Background
Methods
Setting and subjects
Main exposure variable
Covariates
Placenta sample collection and DNA methylation quantification
RNA extraction and quantification
Statistical analysis
Association between CpG sites and social support
Association between DNA methylation and gene expression
Functional annotations and regulatory enrichment
Pathway enrichment analysis
Results
Maternal social support and DNA methylation in placenta at delivery
CpG | Gene | Chr: position | Relation to Gene | Relation to Island | Mean methylation Beta (SD) | Methylation LogFC ± S.E. | P-valuea | PFDR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cg14806252 | HAUS3 | 4:2244001 | TSS200 | Island | 0.008 (0.005) | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 4.6 × 10−8 | 0.019 |
cg01924481 | SBF1 | 22:50898563 | Body | Island | 0.865 (0.020) | 0.02 ± 0.003 | 1.3 × 10−7 | 0.021 |
cg11364468 | VGF | 7:100807505 | Body | Island | 0.011 (0.006) | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 1.5 × 10−7 | 0.021 |
cg00549575 | EIF3F | 11:8008752 | TSS200 | N_Shore | 0.040 (0.016) | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 3.3 × 10−7 | 0.030 |
cg19499754 | FAM210B | 20:54919155 | Island | 0.029 (0.013) | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 3.7 × 10−7 | 0.030 | |
cg16763895 | ILVBL | 19:15235973 | 5'UTR | Island | 0.030 (0.010) | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 6.0 × 10−7 | 0.041 |
cg02672368 | ARHGEF7 | 13:111805930 | Body; TSS200 | Island | 0.017 (0.008) | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 8.4 × 10−7 | 0.049 |
Maternal social support and fetal sex-specific DNA methylation in placenta
CpG | Gene | Total Sample a | Male Fetus a | Female Fetus a | Sex difference statisticsb | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Methylation LogFC ±S.E. | PFDR | Mean methylation Beta (SD) | Methylation LogFC ± S.E | PFDR | Mean methylation Beta (SD) | Methylation LogFC ± S.E | PFDR | Mean methylation Beta (SD) | Welch’s t -test | PFDR | ||
Associations identified in the overall sample | ||||||||||||
cg14806252 | HAUS3 | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 0.019 | 0.008 (0.005) | 0.19 ± 0.06 | 0.655 | 0.008 (0.005) | 0.23 ± 0.06 | 0.117 | 0.008 (0.005) | - | - |
cg01924481 | SBF1 | 0.02 ± 0.003 | 0.021 | 0.865 (0.020) | 0.01 ± 0.005 | 0.959 | 0.866 (0.019) | 0.02 ± 0.005 | 0.158 | 0.865 (0.021) | - | - |
cg11364468 | VGF | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.021 | 0.011 (0.006) | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.011 (0.006) | 0.004 ± 0.02 | 0.999 | 0.011 (0.006) | 4.61 | 1.24 × 10−5 |
cg00549575 | EIF3F | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.030 | 0.040 (0.016) | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.066 | 0.040 (0.015) | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.965 | 0.041 (0.016) | - | - |
cg19499754 | FAM210B | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.030 | 0.029 (0.013) | 0.10 ± 0.03 | 0.577 | 0.028 (0.013) | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.344 | 0.030 (0.013) | - | - |
cg16763895 | ILVBL | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.041 | 0.030 (0.010) | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.147 | 0.030 (0.011) | 0.005 ± 0.01 | 0.998 | 0.031 (0.010) | - | - |
cg02672368 | ARHGEF7 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.049 | 0.017(0.008) | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.961 | 0.017 (0.008) | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.010 | 0.017 (0.008) | − 3.20 | 0.003 |
Associations identified in male fetus pregnancies | ||||||||||||
cg00985086 | MCTP1 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.138 | 0.011 (0.005) | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.001 | 0.011 (0.005) | − 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.997 | 0.012 (0.004) | 6.32 | 1.69 × 10−8 |
cg03215315 | GSTCD; INTS12 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.705 | 0.012 (0.005) | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.009 | 0.012 (0.005) | − 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.998 | 0.012 (0.005) | 4.48 | 1.61 × 10−5 |
cg23797252 | KNDC1 | 0.01 ± 0.003 | 0.722 | 0.482 (0.035) | 0.02 ± 0.005 | 0.026 | 0.480 (0.036) | − 0.01 ± 0.005 | 0.979 | 0.484 (0.034) | 4.24 | 3.79 × 10−5 |
cg14065446 | FIBCD1 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.346 | 0.334 (0.050) | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.046 | 0.336 (0.051) | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.991 | 0.331 (0.048) | 2.12 | 0.035 |
cg00140191 | FKBP5 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.138 | 0.032 (0.011) | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.046 | 0.032 (0.012) | − 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.990 | 0.032 (0.011) | 4.92 | 5.07 × 10−6 |
