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Erschienen in: Der Anaesthesist 2/2019

15.01.2019 | Opioide | Klinische Pharmakologie

Schmerzinhibition durch Opioide – neue Konzepte

verfasst von: Prof. Dr. med. C. Stein

Erschienen in: Die Anaesthesiologie | Ausgabe 2/2019

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Opioide sind die ältesten und stärksten Schmerzmedikamente, allerdings sind sie durch gefährliche Nebenwirkungen wie Atemdepression, Suchtpotenzial, Sedierung, Übelkeit und Obstipation limitiert. Die klinische Anwendung ist unbestritten in der Behandlung von akutem (z.B. perioperativem) und tumorassoziiertem Schmerz, jedoch hat die Langzeitanwendung bei chronischem Nichttumorschmerz zunehmend Kritik erfahren und zur aktuellen „Opioidkrise“ beigetragen.

Fragestellung und Ziele

Diese Übersicht behandelt pharmakologische Grundlagen und neue Forschungsstrategien zur Reduktion von Nebenwirkungen. Mechanismen der Schmerzentstehung und -inhibition sowie anderer Opioidwirkungen werden beschrieben. Zur Illustration der klinischen Situation und medizinischer Probleme werden pathophysiologische Veränderungen des Opioidsystems wie Plastizität von Opioidrezeptoren, Signalwegen, endogener Opioide, zentraler und peripherer Wirkorte diskutiert.

Schlussfolgerungen

Der epidemische Fehlgebrauch und Missbrauch von Opioiden hat gezeigt, dass große Wissenslücken in der Behandlung von chronischem Schmerz bestehen, dass Interessenkonflikte und die Validität von Modellen in der Medikamentenentwicklung stärker berücksichtigt werden müssen, und dass dringend neue Schmerzmedikamente ohne Suchtpotenzial gebraucht werden. Aktuell erscheinen die Verstärkung endogener Opioidwirkungen und die selektive Aktivierung peripherer Opioidrezeptoren am vielversprechendsten.
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Metadaten
Titel
Schmerzinhibition durch Opioide – neue Konzepte
verfasst von
Prof. Dr. med. C. Stein
Publikationsdatum
15.01.2019
Verlag
Springer Medizin
Erschienen in
Die Anaesthesiologie / Ausgabe 2/2019
Print ISSN: 2731-6858
Elektronische ISSN: 2731-6866
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00101-018-0528-0

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