Background
Methods
Study design, data sources and population
Study variables
Outcome variable
Explanatory variable
Ethical considerations
Statistical analysis
Results
Descriptive findings
Characteristics | Regions | Uganda (n=4,168) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central (n=1,002) | Eastern (n=1,145) | Northern (n=930) | Western (n=1,091) | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | |
HIV testing status | ||||||||||
Never tested | 187 | 18.7 | 271 | 23.6 | 140 | 15.1 | 223 | 20.4 | 823 | 19.8 |
Ever tested | 815 | 81.3 | 875 | 76.4 | 790 | 84.9 | 868 | 79.6 | 3345 | 80.2 |
Age | ||||||||||
15 – 24 | 292 | 29.2 | 348 | 30.4 | 250 | 26.9 | 321 | 29.4 | 1214 | 29.1 |
25 – 34 | 361 | 36.0 | 358 | 31.3 | 331 | 35.5 | 360 | 33.0 | 1415 | 33.9 |
35 – 44 | 232 | 23.2 | 281 | 24.6 | 200 | 21.5 | 249 | 22.8 | 966 | 23.2 |
45 – 54 | 116 | 11.6 | 158 | 13.8 | 149 | 16.0 | 161 | 14.8 | 574 | 13.8 |
Education level | ||||||||||
No education | 47 | 4.6 | 46 | 4.0 | 38 | 4.0 | 59 | 5.4 | 191 | 4.6 |
Primary | 449 | 44.8 | 628 | 54.8 | 528 | 56.8 | 658 | 60.3 | 2228 | 53.5 |
Secondary | 309 | 30.9 | 353 | 30.8 | 205 | 22.1 | 268 | 24.6 | 1154 | 27.7 |
Higher | 197 | 19.7 | 118 | 10.3 | 159 | 17.1 | 106 | 9.7 | 595 | 14.3 |
Residence | ||||||||||
Urban | 460 | 45.9 | 174 | 15.2 | 120 | 12.9 | 239 | 21.9 | 1081 | 25.9 |
Rural | 542 | 54.1 | 971 | 84.8 | 810 | 87.1 | 852 | 78.1 | 3087 | 74.1 |
Religious status | ||||||||||
Catholic | 391 | 39.1 | 330. | 25.5 | 573 | 61.5 | 440 | 40.3 | 1664 | 39.9 |
Anglican | 274 | 27.4 | 478 | 41.8 | 231 | 24.8 | 464 | 42.6 | 1437 | 34.5 |
Muslim | 202 | 20.1 | 221 | 19.3 | 55 | 5.9 | 62 | 5.7 | 572 | 13.7 |
Pentecostal | 113 | 11.2 | 134 | 11.7 | 60 | 6.5 | 65 | 5.9 | 382 | 9.2 |
Others | 22 | 2.2 | 20 | 1.7 | 12 | 1.3 | 60 | 5.5 | 114 | 2.7 |
Wealth quintile | ||||||||||
Poorest | 27 | 2.7 | 241 | 21.0 | 420 | 45.1 | 82 | 7.5 | 681 | 16.3 |
Poorer | 71 | 7.1 | 281 | 24.5 | 218 | 23.4 | 205 | 18.8 | 729 | 17.5 |
Middle | 154 | 15.3 | 258 | 22.6 | 97 | 10.5 | 314 | 28.7 | 821 | 19.7 |
Richer | 261 | 26.1 | 216 | 18.9 | 109 | 11.7 | 296 | 27.1 | 912 | 21.9 |
Richest | 489 | 48.8 | 149 | 13.0 | 86 | 9.3 | 195 | 17.8 | 1025 | 24.6 |
Worked in the last 12 months | ||||||||||
No | 21 | 2.1 | 17 | 1.5 | 13 | 1.4 | 34 | 3.1 | 87 | 2.1 |
Yes | 981 | 97.9 | 1128 | 98.5 | 917 | 98.6 | 1057 | 96.9 | 4081 | 97.9 |
Marital status | ||||||||||
Never married | 307 | 30.6 | 237 | 20.7 | 173 | 18.6 | 246 | 22.6 | 994 | 23.8 |
Ever married | 695 | 69.4 | 908 | 79.3 | 757 | 81.4 | 845 | 77.4 | 3174 | 76.2 |
Ever given gifts or other goods to have sex in the last 12 months | ||||||||||
No | 875 | 87.3 | 1080 | 94.3 | 917 | 98.6 | 1006 | 92.2 | 3851 | 92.4 |
Yes | 127 | 12.7 | 65 | 5.7 | 14 | 1.4 | 85 | 7.8 | 317 | 7.6 |
Circumcised | ||||||||||
No | 476 | 47.5 | 492 | 42.9 | 706 | 75.9 | 622 | 57.0 | 2243 | 53.8 |
Yes | 526 | 52.5 | 653 | 57.1 | 224 | 24.1 | 469 | 43.0 | 1925 | 46.2 |
Number of sexual partners in the last 12 months | ||||||||||
