesterol was lower in the higher vitamin D intake group as compared to lower intake group (148± 14.12 mg/dl vs. 171.8± 36.22). No differences were observed among other lipids. - Vitamin D intake adjusted to total dietary intake was positively correlated to Si adjusted to body weight (r= 0.63), Si adjusted to lean mass (r= 0.57), Sg (r= 0.53) and Sg adjusted to body weight (r= 0.52). | 3 |
Lieber-man et al., 2014(70) | USA | Case-control | 100 | NA | 45.3 ± 5.1 | 78 (78%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C | 15.1 ± 9.6 | Selected food group intake and CVD risk factors in SCI vs. age-, sex-, and race-matched ABI | Regression | Age, sex, race, center, education, energy intake, and physical activity | - There were not any statistically significant relations between individual cardiovascular risk factors (body anthropometrics, blood pressure, blood lipids, glucose, insulin and high sensitivity c-reactive protein) and food groups (vegetables and fruits, while grains, dairy and meat) | 3 |
Gorgey et al., 2015 (71) | USA | Cross-sectional | 16 | Not described | 38 ± 9 | 16 (100%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B | NR | Average caloric intake (in kcal) and percentage of macronutrients (carbohydrates, fat, protein) | Regression | No | - Total caloric intake was not related to any of the body composition variables or basal metabolic rate. The percentage of dietary fat was negatively related to the percentage of whole-body lean mass and percentage of trunk lean mass. The percentage of carbohydrates was negatively related to the percentage of whole-body fat mass, percentage of leg fat mass and percentage of trunk fat mass. | 4 |
Abilmona et al., 201873 | USA | Cross-sectional | 22 | Not described | 36± 10 | 22 (100%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B | NR | Total caloric intake, total macronutrients intake (carbohydrate, fat and protein intake) and caloric surplus | Correla-tion | Antero-lateral trunk muscle ratio | - Total fat, carbohydrate and protein intake were negatively correlated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (Pearson r were −0.49, −0.51 and −0.63, respectively) - Total carbohydrate itake was negatively correlated with subcutaneous adipose tissue, SAT (Pearson r was −0.47) - No significant correlation between total fat and protein intake and fasting insulin were observed. After adjustement for trunk muscle ratio (TMR), total fat and total protein intake were positively correlated with fasting insulin (r=0.47 and 0.61, respectively) - Total caloric intake (r=−0.54 and −0.41) and surplus were negatively correlated with was negatively corelated with VAT and SAT(r=−0.43 and −0.44) respectively | 4 |
Javidan et al., 2017 (72) | Iran | Cross-sectional | 265 | Without chronic medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, cancer, endocrinology disease, acute infection and etc.) | 36.25 ± 10.76 | 217 (81.9%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS not reported | NR | Protein intake | Correlation | No | - Higher carbohydrate, cholesterol and fat intake were associated with higher blood pressure. Higher carbohydrate intake was correlated with higher triglyceride levels and higher fat intake was correlated with higher LDL cholesterol. - Some amino acids had positive some had negative association with cardiometabolic risk factors. Eg., Higher intakes of threonine and leucine had a negative relationship with TG level; while lysine was positively related to levels of fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride, systolic and diastolic blood pressure | 4 |
Li et al., 2021 (68) | USA | Cross-sectional | 24 | Without type 2 diabetes and active pressure ulcers | 45 ± 12 | 16 (66.7%) | Cervical and non-cervical, AIS not report-ed | 20 ± 13 | High-protein/low-carbohydrate diet | Regression | Sex, level of injury, and body fat percentage | - Each 10-point increase of the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015) was associated with a 3.3-mg/dL decrease in fasting glucose concentrations. - No significant associations were observed between HEI-2015 and other cardiovascular risk factors | 4 |
Goldsmith et al., 2022 (96) | USA | Cross-sectional study (baseline assessment of individuals involved in clinical trials) | 48 | Cardio-vascular disease, uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (or requiring insulin), haematocrit > 50 % or symptoms of a urinary tract infection were excluded | 38 ± 12 | 42 (87.5%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C/D | 10 ± 10 | The mean macronutrient intake including fats, proteins and carbohydrates | Regression | No | - Lean mass (LM) measures were not significantly associated with any macronutrient combination. - Carbohydrates showed significant associations with percentage of total dat mass (%total-FM), total-FM, %trunk-FM, trunk-FM, percentage of lower extremity fat mass percentage (%LE-FM), and LE-FM - Interactions were found between carbohydrate x fat for LE-FM and protein × carbohydrate for %LE-FM and LE-FM - Linear regressions adjusted for total energetic intake did not influence the relationship between carbohydrate intake and measures of fat mass. | 4 |
Allison et al., 2018 (66) | Canada | Post-intervention follow-up study | 5 | Not described | 50.6 ± 11.8 | 4 (80%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C/D | 12.8 ± 11.3 | Anti-inflammatory diet compliance | ANOVA, descriptive statistics | No | - There was a significant reduction in diet compliance at the 1-year follow-up in comparison to the end of the dietary intervention at 3 months (92.6% versus 43.0%, p < 0.01). - Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) scores showed a trend towards an increase from 3 months to follow-up (8.0 vs. 21.4, p = .10), with follow-up scores no longer statistically different from baseline (p = 0.74). - Sensory Neuropathic PainQuestionnaire (NPQ) scores remained unchanged from 3 months to follow-up (25.2 vs. 29.1, p = 0.42) but were still significantly lower than baseline (p = 0.02). Affective NPQ scores significantly in-creased from 3 months to follow-up (27.7 vs. 40.1, p = 0.05). Sensitivity NPQ scores showed no significant change from 3 months to follow-up (28.2 vs. 33.5, p = 0.34) but returned to a score similar to baseline (p = 0.15) | 4 |
Mohammadi et al., 2021 (75) | Iran | Cross-sectional | 150 | Without amputation and specific chronic diseases and malignancies | 53.3 ± 5.7 | 150 (100%) | Cervical and thoracic, AIS A/B/C/D | NR | Common portion sizes and the average reported frequency were used to determine the amount of food consumed. | t test and Chi-square tests, linear and logistic | Age, body mass index and energy, SCI level, completeness, smoking, education, marital statusand supplement use | - A one-unit increase in the dietary inflammatory index (DII) was significantly associated with higher scores of depressive symptoms (β = 1.31, 95% CI 0.44–2.18; P = 0.003). - A one-unit increase in the DII was associated with higher odds of having at least mild depressive symptoms (OR= 1.77, 95% CI 1.17, 2.67; P= 0.007). - No significant association was reported between the DII and anxiety and stress. | 4 |