Key findings
Our prospective cohort study identified 21% incidence of MOF over 10 years among high-risk major trauma patients admitted to the ICU, the incidence showed significant increase during the study period. We observed greater risk of MOF with older, male patients and a higher injury severity. Furthermore, both PRBC and crystalloid usage were positively correlated with incidence of MOF. Whilst mortality did not change over the decade, MOF patients required the utilisation of more hospital resources reflected in longer ICU and ventilator days.
Any discussion of changes in the epidemiology of MOF requires an understanding of the multiple definitions used across the world. Currently there is no consensus on defining postinjury MOF and there is no consensus on which patients are included into the high-risk study cohort [
14,
15]. Our data are most comparable to the Denver group’s data, based on inclusion criteria and definition of MOF through the use of the same scoring system yet we are demonstrating very different changes in the epidemiology of MOF.
Our reported increasing incidence of MOF does not align with recent reports out of North America [
1,
19]. The low incidence described has been supported by benchmarking data across both trauma and non-trauma centres in the USA [
20]. Other studies have described an increasing incidence of MOF [
2,
21]. Froehlich et al. report an increasing incidence 24.6% in 2002 to 31.5% in 2011 but they utilised different scoring system and inclusion criteria, and furthermore, they also described a decreasing mortality rate [
2]. Given the nature of these studies and the relatively high potential for confounding from unobserved variables, variation of this kind is not overly surprising.
Observed mortality in our MOF population has decreased from our historical 24 to 12% in our current cohort [
3]. This is in contrast to the temporal mortality trends described by Sauaia et al. where their MOF-related mortality rate has increased over time [
1]. We note that changes in our resuscitation regime over the same time period that were associated with the risk of MOF but we did not detect an association with mortality. Additionally, the changing demographics of our patient population that were not measured in this study may account for the impact on incidence. As with our study, previous work has demonstrated increasing age and male gender are associated with an increasing incidence of MOF [
15,
22‐
25].
The Australian population is ageing with the median Australian age now 37 years compared to 34 years in 2005, 15% of the Australian population are older than 65 years [
26]. Our high-risk study population reflected this, with the population ageing 0.78 years per calendar year which is in keeping with previous studies. Increasing age may also be contributing to the increased ventilator days and ICU LOS as suggested by our analyses. Although there was no difference in the MOF subgroup for ageing, the MOF population remains older than the non-MOF group. Age is also a risk factor for both increased ventilator days and ICU LOS [
27].
The contributions of organs that fail in MOF have altered over the 10-year study period. In 2015 MOF patients are likely to have a higher component of cardiac failure compared to 2005. The more frequent cardiac failure could be due to the older population and to potentially more liberal use of inotropes instead of crystalloid boluses. The component of the score made up by hepatic, respiratory and renal failure did not change significantly over the study period. The increased Denver cardiac scores may be contributing to the upward trend in both ventilator days and ICU LOS.
Haemostatic resuscitation was introduced into our institution at the beginning of 2005, this included the introduction of a massive transfusion protocol and goal-directed therapy [
28]. The concept of haemostatic resuscitation, recognising the therapeutic end points as important, no longer targeting blood pressure but making an accurate assessment and then supporting organ perfusion whilst assessing and correcting coagulopathy and gaining anatomical control of any bleeding [
28‐
31]. There was a gradual alignment with the pre-hospital services providers as they moved towards limiting crystalloid resuscitation.
Our use of PRBC increased in the first twelve hours after injury by 7% per calendar year over the study period, due to the early empiric blood and component-based therapy. Not surprisingly PRBC increased with increasing injury severity. These are similar volumes described in the international papers [
1,
2].
Studies that have used data from the Glue Grant Database demonstrated that aggressive early crystalloid dose-dependent resuscitation impacted on the incidence of acute lung injury (ALI), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), MOF, abdominal and extremity compartment syndrome [
22,
23]. Minei et al. describe large volumes, 10.5 L of crystalloid was the mean volume given in the 0–12 h time frame [
22]. Our volumes have never reached those limits with a mean volume of 4.2 L in the whole cohort and 4.7 L in the MOF group in the first 12 h postinjury. The use of crystalloids is certainly a modifiable factor [
31], and the differences in volumes used in these trauma centres may go some way in explaining the differences in the epidemiology we have described.