Background
Methods
Setting
Participants
Measures and Data Collection Procedures
Height and Weight
24-hour Food Recall
Physical Activity
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children
Statistical Methods
Food Groups
Establishing Plausibility of Reported Nutrient Intake on Recall Records
Statistical Analysis
Body Mass Index
Mean daily intake of micro- and macro-nutrients
Proportion of children not meeting Australian guidelines for mean daily intake of selected nutrients
Highest ranked food categories and food items contributing to energy and selected nutrients
Sample Size
Results
Body Mass Index
Indigenous Status | Boys (n = 91) | Girls (n = 121) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BMI | n | p-value1
| BMI | n | p-value1
| |
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | 19.1 | 34 | 19.3 | 48 | ||
(11.3-26.9) | 0.33 | (12.2-26.4) | 0.28 | |||
Non-Indigenous | 19.9 | 57 | 20.2 | 73 | ||
(13.9-25.6) | (11.6-28.8) |
Mean Nutrient Intake
Nutrient | Boys (n = 93) | Girls (n = 122) | Indigenous Status | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 34) | Non-Indigenous (n = 59) | p-value2
| Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 48) | Non-Indigenous (n = 74) | p-value2
| p-value3
| |
Energy (kJ) | 9689.2 | 8422.1 | 0.004 | 8353.5 | 8061.5 | 0.36 | < .0001 |
(8940.3-10438.1) | (7996.9-8847.3) | (7803.4-8903.5) | (7731.2-8391.8) | ||||
Protein (g) | 87.2 | 79.1 | 0.12 | 69.1 | 71.6 | 0.47 | 0.14 |
(77.8-96.6) | (74.8-83.5) | (63.6-74.5) | (67.2-76.0) | ||||
Total fat (g) | 87.4 | 78.9 | 0.03 | 78 | 75.9 | 0.56 | 0.01 |
(81.4-93.3) | (74.0-83.7) | (72.2-83.8) | (71.6-80.2) | ||||
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 38.5 | 34.8 | 0.05 | 34.3 | 33.6 | 0.69 | 0.02 |
(35.7-41.4) | (32.4-37.2) | (31.3-37.3) | (31.3-35.8) | ||||
Polyunsaturated fat (g) | 10.8 | 10.1 | 0.31 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 0.36 | 0.16 |
(9.8-11.7) | (9.1-11.1) | (9.2-11.3) | (9.0-10.4) | ||||
Monounsaturated fat (g) | 31.1 | 27.7 | 0.03 | 27.4 | 26.7 | 0.59 | 0.02 |
(28.7-33.6) | (25.9-29.5) | (25.3-29.5) | (25.2-28.2) | ||||
Carbohydrate (g) | 289.1 | 241.7 | 0.01 | 251 | 234.9 | 0.15 | < .0001 |
(257.9-320.3) | (226.3-257.2) | (231.9-270.2) | (223.7-246.0) | ||||
Sugars (g) | 148 | 122.1 | 0.04 | 134 | 124.6 | 0.27 | 0.0002 |
(125.7-170.4) | (110.4-133.8) | (119.4-148.6) | (115.4-133.7) | ||||
Starch (g) | 139.7 | 118.8 | 0.003 | 116.2 | 109.3 | 0.16 | 0.003 |
(128.0-151.4) | (111.3-126.2) | (107.7-124.6) | (104.6-114.0) | ||||
Fibre (g) | 21.6 | 17.9 | 0.02 | 16.6 | 17.2 | 0.48 | 0.05 |
(18.8-24.5) | (16.6-19.2) | (15.0-18.1) | (16.2-18.2) | ||||
Sodium (mg) | 2934.5 | 2396.9 | 0.01 | 2323.5 | 2341.6 | 0.88 | 0.009 |
(2588.3-3280.7) | (2230.5-2563.4) | (2132.1-2514.9) | (2201.9-2481.3) |
Percent Contributions of Macro-Nutrients to Energy
Macronutrient | Boys (n = 93) | Girls (n = 122) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 34) % | Non-Indigenous (n = 59) % | p-value1
| Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 48) % | Non-Indigenous (n = 74) % | p-value1
| |
Protein | 15.3 | 16.2 | 0.16 | 14.1 | 15.2 | 0.09 |
(14.4-16.3) | (15.3-17.1) | (13.3-15.0) | (14.4-15.9) | |||
Fat | 33.8 | 34.6 | 0.44 | 34.5 | 34.7 | 0.86 |
(32.4-35.3) | (33.1-36.1) | (33.4-35.6) | (33.2-36.1) | |||
Saturated fatty acids | 14.9 | 15.2 | 0.47 | 15.2 | 15.3 | 0.83 |
(14.3-15.5) | (14.5-15.8) | (14.6-15.8) | (14.6-15.9) | |||
Monounsaturated fat | 12.1 | 12.2 | 0.80 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 0.78 |
(11.2-12.9) | (11.5-12.9) | (11.6-12.7) | (11.7-12.7) | |||
Polyunsaturated fat | 4.2 | 4.5 | 0.27 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 0.77 |
(3.9-4.5) | (4.1-4.8) | (4.0-5.1) | (4.1-4.8) | |||
Carbohydrate | 50.2 | 48.6 | 0.13 | 51 | 49.6 | 0.18 |