No sexual partner | 548 | 54.6 | 791 | 69.1 | 621 | 66.8 | 669 | 61.3 | 2595 | 62.3 |
1 sexual partner | 345 | 34.4 | 293 | 25.6 | 254 | 27.3 | 313 | 28.7 | 1226 | 29.4 |
2 & above sexual partners | 110 | 11.0 | 61 | 5.3 | 54 | 5.8 | 109 | 10.0 | 347 | 8.3 |
An assessment of variations in socio-economic and demographic factors by HIV testing status among sexually active men (15 – 54 years) across regions of Uganda
Characteristics | Regions | Uganda | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | Eastern | Northern | Western | |||||||
Ever tested n (%) | Never tested n (%) | Ever tested n (%) | Never tested n (%) | Ever tested n (%) | Never tested n (%) | Ever tested n (%) | Never tested n (%) | Ever tested n (%) | Never tested n (%) | |
Age | ||||||||||
15 – 24 | 217 (74.3) | 75 (25.7) | 237 (68.2) | 110 (31.8) | 191 (76.2) | 60 (23.8) | 217 (67.6) | 104 (32.4) | 865 (71.3) | 349 (28.7) |
25 – 34 | 314 (87.0) | 47 (13.0) | 282 (78.7) | 76 (21.3) | 307 (93.0) | 23 (7.0) | 316 (87.8) | 44 (12.2) | 1222 (86.3) | 193 (14.7) |
35 – 44 | 187 (80.6) | 45 (19.5) | 226 (80.4) | 55 (19.6) | 178 (88.8) | 23 (11.2) | 213 (85.3) | 37 (14.7) | 802 (83.1) | 164 (16.9) |
45 – 54 | 97 (83.0) | 20 (17.0) | 130 (82.1) | 28 (17.9) | 114 (76.5) | 35 (23.5) | 123 (76.2) | 38 (23.8) | 457 (79.6) | 117 (20.4) |
χ2= 3.5524, p=0.0142 | χ2= 4.2277, p≤0.0064 | χ2= 11.8350, p≤0.001 | χ2= 13.4259, p≤0.001 | χ2= 21.4522, p≤0.001 | ||||||
Education level | ||||||||||
No education | 25 (53.9) | 22 (46.1) | 29 (61.9)) | 18 (38.1) | 13 (33.3) | 25 (66.7) | 43 (71.5) | 17 (28.5) | 110 (57.7) | 81(42.3) |
Primary | 338 (75.3) | 111 (24.7) | 441 (70.3) | 187 (29.7) | 430 (81.3) | 99 (18.7) | 507 (77.3) | 150 (22.7) | 1686 (75.7) | 543 (24.4) |
Secondary | 261 (84.3) | 48 (15.7) | 294 (83.5) | 58 (16.5) | 195 (94.8) | 11 (5.2) | 219 (81.8) | 49 (18.2) | 981 (85.0) | 173 (15.0) |
Higher | 191 (96.9) | 6 (3.1) | 110 (93.3) | 8 (6.7) | 153 (96.6) | 5 (3.4) | 99 (93.0) | 7 (7.0) | 568 (95.5) | 27 (4.5) |
χ2= 16.6242, p≤0.001 | χ2= 11.0568, p≤0.001 | χ2= 39.2516, p≤0.001 | χ2= 5.1079, p=0.0018 | χ2= 46.9833, p≤0.001 | ||||||
Residence | ||||||||||
Urban | 404 (88.0) | 55 (12.0) | 141 (80.9) | 33 (19.1) | 107 (89.2) | 13 (10.8) | 191 (80.0) | 48 (20.0) | 923 (85.3) | 159 (14.7) |
Rural | 410 (75.7) | 132 (24.3) | 734 (75.6) | 237 (24.4) | 683 (84.3) | 127 (15.7) | 677 (79.5) | 175 (20.5) | 2423 (78.5) | 665 (21.5) |
χ2= 15.5287, p≤0.001 | χ2= 1.0799, p=0.2991 | χ2= 1.9159, p=0.1668 | χ2= 0.0210, p=0.8848 | χ2= 12.5572, p=0.004 | ||||||
Religious status | ||||||||||
Catholics | 311 (79.6) | 80 (20.4) | 225 (76.8) | 68 (23.2) | 486 (84.9) | 86 (15.1) | 337 (76.6) | 103 (23.4) | 1329 (79.9) | 335 (20.1) |
Anglican | 230 (83.9) | 44 (16.1) | 371 (77.5) | 108 (22.5) | 200 (86.7) | 31 (13.3) | 375 (80.7) | 90 (19.3) | 1167 (81.2) | 270 (18.8) |
Muslim | 153 (76.2) | 48 (23.8) | 153 (69.4) | 68 (30.6) | 44 (81.0) | 10 (19.0) | 53 (86.2) | 9 (13.8) | 429 (75.1) | 142 (24.9) |
Pentecostal | 100 (88.3) | 13 (11.7) | 111 (83.0) | 23 (17.0) | 55 (90.6) | 6 (9.4) | 55 (85.2) | 10 (14.8) | 330 (86.3) | 52 (13.7) |
