Background
Exosomes loading methods
Example | Advantage | Disadvantage | |
---|---|---|---|
Direct methods | |||
Passive | Electroporation: creating an electric field in the microvesicles membrane to increase membrane permeability | Loading↑ | Complications in changing cellular gene expression |
Safer↑ | |||
Extrusion: a combination of two membranes | Fast transfer ↑ | Change the membrane proteins in EVs cytotoxicity↑ | |
Freeze–thaw: combination of drug with extracellular vesicle in liquid nitrogen at -80 temperature | Simple and loading↑ | Loading ↓ increase the size of EVs and accumulation of exosomes | |
Sonication: creating a mechanical cut using an ultrasound probe | Loading ↑ | Damage the EVs structure | |
Active | Hybridization: Combining extracellular vesicles with nanovesicles | Loading↑ | Potential toxicity |
EVs surface modifying: making connections between the ligand of the extracellular vesicle and the membrane of the target molecule | Loading↑ | Potential toxicity↑ | |
Biomimetic EVs production: combination of metallic or inorganic nanoparticles with extracellular vesicles | Loading↑ | Potential toxicity↑ | |
Indirect methods | |||
Co-incubation: modifying parent cells with drugs and transferring and encapsulating them in cells | Loading↑ | Aggregation therapeutic drugs↑ | |
Safer↑ | |||
Simple and cheap | |||
Gene editing (transfection): plasmid or vector transfer for protein production | Loading↑ | Sensitivity and biocompatibility problem | |
Safer↑ |
MSCs-Exo
Nanoparticle-loaded MSCs-Exo for targeted therapy
Cell type | Nanoparticles | Disease | Loading method | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MSCs | Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) | Brain injury | Glucose enters cells through an energy-dependent process that is facilitated by a specific protein called GLUT-1 | Significant accumulation of labeled exosomes at the site of brain injury within 24 h | [54] |
MSCs | Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) | Various brain disorders | Glucose enters cells through an energy-dependent process that is facilitated by a specific protein called GLUT-1 | Promising diagnostic tool for brain disorders- Potential for enhancing neuronal recovery | [57] |
Human MSCs, A431 squamous cell line | GNPs | Cancer | Glucose enters cells through an energy-dependent process that is facilitated by a specific protein called GLUT-1 | Enhanced capabilities of MSCs-Exo for tumor-targeted therapy | [58] |
MSCs | Cobalt sulfide quantum dots (CoS QDs) | Bladder cancer | Electrotransfection | These exosomes specifically induced the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration in bladder cancer cells | [59] |
MSCs | Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), curcumin | Glioma | Click chemistry | –Effective crossing of the blood–brain barrier- Positive outcomes in targeted imaging and glioma therapy | [59] |