Background
Methods
Design
Study population
Ethics consideration
Questionnaire
-
The first part included sociodemographic data about the parents: age, sex, family situation, level of education, socio-professional category, and place of residence. Two questions asked the parents about their child’s daily screen time during the week and on the weekends.
-
The second part was concerned with screen equipment in the child’s home, including in their bedroom. TV screens were distinguished from other multimedia screens (smartphones, computers, video game consoles, tablets).
-
The third part included questions about the child: month and year of birth, sex, the presence of older siblings, and the number of children in the household. Two questions were designed to estimate the child’s average daily screen time (ADST), both during the week and on the weekends. The parents were also asked to identify the total amount of screen time on the day before the survey to obtain greater precision and to check the consistency of the responses. Data on the children’s exposure times and parental guidance were collected. A 6-point scale was used for the responses (never, rarely, sometimes, regularly, often, always). Each of the quantifying adverbs was associated with a temporality for a better objectivity of the answers (never, 1 to 2 times per month, 1 to 2 times per week, 3 to 4 times per week, 5 to 6 times per week, every day). Finally, information that assessed the parents’ knowledge of the effects of screen misuse, the establishment of family rules and their interest in discussing the subject with a health professional was collected.
Endpoint
Sample size
Statistical analysis
Results
Description of the study population
Variables | Sample n = 26 | Overall (2018) n = 7419 | P-value |
---|---|---|---|
Sex, n (%) | |||
Female | 13 (50) | 3340 (45.0) | 0.61 |
Male | 13 (50) | 4079 (55.0) | |
Age, mean (sd) | 45.6 ± 13 | 52.0 (± NA*) | NC* |
Number of years of practice | 14.2 ± 14.0 | 17.5 (± NA*) | NC* |
Location, n (%), (n = 7174) | |||
Rural | 6 (23.1) | 1038 (14.5) | 0.21 |
Urban | 20 (76.9) | 6136 (85.5) | |
N missing | 0 | 245 | |
Type of practice | |||
Individual practice, n (%) | 12 (46.1) | 4664 (62.9) | 0.08 |
Group practice, n (%) | 14 (53.8) | 2755 (37.1) | |
Other | |||
GP teacher, n (%) | 7 (26.9) | 1590 (21.4) | 0.50 |
Sample characteristics | N = 486 | Weekdays screen time (minutes) Median [IQR]* | P value |
---|---|---|---|
Children, n = 486 | |||
Age, mean ± standard deviation (sd) | 3.7 ± 1.5 | ||
≤ 2 years, n (%) | 75 (15.4) | 0 [0–30] | < 0.001 |
2–6 years, n (%) | 411 (84.6) | 50 [20–90] | |
Gender | |||
Female, n (%) | 224 (46.1) | 30 [5–60] | 0.02 |
Male, n (%) | 262 (53.9) | 48 [20–90] | |
Older siblings | |||
Yes n (%) | 262 (54.1) | 43 [15–90] | 0.18 |
No, n (%) | 222 (45.9) | 30 [10–60] | |
TV in bedroom | |||
Yes n (%) | 27 (5.6) | 120 [60–150] | < 0.001 |
No, n (%) | 456 (94.4) | 30 [10–60] | |
Parents, n = 486 | |||
Age, mean ± sd | 33.9 ± 5.1 | ||
Number of children, mean ± sd | 2.01 ± 0.81 | ||
1, n (%) | 125 (25.7) | 30 [5–60] | 0.077 |
