Background
Methods
Participants
Clinical data collection
Definition of inflammatory markers
Endpoint
Statistical analysis
Results
Patient characteristics
Baseline clinical characteristics | Total population (n = 650) | LVEF < 50% (n = 261) | LVEF ≥ 50% (n = 389) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 61.63 ± 10.57 | 62.08 ± 10.66 | 61.32 ± 10.51 | 0.418 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 502 (77.2) | 217 (83.1) | 285 (73.3) | 0.003 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.28 ± 3.19 | 25.19 ± 3.35 | 25.35 ± 3.04 | 0.427 |
Heart rate, bpm | 74 (66–83) | 78 (68–89) | 72 (66–80) | < 0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 129.93 ± 19.75 | 125.21 ± 20.77 | 133.10 ± 18.39 | < 0.001 |
DBP, mmHg | 79.79 ± 13.18 | 79.96 ± 14.58 | 79.68 ± 12.17 | 0.940 |
Smoking, n (%) | 350 (53.8) | 166 (63.6) | 184 (47.3) | < 0.001 |
Drinking, n (%) | 126 (19.4) | 47 (18.0) | 79 (20.3) | 0.467 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 359 (55.2) | 121 (46.4) | 238 (61.2) | < 0.001 |
Family history of CAD, n (%) | 71 (10.9) | 22 (8.4) | 49 (12.6) | 0.095 |
NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 281.2 (92.2–1069.0) | 1075.5 (351.0–2840.0) | 132.5 (56.14–367.05) | < 0.001 |
Cardiac troponin T, ng/mL | 0.305 (0.009–0.492) | 0.418 (0.044–1.575) | 0.110 (0.007–0.049) | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 141.48 ± 16.46 | 141.19 ± 17.32 | 141.68 ± 15.88 | 0.778 |
Platelet, 109/L | 205.38 ± 63.37 | 206.43 ± 67.71 | 204.68 ± 60.36 | 0.851 |
White blood cells, 109/L | 7.15 (5.61–9.47) | 8.40 (6.38–10.96) | 6.57 (5.32–8.35) | < 0.001 |
Neutrophils, 109/L | 4.97 (3.66–7.09) | 6.55 (4.34–8.86) | 4.43 (3.40–5.87) | < 0.001 |
Lymphocyte, 109/L | 1.43 (1.07–1.86) | 1.31 (0.98–1.79) | 1.52 (1.15–1.91) | < 0.001 |
Monocytes, 109/L | 0.35 (0.28–0.47) | 0.41 (0.30–0.56) | 0.33 (0.26–0.43) | < 0.001 |
NLR | 3.29 (2.31–5.71) | 4.79 (2.84–7.50) | 2.88 (2.06–4.05) | < 0.001 |
MLR | 0.24 (0.18–0.34) | 0.28 (0.22–0.42) | 0.21 (0.16–0.29) | < 0.001 |
PLR | 136.47 (104.06–185.04) | 149.31 (110.22–203.71) | 129.82 (97.81–169.92) | < 0.001 |
hs-CRP, mg/L | 1.90 (0.77–5.40) | 3.59 (1.54–10.00) | 1.145 (0.54–3.07) | < 0.001 |
ALT, U/L | 27 (18–40) | 30 (21–47) | 23 (16–35) | < 0.001 |
AST, U/L | 26 (20–56) | 47 (26–116) | 22 (18–31) | < 0.001 |
Albumin, g/L | 40.54 ± 4.65 | 38.86 ± 4.88 | 41.67 ± 4.13 | < 0.001 |
BUN, mmol/L | 5.66 ± 1.78 | 5.77 ± 2.09 | 5.58 ± 1.54 | 0.992 |
Scr, µmol/L | 67.78 ± 19.59 | 70.35 ± 23.19 | 66.05 ± 16.54 | 0.047 |
