Background
Methods
Subjects
Data collection
Anthropometric measures and risk factors definition
Biochemical measures
Tomography measures
Carotid artery intima media thickness
Statistical analyses
Results
Risk factors | Never/periods | Chronic ≥ 5y | P value |
---|---|---|---|
n = 1117 | n = 126 | ||
Female n (%) | 555 (49.7) | 79 (62.7) | 0.006 |
Current smokers n (%) | 242 (21.7) | 30 (23.8) | 0.581 |
Alcohol intake n (%) | 119 (10.7) | 12 (9.5) | 0.805 |
Sedentary lifestyle n (%) | 498 (44.6) | 71 (56.3) | 0.012 |
Hypertension n (%) | 222 (19.9) | 21 (16.7) | 0.389 |
Diabetes n (%) | 172 (15.4) | 16 (12.7) | 0.423 |
Dyslipidemia n (%) | 183 (16.4) | 24 (19) | 0.422 |
Metabolic syndrome n (%) | 480 (43) | 61 (48.4) | 0.243 |
Physical Inactivity n (%) | 500 (44.8) | 72 (57.1) | 0.008 |
Overweight n (%) | 538 (48.2) | 48 (38.1) | 0.024 |
Obesity n (%) | 354 (31.7) | 61 (48.4) | 0.001 |
Increased IMT n (%) | 170 (22) | 42 (37.5) | <0.001 |
Anthropometric and Biochemical
| |||
Age (years) | 54.2 (53.7-54.8) | 53.4 (52.0-54.9) | 0.417 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 95.5 (87.7-102.5) | 96 (89–106.9) | 0.214 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28 (25.5-31.1) | 29.8 (26.4-32.3) | 0.002 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 114 (105 – 126) | 114 (102 – 123) | 0.353 |
TC (mg/dl) | 191.8 (166–215) | 190 (166.6-208.9) | 0.725 |
LDL-C (mg/dl) | 117(95.6 – 137.7) | 114 (97 – 137) | 0.571 |
HDL-C (mg/dl) | 44 (36.3-54.3) | 42.6 (35.1 -51) | 0.309 |
TG (mg/dl) | 149 (113–205) | 152 (109–202) | 0.712 |
Glucose (mg/dl) | 91 (85 – 100) | 91 (83 – 102) | 0.684 |
HOMA-IR | 4.1 (2.7-6) | 4.2 (2.9-6) | 0.628 |
Insulin (μU/ml) | 17.4 (12.7-24.2) | 18.2 (14–23.1) | 0.510 |
C-reactive protein (mg/dl) | 1.62 (0.82-3.36) | 1.42 (0.87-3.37) | 0.877 |
ALT (IU/L) | 24 (18–34) | 26 (19–35) | 0.106 |
AST (IU/L) | 25 (21–31) | 25 (22–32) | 0.120 |
Tomographic and ultrasonography
| |||
TAF (cm2) | 443 (359–547) | 480 (377–583) | 0.035 |
SAF (cm2) | 285 (218–366) | 319 (242–409) | 0.008 |
VAF (cm2) | 153 (115–200) | 156 (106–192) | 0.706 |
IMTave (mm) | 0.63 (0.55-0.73) | 0.66 (0.60-0.83) | <0.001 |
Metabolic risk factors | Female n = 79 | Male n = 47 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95 % CI) P value | OR (95 % CI) P value | OR (95 % CI) P value | OR (95 % CI) P value | |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |
Systemic hypertension | 0.66 (0.32 – 1.37) 0.27 | 0.59 (0.28 – 1.26) 0.17 | 1.12 (0.52 – 2.40) 0.75 | 0.95 (0.43 – 2.06) 0.90 |
Hyper trigliceridemia | 1.31 (0.81 – 2.12) 0.27 | 0.61 (0.29 – 1.29) 0.20 | 0.89 (0.48 – 1.66) 0.72 | 0.94 (0.43 – 2.05) 0.88 |
Hypoalpha lipoproteinemia | 2.13 (1.26 – 3.50) 0.004 | 1.33 (0.80 – 2.20) 0.26 | 0.92 (0.50 – 1.71) 0.81 | 0.71 (0.37 – 1.36) 0.30 |
Diabetes Mellitus | 0.81 (0.38 – 1.71) 0.58 | 0.74 (0.34 – 1.60) 0.45 | 0.98 (0.41 – 2.32) 0.96 | 0.74 (0.28 – 1.92) 0.74 |
Metabolic Syndrome | 1.46 (0.89 – 2.37) 0.12 | 1.45 (0.75 – 2.79) 0.26 | 1.05 (0.57 – 1.94) 0.85 | 1.12 (0.45 – 2.78) 0.79 |
Obesity | 1.52 (0.92 – 2.51) 0.09 | 1.44 (0.86 – 2.41) 0.15 | 2.89 (1.55 – 5.30) 0.001 | 2.85 (1.51 – 5.40) 0.001 |
SAF p > 75 | 1.49 (0.91 – 2.43) 0.11 | 1.81 (0.88 – 3.71) 0.10 | 1.50 (0.77 – 2.92) 0.22 | 0.46 (0.16 – 1.30) 0.14 |
VAF p > 75 | 1.29 (0.77 – 2.15) 0.37 | 1.15 (0.60 – 2.22) 0.66 | 1.62 (0.83 – 3.16) 0.15 | 1.14 (0.48 – 2.67) 0.75 |
TAF p > 75 | 1.19 (0.72 – 1.96) 0.49 | 0.93 (0.40 – 2.17) 0.88 | 1.30 (0.67 – 2.51) 0.43 | 0.38 (0.13 – 1.14) 0.08 |
Increased IMT | 2.38 (1.35 – 4.10) 0.003 | 2.62 (1.47 – 4.60) 0.001 | 0.81 (0.32 – 2.04) 0.66 | 0.78 (0.30 – 1.99) 0.60 |