Introduction
Materials and methods
Study population
Anthropometric and laboratory data
Statistical analysis
Results
Association of cortisol level with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria
Variables | Normoalbuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 940 | 246 | 192 | < 0.001* |
Gender(male), % | 446 (47.4%) | 126 (51.2%) | 111 (57.8%) | 0.028* |
Age, y | 62.1 ± 11.3 | 62.6 ± 12.9 | 62.7 ± 12.5 | 0.735 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.8 ± 3.5 | 26.1 ± 4.0 | 26.6 ± 4.3 | 0.025* |
WHR | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.09 | 0.97 ± 0.07 | < 0.001* |
DM duration, y | 10.3 ± 7.5 | 12.0 ± 8.2 | 14.8 ± 8.1 | < 0.001* |
HbA1c, % | 7.7 (6.7,9.1) | 8.8 (7.2,10.5) | 8.9 (7.3,10.4) | < 0.001* |
SBP, mmHg | 136 ± 16 | 144 ± 18 | 153 ± 23 | < 0.001* |
DBP, mmHg | 77 ± 11 | 80 ± 12 | 82 ± 12 | < 0.001* |
Cortisol | 254 (219,288) | 287 (238,326) | 299 (246,373) | < 0.001* |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 122.1 ± 40.9 | 114.1 ± 49.9 | 90.2 ± 57.8 | < 0.001* |
Lipid Profile, mmol/L | ||||
LDL-c | 2.61 ± 0.87 | 2.64 ± 0.89 | 3.15 ± 1.38 | < 0.001* |
FFA | 0.39 ± 0.19 | 0.43 ± 0.19 | 0.42 ± 0.21 | 0.022* |
TC | 4.38 ± 1.07 | 4.44 ± 1.11 | 5.13 ± 1.81 | < 0.001* |
TG | 1.34 (0.94,1.96) | 1.46 (1.07,2.30) | 1.71 (1.17,2.84) | < 0.001* |
sUA, umol/L | 310 (259,368) | 319 (267,390) | 374 (309,454) | < 0.001* |
Smoking History | 220 (23.4%) | 68 (27.6%) | 56 (29.2%) | 0.137 |
Drinking History | 216 (23.0%) | 63 (25.6%) | 51 (26.6%) | 0.454 |
Quartiles | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Q1(≤ 225.4) | – | – | – | – |
Q2(225.4–263.1) | 0.704 (0.392, 1.266) | 0.242 | 2.010 (0.851, 4.7495) | 0.112 |
Q3(263.1–303.2) | 1.213 (0.715, 2.057) | 0.475 | 1.655 (0.686, 3.989) | 0.262 |
Q4(> 303.2) | 3.396 (2.030, 5.682) | < 0.001* | 8.407 (3.726, 18.971) | < 0.001* |
Association of cortisol level with NPDR and PDR
Variables | NDR | NPDR | PDR | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
N | 644 | 653 | 59 | < 0.001* |
Gender(male), % | 347 (53.9%) | 312 (47.8%) | 31 (52.5%) | 0.086 |
Age, y | 58.9 ± 12.3 | 62.7 ± 10.6 | 60.58 ± 12.1 | < 0.001* |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.2 ± 4.0 | 25.3 ± 3.3 | 24.5 ± 3.9 | < 0.001* |
WHR | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.96 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.051 |
DM duration, y | 8.7 ± 6.6 | 12.4 ± 7.8 | 12.7 ± 8.2 | < 0.001* |
HbA1c, % | 7.9 (6.8,9.5) | 8.3 (7.0,9.7) | 8.4 (7.2,9.6) | 0.035* |
SBP, mmHg | 136 ± 17 | 140 ± 19 | 145 ± 24 | < 0.001* |
DBP, mmHg | 79 ± 11 | 78 ± 11 | 78 ± 11 | 0.046* |
Cortisol | 269 (227,332) | 305 (244,369) | 327 (277,395) | < 0.001* |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 132.3 ± 65.4 | 112.2 ± 51.5 | 118.9 ± 59.0 | < 0.001* |
Lipid Profile, mmol/L | ||||
LDL-c | 2.77 ± 0.86 | 2.69 ± 1.03 | 2.51 ± 1.23 | 0.083 |
FFA | 0.39 ± 0.18 | 0.40 ± 0.21 | 0.37 ± 0.16 | 0.430 |
TC | 4.52 ± 1.04 | 4.52 ± 1.31 | 4.22 ± 1.46 | 0.216 |
TG | 1.41(1.00,2.12) | 1.34(0.95,2.00) | 1.17(0.88,1.60) | 0.005* |
sUA, umol/L | 322 (264,390) | 320 (263,385) | 300 (253,360) | 0.105 |
Smoking History | 181 (28.1%) | 162 (24.8%) | 15 (25.4%) | 0.652 |
Drinking History | 172 (26.7%) | 160 (24.5%) | 14 (23.7%) | 0.397 |
Quartiles | NPDR | PDR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Q1(≤ 234.3) | – | – | – | – |
Q2(234.3–284.3) | 1.222 (0.866, 1.724) | 0.253 | 4.340 (1.515, 12.436) | 0.006 |
Q3(284.3–356.7) | 1.775 (1.253, 2.516) | 0.001 | 3.350 (1.114, 10.069) | 0.031 |
Q4(> 356.7) | 2.007 (1.401, 2.875) | < 0.001* | 7.122 (2.525, 20.090) | < 0.001* |
Association of cortisol level with NDPN and DPN
Variables | NDPN | DPN | p-value |
---|---|---|---|
N | 657 | 1572 | – |
Gender(male), % | 348 (53.0%) | 851 (54.1%) | 0.614 |
Age, y | 58.6 ± 12.7 | 64.4 ± 10.6 | < 0.001* |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.3 ± 3.6 | 26.0 ± 3.5 | 0.030 |
WHR | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.297 |
DM duration, y | 8.3 ± 6.7 | 12.4 ± 7.5 | < 0.001* |
HbA1c, % | 8.0 (6.8,9.4) | 8.1 (7.0,9.5) | 0.152 |
SBP, mmHg | 140 ± 18 | 141 ± 19 | 0.892 |
DBP, mmHg | 81 ± 11 | 78 ± 12 | < 0.001* |
Cortisol | 287 (226, 260) | 322 (263, 393) | < 0.001* |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 133.8 ± 58.9 | 121.2 ± 52.1 | 0.002 |
Lipid Profile, mmol/L | |||
FFA | 0.44 ± 0.21 | 0.42 ± 0.21 | 0.026 |
TC | 4.60 ± 1.25 | 4.55 ± 1.21 | 0.500 |
TG | 1.47 (1.02, 2.17) | 1.37 (0.96,2.03) | 0.018 |
Smoking History | 156 (23.7%) | 456 (29.0%) | 0.011 |
Drinking History | 173 (26.3%) | 442 (28.1%) | 0.390 |
Quartiles | DPN | |
---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
Q1(≤ 251.2) | – | – |
Q2(251.2–311.6) | 1.461 (1.054, 2.026) | 0.023 |
Q3(311.6–385.2) | 1.854 (1.319, 2.608) | < 0.001* |
Q4(> 385.2) | 1.956 (1.371, 2.792) | < 0.001* |