Cystatin C, mg/L | 1.032 ± 0.326 | 1.079 ± 0.336 | 1.001 ± 0.316 | 0.005 |
FPG, mg/dL | 4.74 (4.20–5.42) | 4.70 (4.27–5.44) | 4.77 (4.20–5.41) | 0.966 |
RBG, mg/dL | 6.23 (5.31–7.68) | 6.23 (5.33–7.65) | 6.23 (5.29–7.71) | 0.776 |
eGFR, mL/(min*1.73 m2) | 96.87 (88.69–104.62) | 95.77 (85.58–104.05) | 97.62 (90.35–105.52) | 0.058 |
K+, mmol/L | 3.93 ± 0.39 | 3.92 ± 0.39 | 3.93 ± 0.40 | 0.629 |
Na+, mmol/L | 141.04 ± 3.39 | 140.24 ± 3.92 | 141.57 ± 2.87 | < 0.001 |
Ca2+, mmol/L | 2.30 ± 0.14 | 2.25 ± 0.14 | 2.33 ± 0.13 | < 0.001 |
Uric acid, µmol/L | 340.25 ± 86.98 | 339.28 ± 91.75 | 340.91 ± 83.73 | 0.763 |
Homocysteine, µmol/L | 17.7 (13.9–23.5) | 20.7 (15.8–33.4) | 15.9 (13.3–20.4) | < 0.001 |
PT, s | 13.4 (13.0–13.8) | 13.7 (13.2–14.1) | 13.3 (12.9–13.7) | < 0.001 |
PTA, % | 90.94 ± 13.64 | 87.83 ± 13.62 | 93.03 ± 13.27 | < 0.001 |
INR | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | < 0.001 |
APTT, s | 36.4 (33.9–39.4) | 37.7 (34.7–41.4) | 35.9 (33.4–38.3) | < 0.001 |
TT, s | 16.6 (15.8–17.4) | 16.6 (15.7–17.5) | 16.5 (15.9–17.3) | 0.727 |
FIB, g/L | 3.33 (2.84–3.79) | 3.58 (3.12–4.32) | 3.15 (2.69–3.53) | < 0.001 |
d-dimer, mg/L | 0.44 (0.30–0.70) | 0.56 (0.40–0.90) | 0.40 (0.30–0.56) | < 0.001 |
FDP, mg/L | 1.20 (0.90–1.70) | 1.40 (0.96–2.30) | 1.20 (0.90–1.50) | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.29 (0.97–1.82) | 1.17 (0.83–1.66) | 1.38 (1.04–1.97) | < 0.001 |
TC, mmol/L | 3.74 (3.14–4.42) | 3.77 (3.12–4.46) | 3.73 (3.15–4.38) | 0.638 |
LDL, mmol/L | 2.21 (1.68–2.79) | 2.28 (1.71–2.79) | 2.15 (1.65–2.79) | 0.242 |
HDL, mmol/L | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 0.92 (0.78–1.06) | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | 0.884 |
apoA, g/L | 1.082 (0.967–1.212) | 1.067 (0.918–1.194) | 1.100 (0.995–1.232) | 0.001 |
apoB, g/L | 0.763 (0.627–0.924) | 0.800 (0.627–0.934) | 0.751 (0.622–0.909) | 0.202 |
apoE, g/L | 33.1 (26.5–40.8) | 32.5 (26.7–41.1) | 33.4 (26.3–40.7) | 0.877 |
Lp (a), mg/L | 184 (95–338) | 239 (118–371) | 153 (86–309) | < 0.001 |
LVEF, % | 60 (45–67) | 43 (39–47) | 66 (62–70) | < 0.001 |
FAR | 81.43 (67.66–97.62) | 91.37 (79.38–116.50) | 75.14 (63.76–87.13) | < 0.001 |
Gensini score | 62 (40–90) | 80 (50–100) | 52 (34–80) | < 0.001 |
Initial diagnosis, n (%) | 0.138 | |||
UA | 352 (54.2) | 59 (22.6) | 293 (75.3) | < 0.001 |
NSTEMI | 82 (12.6) | 41 (15.7) | 41 (10.5) | 0.052 |
STEMI | 216 (33.2) | 161 (61.7) | 55 (14.1) | < 0.001 |
Killip class | ||||