cg16680530 | TATDN1; NDUFB9 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.622 | 0.012 (0.006) | 0.21 ± 0.04 | 0.046 | 0.012 (0.006) | − 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.953 | 0.012 (0.006) | 5.59 | 2.98 × 10−7 |
cg24807054 | SFRS18 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.138 | 0.037 (0.012) | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.049 | 0.036 (0.013) | 0.003 ± 0.01 | 0.999 | 0.038 (0.011) | 4.65 | 1.24 × 10−5 |
cg18350520 | KIAA0664 | 0.01 ± 0.005 | 0.896 | 0.894 (0.019) | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.049 | 0.896 (0.014) | − 0.001 ± 0.01 | 0.999 | 0.892 (0.023) | 2.19 | 0.033 |
Associations identified in female fetus pregnancies | ||||||||||||
cg04879876 | ZFP36L2; LOC100129726 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.982 | 0.020 (0.011) | − 0.20 ± 0.06 | 0.526 | 0.019 (0.011) | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 7.4 × 10−7 | 0.021(0.011) | − 6.66 | 3.27 × 10−10 |
cg16661579 | C10orf4 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.686 | 0.010 (0.006) | − 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.998 | 0.010 (0.006) | 0.33 ± 0.06 | 0.0004 | 0.010(0.006) | − 4.48 | 0.00012 |
cg04777683 | IVNS1ABP | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.110 | 0.017 (0.009) | 0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.999 | 0.017 (0.008) | 0.31 ± 0.06 | 0.001 | 0.017(0.009) | − 3.84 | 0.00062 |
cg25928819 | AK055957 | − 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.715 | 0.155 (0.094) | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.998 | 0.147 (0.089) | − 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.004 | 0.163 (0.099) | 3.54 | 0.0012 |
cg03432641 | SPATS2 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.596 | 0.011 (0.006) | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.977 | 0.011 (0.006) | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.010 | 0.011 (0.006) | − 2.00 | 0.048 |
cg23065793 | LOC100128164; SEC62 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.488 | 0.021 (0.009) | − 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.997 | 0.021 (0.010) | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.010 | 0.021 (0.009) | − 4.71 | 6.53 × 10−5 |
cg25861327 | NUSAP1; OIP5 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.146 | 0.007 (0.005) | 0.14 ± 0.09 | 0.946 | 0.007 (0.005) | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 0.010 | 0.007 (0.005) | − 2.21 | 0.032 |
cg11149743 | HOXB7 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.496 | 0.009 (0.011) | 0.04 ± 0.05 | 0.992 | 0.008 (0.009) | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 0.014 | 0.010 (0.012) | − 2.81 | 0.0067 |
cg10038542 | ENTPD4 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.637 | 0.026 (0.012) | 0.01 ± 0.03 | 0.997 | 0.026 (0.012) | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.015 | 0.026 (0.012) | − 2.82 | 0.0066 |
cg24737639 | NUP37; C12orf48 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.470 | 0.016 (0.008) | − 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.946 | 0.017 (0.008) | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.019 | 0.016 (0.007) | − 5.20 | 1.66 × 10−5 |
cg19714762 | ABHD11 | 0.25 ± 0.07 | 0.445 | 0.008 (0.007) | 0.11 ± 0.12 | 0.984 | 0.008 (0.007) | 0.42 ± 0.09 | 0.019 | 0.009 (0.007) | − 2.07 | 0.042 |
cg21490179 | ENTPD3-AS1 | 0.01 ± 0.004 | 0.863 | 0.056 (0.010) | − 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.985 | 0.055 (0.010) | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.019 | 0.057 (0.011) | − 2.83 | 0.0066 |
cg01952989 | MAD1L1 | 0.07 ± 0.05 | 0.971 | 0.955 (0.097) | − 0.06 ± 0.08 | 0.992 | 0.953 (0.111) | 0.26 ± 0.05 | 0.019 | 0.958(0.080) | − 3.39 | 0.0018 |
cg06459916 | KRCC1 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.285 | 0.009 (0.004) | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.981 | 0.009 (0.004) | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.019 | 0.009 (0.004) | − 2.59 | 0.012 |
cg26687565 | MAML3 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.537 | 0.032 (0.014) | 0.004 ± 0.02 | 0.998 | 0.031 (0.014) | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.019 | 0.034 (0.015) | − 4.33 | 0.00018 |
cg04484842 | MYO9A; SENP8 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.863 | 0.018 (0.007) | − 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.990 | 0.018 (0.007) | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.019 | 0.018 (0.006) | − 3.18 | 0.0025 |
cg25585364 | INSIG2 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.823 | 0.046 (0.018) | − 0.01 ± 0.02 | 0.997 | 0.044 (0.016) | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 0.024 | 0.048 (0.020) | − 3.54 | 0.0012 |