2, n (%) | 261 (53.7) | 30 [15–90] | |
3, n (%) | 77 (15.5) | 60 [30–60] | |
≥ 4, n (%) | 23 (4.7) | 60 [20–120] | |
Gender | |||
Female, n (%) | 394 (81.2) | 30 [12–60] | 0.83 |
Male, n (%) | 91 (18.8) | 45 [15–66] | |
Family situation | |||
In couple, n (%) | 438 (90.3) | 30 [10–60] | < 0.001 |
Alone, n (%) | 47 (9.7) | 60 [30–120] | |
Residence | |||
Urban, n (%) | 265 (54.5) | 30 [10–90] | 0.81 |
Rural, n (%) | 221 (45.5) | 30 [20–60] | |
Socio-professional category | |||
Farmers, n (%) | 2 (0.4) | 40 [20–60] | < 0.001 |
Craftsmen, merchants, business managers, n (%) | 25 (5.2) | 20 [0–60] | |
Executives and intellectual professions, n (%) | 104 (21.6) | 30 [2–60] | |
Intermediate professions, n (%) | 39 (8.1) | 30 [5–60] | |
Employees, n (%) | 205 (42.5) | 50 [20–90] | |
Workers, n (%) | 23 (4.8) | 60 [30–120] | |
Retired, n (%) | 2 (0.4) | 165 [150–180] | |
No activty, n (%) | 82 (17) | 60 [30–120] | |
Education level | |||
Primary School | 24 (5.0) | 60 [45–120] | < 0.001 |
Secondary School | 158 (32.8) | 60 [30–120] | |
Bachelor’s degree or above | 299 (62.2 | 30 [5–60] |
Average Daily Screen Time (ADST)
Children’s screen use habits
Factors associated with increased screen time – multivariate analysis
IRR | 95% CI | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Family situation | |||
Maried or Couple (Ref.) | |||
Single | 1.23 | [0.9–1.65] | 0.162 |
Education level | |||
Primary School | 1.09 | [0.8–1.57] | 0.633 |
Secondary School (Ref.) | |||
Bachelor’s degree or above | 0.79 | [0.7–0.94] | 0.009 |
TEM parents | |||
Parent’s screen time ≤ 2 hours (Ref.) | |||
Parent’s screen time > 2 hours | 1.34 | [1.1–1.59] | 0.001 |
Number of TV at home | |||
0 | 0.67 | [0.5–1.01] | 0.053 |
1 (Ref.) | |||
2 | 1.17 | [0.9–1.47] | 0.173 |
3+ | 1.38 | [1–1.92] | 0.059 |
Number of nefast effects | |||
0 (Ref.) | |||
1 | 1.02 | [0.8–1.29] | 0.881 |
2 | 0.88 | [0.7–1.11] | 0.286 |
3+ | 0.71 | [0.6–0.88] | 0.002 |
Residence | |||
Urban (Ref.) | |||
Rural | 0.9 | [0.8–1.05] | 0.185 |
Child age | |||
≤ 2 years old (Ref.) | |||
> 2 years old | 1.95 | [1.5–2.61] | < 0.001 |
Child gender | |||
Boy (Ref.) | |||
Girl | 0.92 | [0.8–1.05] | 0.218 |
IRR | 95% CI | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Family situation | |||
Maried or Couple (Ref.) | |||
Single | 1.17 | [0.9–1.47] | 0.165 |
Education level | |||
Primary School | 1.22 | [1–1.56] | 0.103 |
Secondary School (Ref.) | |||
Bachelor’s degree or above | 0.85 | [0.8–0.97] | 0.016 |
TEM parents | |||
Parent’s screen time ≤ 2 hours (Ref.) | |||
Parent’s screen time > 2 hours | 1.46 | [1.3–1.64] | 0 |
Number of TV at home | |||
0 | 0.81 | [0.6–1.11] | 0.184 |
1 (Ref.) | |||
2 | 1.14 | [0.9–1.38] | 0.177 |
3+ | 1.16 | [0.9–1.45] | 0.205 |
Number of nefast effects | |||
0 (Ref.) | |||
1 | 0.86 | [0.7–1.01] | 0.068 |
2 | 0.87 | [0.7–1.02] | 0.084 |
3+ | 0.78 | [0.6–0.95] | 0.013 |
Residence | |||
Urban (Ref.) | |||
Rural | 1.05 | [0.9–1.18] | 0.365 |
Child age | |||
≤ 2 years old (Ref.) | |||
> 2 years old | 2.6 | [1.9–3.5] | < 0.001 |
Child gender | |||
Boy (Ref.) | |||
Girl | 0.85 | [0.8–0.96] | 0.009 |