I | 285 (43.8) | 165 (63.2) | 120 (30.8) | < 0.001 |
II | 303 (46.6) | 57 (21.8) | 246 (63.2) | < 0.001 |
≥ III | 62 (9.5) | 39 (14.9) | 23 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
Diseased vessels number, n (%) | ||||
One-vessel disease | 146 (12.9) | 142 (13.8) | 4 (3.9) | 0.005 |
Two-vessel disease | 316 (28.0) | 294 (28.6) | 22 (21.6) | 0.131 |
Three-vessel disease | 663 (58.7) | 587 (57.1) | 76 (74.5) | < 0.001 |
Diseased vessels type, n (%) | ||||
LM | 85 (7.5) | 76 (7.4) | 9 (8.8) | 0.601 |
LAD | 1055 (93.4) | 958 (93.2) | 97 (95.1) | 0.460 |
LCX | 845 (74.8) | 770 (74.9) | 75 (73.5) | 0.761 |
RCA | 860 (76.1) | 779 (75.8) | 81 (79.4) | 0.412 |
Target vessel territory, n (%) | ||||
LAD | 742 (65.7) | 677 (65.9) | 65 (63.7) | 0.666 |
LCX | 356 (31.5) | 325 (31.6) | 31 (30.4) | 0.800 |
RCA | 482 (42.7) | 444 (43.2) | 38 (37.3) | 0.248 |
Number of stents, n (%) | ||||
1 | 404 (35.8) | 365 (35.5) | 39 (38.2) | 0.583 |
2 | 341 (30.2) | 320 (31.1) | 21 (20.6) | 0.027 |
≥ 3 | 385 (34.1) | 343 (33.4) | 42 (41.2) | 0.112 |
Average length of stents, mm | 26.79 ± 5.86 | 26.73 ± 5.84 | 27.39 ± 6.08 | 0.321 |
Average width of stents, mm | 2.98 ± 0.43 | 2.98 ± 0.42 | 2.98 ± 0.43 | 0.652 |
Plaque property, n (%) | ||||
Calcification lesions | 142 (21.8) | 45 (17.2) | 97 (24.9) | 0.020 |
Diffuse lesions | 171 (26.3) | 56 (21.5) | 115 (29.6) | 0.021 |
Thrombus | 30 (4.6) | 18 (6.9) | 12 (3.1) | 0.023 |
Chronic total occlusions | 93 (14.3) | 51 (19.5) | 42 (10.8) | 0.002 |
Baseline clinical characteristics | T1 (n = 216) | T2 (n = 219) | T3 (n = 215) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 59.54 ± 10.88 | 62.32 ± 9.59 | 63.01 ± 10.93 | 0.001 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 174 (80.6) | 169 (77.2) | 159 (74.0) | 0.263 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.46 ± 3.08 | 25.20 ± 3.35 | 25.19 ± 3.13 | 0.558 |
Heart rate, bpm | 72 (64–81) | 74 (66–82) | 76 (68–86) | 0.003 |
SBP, mmHg | 132.2 ± 17.9 | 131.0 ± 20.7 | 126.5 ± 20.0 | 0.002 |
DBP, mmHg | 81.3 ± 12.6 | 80.3 ± 13.2 | 77.7 ± 13.4 | 0.012 |
Smoking, n (%) | 110 (50.9) | 118 (53.9) | 122(56.7) | 0.480 |
Drinking, n (%) | 39 (18.1) | 50 (22.8) | 37(17.2) | 0.278 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 124 (57.4) | 117 (53.4) | 118(54.9) | 0.700 |
Family history of CAD, n (%) | 27 (12.5) | 23 (10.5) | 21(9.8) | 0.642 |
NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 109.00 (53.53–286.40) | 263.25 (95.99–756.55) | 1020.00(297.85–3054.00) | < 0.001 |