cg22548088 | MLLT1 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.635 | 0.537 (0.049) | − 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.985 | 0.541 (0.043) | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.028 | 0.533 (0.054) | − 2.24 | 0.031 |
cg09062638 | C1QB | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.950 | 0.937 (0.079) | − 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.906 | 0.939 (0.079) | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.029 | 0.935 (0.080) | − 4.95 | 1.24 × 10−6 |
cg08130668 | C2orf73 | 0.08 ± 0.04 | 0.888 | 0.014 (0.008) | − 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.970 | 0.014 (0.008) | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.029 | 0.014 (0.008) | − 4.23 | 0.00018 |
cg19715081 | CDK5RAP3 | 0.15 ± 0.04 | 0.503 | 0.010 (0.006) | − 0.01 ± 0.06 | 0.999 | 0.010 (0.007) | 0.29 ± 0.06 | 0.034 | 0.009 (0.005) | − 3.54 | 0.0012 |
cg22830707 | HOXC13 | − 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.537 | 0.172 (0.030) | − 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.980 | 0.173 (0.032) | − 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.034 | 0.171 (0.027) | 1.41 | 0.158 |
cg11078433 | SLC25A13 | 0.01 ± 0.004 | 0.833 | 0.040 (0.008) | − 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.984 | 0.038 (0.007) | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.036 | 0.040 (0.008) | − 2.83 | 0.0066 |
cg05064665 | PNMT | 0.10 ± 0.04 | 0.867 | 0.050 (0.027) | 0.01 ± 0.05 | 0.999 | 0.047 (0.023) | 0.27 ± 0.06 | 0.036 | 0.053 (0.030) | − 3.33 | 0.0020 |
cg04680746 | NACAD | 0.19 ± 0.05 | 0.470 | 0.008 (0.005) | 0.07 ± 0.08 | 0.990 | 0.008 (0.005) | 0.30 ± 0.07 | 0.036 | 0.008 (0.005) | − 2.16 | 0.034 |
cg13190531 | POLR3B | 0.16 ± 0.06 | 0.787 | 0.003 (0.003) | − 0.02 ± 0.09 | 0.998 | 0.003 (0.003) | 0.39 ± 0.09 | 0.036 | 0.004 (0.003) | − 3.22 | 0.0025 |
cg24776326 | IRX4 | − 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.914 | 0.597 (0.060) | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.977 | 0.602 (0.055) | − 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.036 | 0.593 (0.065) | 4.24 | 0.00018 |
cg07576517 | SDCCAG8; CEP170 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.738 | 0.031 (0.011) | − 0.02 ± 0.04 | 0.995 | 0.030 (0.010) | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 0.036 | 0.033 (0.011) | − 3.18 | 0.0025 |
cg23808931 | TMEM183A; TMEM183B | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.820 | 0.019 (0.014) | − 0.02 ± 0.03 | 0.990 | 0.020 (0.014) | 0.20 ± 0.05 | 0.036 | 0.018 (0.014) | − 3.77 | 0.00074 |
cg02376269 | UBR1 | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.852 | 0.036 (0.014) | − 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.997 | 0.034 (0.013) | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.036 | 0.038(0.015) | − 3.20 | 0.0025 |
cg10835423 | RAP1A | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.635 | 0.012 (0.006) | − 0.01 ± 0.04 | 0.998 | 0.012 (0.006) | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.036 | 0.012 (0.007) | − 3.53 | 0.0012 |
cg03734035 | NDUFB8 | 0.11 ± 0.04 | 0.759 | 0.011 (0.006) | − 0.03 ± 0.06 | 0.996 | 0.011 (0.006) | 0.26 ± 0.06 | 0.042 | 0.011 (0.007) | − 3.42 | 0.0017 |
cg07147063 | TMEM208; LRRC29 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 0.980 | 0.022 (0.010) | − 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.990 | 0.021 (0.009) | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.042 | 0.022 (0.010) | − 3.13 | 0.0030 |
cg23890800 | FBRSL1 | 0.07 ± 0.04 | 0.947 | 0.011 (0.007) | − 0.08 ± 0.06 | 0.972 | 0.011 (0.007) | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.045 | 0.011 (0.007) | − 4.10 | 0.00026 |
Correlation between methylation of CpGs and expression of nearby genes in placenta
CpG | Gene | β coeff. ± S.E. | P-value | PFDR |
---|---|---|---|---|
cg16763895 | ILVBL | − 542.1 ± 151.3 | 0.0006 | 0.007 |
cg16763895 | OR7A17 | − 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.0154 | 0.085 |
cg11364468 | VGF | − 0.66 ± 0.22 | 0.0038 | 0.037 |
cg11364468 | MUC17 | − 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.0057 | 0.037 |
Functional annotations and regulatory enrichment
Differentially methylated regions
Pathway analysis
Ingenuity canonical pathways | Log P-value | Ratio | Molecules |
---|---|---|---|
Extrinsic prothrombin activation pathway | 2.71 | 0.125 | F3, THBD |
Coagulation system | 2.04 | 0.057 | F3, THBD |
White adipose tissue browning pathway | 1.72 | 0.022 | ADCY9, FGFR1, VGF |
Regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K signaling | 1.42 | 0.017 | AGO3, EIF3F, ITGAE |
Synaptogenesis signaling pathway | 1.38 | 0.013 | ADCY9, ARHGEF7, EFNA5, THBS2 |
FGF signaling | 1.33 | 0.024 | FGFR1, FRS2 |
Hippo signaling | 1.32 | 0.024 | SCRIB, TEAD4 |