(48.6-51.8) | (47.1-51.8) | (49.2-52.8) | (48.1-51.2) | |||
Sugars | 23.8 | 22.9 | 0.23 | 25.4 | 24.6 | 0.56 |
(22.8-24.7) | (22.0-23.9) | (22.8-27.9) | (23.0-26.3) | |||
Starch | 24.7 | 24.1 | 0.45 | 23.9 | 23.3 | 0.50 |
(23.5-26.0) | (23.0-25.1) | (22.1-25.7) | (22.5-24.0) |
Proportion of Children Meeting Australian Nutrient Reference Values for Nutrient Intake
Nutrient | Australian Nutrient Reference Values (9-13 years) | Indigenous status | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 82) % | Non-Indigenous (n = 133) % | x2
p-value | ||
Dietary fibre3
| 24 g | 20 g | 77 | 79 | 0.74 | |
Calcium | 9-11 yrs5
| 800 mg | 65 | 60 | 0.54 | |
12-13 yrs6
| 1050 mg | 86 | 80 | 0.67 | ||
Potassium3
| 3000 mg | 2500 mg | 62 | 66 | 0.43 | |
Sodium4
| 2000 mg | 74 | 70 | 0.56 |
Foods Contributing to Nutrients
Food category | Boys (n = 93) | Girls (n = 122) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 34) | non-Indigenous (n = 59) | Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 48) | non-Indigenous (n = 74) | |||||
Per capita
| E/O2
|
Per capita
| E/O2
|
Per capita
| E/O2
|
Per capita
| E/O2
| |
Breads |
116
| 85 |
93
| 72 |
97
| 68 |
85
| 62 |
Milk |
284
| 218 |
308
| 218 |
281
| 218 |
245
| 210 |
Soft drinks, cordial, sports drinks |
457
| 259 |
319
| 225 |
431
| 227 |
279
| 205 |
Higher-fat processed meat |
76
| 95 |
63
| 91 |
51
| 86 |
53
| 96 |
Take-away meals3
|
62
| 192 |
34
| 161 |
26
| 121 |
28
| 145 |
Fruit juice |
235
| 273 |
142
| 289 |
189
| 252 |
163
| 252 |
Hot chips |
58
| 121 |
33
| 109 |
38
| 104 |
31
| 100 |
Sweet biscuits/cakes/muffins |
17
| 65 |
31
| 55 |
26
| 57 |
37
| 56 |
Potato crisps and other salty snacks |
22
| 31 |
14
| 26 |
17
| 25 |
14
| 23 |
Confectionery |
24
| 33 |
21
| 30 |
25
| 26 |
20
| 28 |
Fruits |
95
| 129 |
97
| 135 |
58
| 125 |
114
| 120 |
Vegetables |
131
| 82 |
118
| 69 |
96
| 73 |
134
| 72 |
Percent contribution | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank1
| Food Category2
| Boys (n = 93) | Girls (n = 122) | ||||
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 34) | Non-Indigenous (n = 59) | p-value3
| Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 48) | Non-Indigenous (n = 74) | p-value3
| ||
1 | Higher-fat processed meat | 6.9 | 7.5 | 0.93 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 0.68 |
2 | Hot chips | 6.7 | 4.5 | 0.69 | 5.4 | 4.6 | 0.26 |
3 | Soft drinks/cordial and sports drink | 6.3 | 5.2 | 0.30 | 6.9 | 4.9 | 0.08 |
4 | Take-away meals | 6.0 | 4.1 | 0.01 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 0.41 |
5 | Potato crisps and other salty snacks | 5.0 | 3.5 | 0.62 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 0.04 |
7 | Confectionery, lollies and chocolate | 3.6 | 3.3 | 0.06 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 0.45 |
8 | Sweet foods | 2.6 | 5.1 | 0.31 | 4.8 | 6.7 | 0.79 |
9 | Ice cream and ice blocks | 2.5 | 2.9 | 0.71 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 0.49 |
10 | Fats | 1.9 | 2.3 | 0.26 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.26 |
11 | Sweet bars | 1.7 | 1.8 | 0.52 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.19 |
12 | Spreads | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.69 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 0.47 |
13 | Sugar | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.46 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.80 |
14 | Sauces | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.02 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 0.22 |
15 | Savoury biscuit | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.01 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.39 |
16 | Pastry | 0.0 | 0.5 | N/A4
| 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.02 |
TOTAL | 47.6 | 45.3 | 48.5 | 48.3 |