Cardiac troponin T, ng/mL | 0.012 (0.007–0.056) | 0.040 (0.009–0.402) | 0.198(0.015–1.485) | < 0.001 |
Hemoglobin, g/L | 144.87 ± 14.80 | 143.41 ± 15.66 | 136.12 ± 17.54 | < 0.001 |
Platelet, 109/L | 199.80 ± 61.37 | 198.35 ± 49.99 | 218.16 ± 74.84 | 0.016 |
White blood cells, 109/L | 6.89 (5.36–9.08) | 6.81 (5.50–9.40) | 7.59(5.98–9.94) | 0.012 |
Neutrophils, 109/L | 4.82 (3.46–6.60) | 4.86 (3.56–7.00) | 5.47(4.09–7.57) | 0.008 |
Lymphocyte, 109/L | 1.44 (1.07–1.86) | 1.43 (1.11–1.85) | 1.45(1.04–1.87) | 0.853 |
Monocytes, 109/L | 0.32 (0.25–0.41) | 0.34 (0.28–0.44) | 0.42(0.31–0.57) | < 0.001 |
NLR | 3.10 (2.17–4.60) | 3.28 (2.25–5.93) | 3.61(2.51–6.23) | 0.029 |
MLR | 0.22 (0.16–0.28) | 0.24 (0.18–0.32) | 0.29(0.19–0.43) | < 0.001 |
PLR | 131.37 (101.45–171.25) | 134.61 (99.48–179.41) | 140.35(106.66–203.29) | 0.040 |
hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.78 (0.39–1.85) | 1.77 (0.90–3.93) | 5.77(2.86–10.00) | < 0.001 |
ALT, U/L | 25 (18–39) | 27 (18–38) | 26(18–44) | 0.001 |
AST, U/L | 23 (19–33) | 26 (20–57) | 31(20–73) | 0.777 |
Albumin, g/L | 43.44 ± 3.94 | 40.85 ± 3.89 | 37.31 ± 3.94 | < 0.001 |
BUN, mmol/L | 5.69 ± 1.52 | 5.52 ± 1.59 | 5.77 ± 2.18 | 0.390 |
Scr, µmol/L | 67.19 ± 16.91 | 66.10 ± 17.21 | 70.08 ± 23.78 | 0.290 |
Cystatin C, mg/L | 1.006 ± 0.318 | 1.012 ± 0.331 | 1.079 ± 0.326 | 0.033 |
FPG, mg/dL | 4.64 (4.16–5.34) | 4.85 (4.27–5.52) | 4.74(4.18–5.37) | 0.176 |
RBG, mg/dL | 6.30 (5.31–7.84) | 6.35 (5.45–7.73) | 6.11(5.19–7.37) | 0.131 |
eGFR, mL/(min*1.73 m2) | 98.18 (90.43–106.43) | 98.31 (90.76–104.44) | 94.27(84.78–102.40) | 0.001 |
K+, mmol/L | 3.92 ± 0.37 | 3.92 ± 0.39 | 3.94 ± 0.42 | 0.884 |
Na+, mmol/L | 141.33 ± 2.89 | 141.16 ± 3.01 | 140.62 ± 4.13 | 0.281 |
Ca2+, mmol/L | 2.34 ± 0.12 | 2.31 ± 0.15 | 2.25 ± 0.14 | < 0.001 |
Uric acid, µmol/L | 347.16 ± 88.77 | 342.33 ± 87.12 | 331.18 ± 84.60 | 0.148 |
Homocysteine, µmol/L | 16.4 (13.7–22.8) | 17.9 (13.6–23.7) | 18.0 (14.6–24.5) | 0.224 |
PT, s | 13.3 (12.9–13.7) | 13.4 (13.0–13.8) | 13.6 (13.2–14.1) | < 0.001 |
PTA, % | 93.71 ± 12.73 | 92.07 ± 13.69 | 87.03 ± 13.63 | < 0.001 |
INR | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | < 0.001 |
APTT, s | 35.95 (33.1–38.6) | 36.2 (33.9–39.4) | 37.0 (34.4–40.7) | 0.009 |
TT, s | 16.8 (16.1–17.5) | 16.6 (15.9–17.4) | 16.1 (15.4–17.1) | < 0.001 |
FIB, g/L | 2.66 (2.44–2.92) | 3.33 (3.09–3.51) | 4.10 (3.69–4.77) | < 0.001 |
d-dimer, mg/L | 0.40 (0.30–0.50) | 0.41 (0.30–0.60) | 0.60 (0.40–1.10) | < 0.001 |
FDP, mg/L | 1.00 (0.70–1.30) | 1.20 (0.91–1.50) | 1.60 (1.20–2.70) | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.37 (1.09–1.92) | 1.30 (0.99–1.88) | 1.17 (0.85–1.63) | < 0.001 |
TC, mmol/L | 3.80 (3.19–4.52) | 3.73 (3.15–4.46) | 3.59 (3.07–4.29) | 0.223 |
LDL, mmol/L | 2.28 (1.70–2.87) | 2.22 (1.68–2.79) | 2.05 (1.65–2.72) | 0.176 |
HDL, mmol/L | 0.93 (0.79–1.09) | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) | 0.90 (0.76–1.02) | 0.138 |
apoA, g/L | 1.136 (1.025–1.240) | 1.083 (0.984–1.228) | 1.035 (0.903–1.162) | < 0.001 |
apoB, g/L | 0.770 (0.630–0.922) | 0.751 (0.629–0.928) | 0.757 (0.617–0.910) | 0.907 |
apoE, g/L | 33.9 (26.0–41.2) | 32.5 (26.6–42.0) | 32.5 (26.7–39.4) | 0.703 |
Lp (a), mg/L | 148 (88–301) | 171 (84–333) | 236 (121–378) | 0.001 |
LVEF, % | 64 (55–69) | 62 (46–69) | 47 (42–63) | < 0.001 |
FAR | 62.80 (57.57–67.66) | 81.46 (77.29–85.28) | 107.14 (97.65–127.86) | < 0.001 |
Gensini score | 52 (34–84) | 62 (40–88) | 72 (48–98) | 0.001 |
Initial diagnosis, n (%) | ||||
UA | 147 (68.1) | 122 (55.7) | 83 (38.6) | < 0.001 |
NSTEMI | 16 (7.4) | 32 (14.6) | 34 (15.8) | 0.017 |
STEMI | 53 (24.5) | 65 (29.7) | 98 (45.6) | < 0.001 |
Killip class, n (%) | ||||
I | 78 (36.1) | 101 (46.1) | 106 (49.3) | 0.016 |
II | 123 (56.9) | 102 (46.6) | 78 (36.3) | < 0.001 |
≥ III | 15 (6.9) | 16 (7.3) | 31 (14.4) | 0.012 |
Diseased vessels number, n (%) | ||||
One-vessel disease | 44 (20.4) | 51 (23.3) | 44 (20.5) | 0.700 |
Two-vessel disease | 69 (31.9) | 49 (22.4) | 49 (22.8) | 0.036 |
Three-vessel disease | 103 (47.7) | 119 (54.3) | 122 (56.7) | 0.148 |
Diseased vessels type, n (%) | ||||
LM | 16 (7.4) | 21(9.6) | 21 (9.8) | 0.632 |
LAD | 202 (93.5) | 199 (90.9) | 208 (96.7) | 0.042 |
LCX | 142 (65.7) | 144 (65.8) | 145 (67.4) | 0.912 |
RCA | 147 (68.1) | 161 (73.5) | 152 (70.7) | 0.457 |
Target vessel territory, n (%) | ||||
LAD | 130 (60.2) | 147 (67.1) | 141 (65.6) | 0.285 |
LCX | 61 (28.2) | 76 (34.7) | 66 (30.7) | 0.340 |
RCA | 113 (52.3) | 103 (47.0) | 98 (45.6) | 0.338 |
Number of stents, n (%) | ||||
1 | 90 (41.7) | 88 (40.2) | 75 (34.9) | 0.316 |
2 | 66 (30.6) | 64 (29.2) | 76 (35.3) | 0.355 |
≥ 3 | 60 (27.8) | 67 (30.6) | 64 (29.8) | 0.803 |
Average length of stents, mm | 27.61 ± 6.29 | 28.60 ± 5.83 | 27.47 ± 6.17 | 0.053 |
Average width of stents, mm | 3.04 ± 0.45 | 2.99 ± 0.39 | 2.91 ± 0.44 | 0.016 |
Plaque property, n (%) | ||||
Calcification lesions | 47 (21.8) | 52 (23.7) | 43 (20.0) | 0.640 |
Diffuse lesions | 56 (25.9) | 60 (27.4) | 55 (25.6) | 0.901 |
Thrombus | 8 (3.7) | 13 (5.9) | 9 (4.2) | 0.505 |
Chronic total occlusions | 25 (11.6) | 31 (14.2) | 37 (17.2) | 0.247 |
Correlation between FAR with LVEF and other cardiovascular risk factors
Correlation coefficient | P value | |
---|---|---|
Age | 0.152 | < 0.001 |
Heart rate | 0.152 | < 0.001 |
SBP | − 0.143 | < 0.001 |
DBP | − 0.120 | 0.002 |
NT-proBNP | 0.514 | < 0.001 |
Cardiac troponin T | 0.382 | < 0.001 |
Platelet | 0.121 | 0.002 |
White blood cells | 0.151 | < 0.001 |
Neutrophils | 0.160 | < 0.001 |
Monocytes | 0.274 | < 0.001 |
NLR | 0.138 | < 0.001 |
MLR | 0.259 | < 0.001 |
PLR | 0.113 | 0.004 |
hs-CRP | 0.590 | < 0.001 |
AST | 0.184 | < 0.001 |
Albumin | − 0.584 | < 0.001 |
Cystatin C | 0.105 | 0.008 |
eGFR | − 0.158 | < 0.001 |
Na+ | − 0.100 | 0.011 |
Ca2+ | − 0.284 | < 0.001 |
PT | 0.222 | < 0.001 |
PTA | − 0.205 | < 0.001 |
INR | 0.219 | < 0.001 |
APTT | 0.125 | 0.001 |
TT | − 0.217 | < 0.001 |
FIB | 0.902 | < 0.001 |
D-dimer | 0.416 | < 0.001 |
FDP | 0.458 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides | − 0.160 | < 0.001 |
HDL | − 0.089 | 0.025 |
apoA | − 0.232 | < 0.001 |
Lp (a) | 0.181 | < 0.001 |
FAR as a continuous variablea | |||
---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | P value | |
Crude model | 1.037 | 1.029–1.046 | < 0.001 |
Model1 | 1.019 | 1.007–1.030 | 0.001 |
Model2 | 1.026 | 1.011–1.042 | 0.001 |
Model3 | 1.026 | 1.008–1.045 | 0.005 |
Model4 | 1.030 | 1.011–1.049 | 0.002 |
FAR as a categorical variableb | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 | T2 | T3 | |||
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | ||
Crude model | Reference | 2.628 (1.705–4.052) | < 0.001 | 6.854 (4.434–10.594) | < 0.001 |
Model1 | Reference | 2.090 (1.223–3.571) | 0.007 | 2.140 (1.166–3.927) | 0.014 |
Model2 | Reference | 2.431 (1.175–5.029) | 0.017 | 3.699 (1.649–8.298) | 0.002 |
Model3 | Reference | 2.530 (1.094–5.854) | 0.030 | 3.738 (1.512–9.242) | 0.004 |
Model4 | Reference | 2.105 (0.869–5.094) | 0.099 | 3.395 (1.303–8.848) | 0.012 |
The predictive implication of FAR
Variables | AUC | 95%CI | P value | Cut-off | Specificity | Sensitivity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FAR | 0.735 | 0.696–0.774 | < 0.001 | 79.16 | 0.759 | 0.596 |
White blood cells | 0.680 | 0.638–0.723 | < 0.001 | 8.09 | 0.556 | 0.728 |
NLR | 0.706 | 0.664–0.748 | < 0.001 | 3.76 | 0.632 | 0.712 |
MLR | 0.688 | 0.647–0.730 | < 0.001 | 0.21 | 0.773 | 0.491 |
PLR | 0.594 | 0.549–0.638 | < 0.001 | 152.47 | 0.490 | 0.674 |