Others | 20 (93.3) | 2 (6.7) | 15 (76.4) | 5 (23.6) | 5 (40.2) | 7 (59.8) | 48 (79.8) | 12 (20.2) | 90 (79.2) | 24 (20.8) |
χ2= 2.2809, p=0.0639 | χ2=1.6889, p=0.1516 | χ2= 4.1604, p=0.037 | χ2= 1.0481, p=0.3765 | χ2= 3.3290, p=0.0105 | ||||||
Wealth quintile | ||||||||||
Poorest | 19 (69.5) | 8 (30.5) | 178 (73.8) | 63 (26.3) | 343 (81.7) | 77 (18.3) | 50 (60.7) | 32 (39.3) | 517 (76.0) | 163 (24.0) |
Poorer | 44 (62.4) | 27 (37.6) | 210 (74.9) | 70 (25.1) | 188 (86.3) | 30 (13.7) | 158 (76.9) | 47 (23.1) | 559 (76.7) | 170 (23.3) |
Middle | 109 (71.0) | 44 (29.0) | 184 (71.1) | 75 (28.9) | 81 (83.1) | 17 (16.9) | 254 (81.0) | 60 (19.0) | 623 (75.8) | 199 (24.2) |
Richer | 195 (74.5) | 67 (25.5) | 179 (82.9) | 37 (17.1) | 97 (88.6) | 13 (11.4) | 236 (79.7) | 60 (20.3) | 724 (79.4) | 188 (20.6) |
Richest | 448 (91.6) | 41 (8.4) | 124 (83.1) | 25 (16.9) | 81 (94.6) | 5 (5.4) | 171 (87.9) | 24 (12.1) | 923 (90.0) | 103 (10.0) |
χ2= 12.0630, p≤0.001 | χ2= 2.0527, p=0.0935 | χ2= 2.1795, p=0.0725 | χ2= 5.9923, p≤0.001 | χ2= 13.5046, p≤0.001 | ||||||
Worked in the last 12 months | ||||||||||
No | 12 (57.0) | 9 (43.0) | 8 (49.0) | 9 (51.0) | 7 (55.8) | 6 (44.2) | 23 (67.3) | 11 (32.7) | 51 (59.2) | 35 (40.8) |
Yes | 803 (81.9) | 178 (18.1) | 866 (76.8) | 262 (23.2) | 783 (85.4) | 134 (14.6) | 845 (80.0) | 212 (20.0) | 3294 (80.7) | 788 (19.3) |
χ2= 6.2645, p=0.0125 | χ2= 6.0192, p=0.0144 | χ2= 12.7655, p≤0.001 | χ2= 1.7484, p=0.1865 | χ2= 16.2038, p≤0.001 | ||||||
Marital status | ||||||||||
Never married | 229 (74.8) | 77 (25.2) | 148 (62.5) | 89 (37.5) | 128 (74.0) | 45 (26.0) | 155 (63.0) | 91 (37.0) | 687 (69.1) | 307 (30.9) |
Ever married | 586 (84.2) | 110 (15.8) | 727 (80.0) | 182 (20.0) | 662 (87.4) | 95 (12.6) | 713 (84.4) | 132 (15.6) | 2658 (83.7) | 516 (16.3) |
χ2= 6.5313, p=0.0108 | χ2= 16.1246, p≤0.001 | χ2=12.7302, p≤0.001 | χ2= 34.7689, p≤0.001 | χ2= 53.1542, p≤0.001 | ||||||
Ever given gifts or other goods to have sex in the last 12 months | ||||||||||
No | 717 (82.0) | 158 (18.0) | 831 (76.9) | 249 (23.1) | 781 (85.2) | 136 (14.8) | 800 (79.5) | 206 (20.5) | 3105 (80.0) | 746 (19.4) |
Yes | 98 (77.0) | 29 (23.0) | 43 (66.9) | 22 (33.1) | 9 (68.7) | 4 (31.3) | 69 (80.7) | 16 (19.3) | 240 (75.7) | 77 (24.3) |
χ2= 1.4311, p=0.2320 | χ2= 3.7218, p=0.0541 | χ2= 2.7495, p=0.0977 | χ2= 0.0388, p=0.8439 | χ2= 3.2888, p=0.0702 | ||||||
Circumcised | ||||||||||
No | 369 (77.5) | 107 (22.5) | 379 (77.1) | 113 (22.9) | 606 (85.8) | 100 (14.2) | 473 (76.0) | 149 (24.0) | 1775 (79.1) | 469 (20.9) |
Yes | 446 (84.8) | 80 (15.2) | 496 (75.9) | 158 (24.1) | 184 (82.2) | 40 (17.8) | 396 (84.3) | 73 (15.7) | 1570 (81.6) | 354 (18.4) |
χ2= 5.0290, p=0.0252 | χ2= 0.1328, p=0.7157 | χ2=1.0156, p=0.3139 | χ2= 8.7932, p=0.0031 | χ2= 2.4351, p=0.1191 | ||||||
Number of sexual partners in the last 12 months | ||||||||||
No sexual partner | 448 (81.8) | 99 (18.2) | 625 (79.0) | 166 (21.0) | 536 (86.2) | 86 (13.8) | 548 (82.0) | 120 (18.0) | 2126 (81.9) | 469 (18.1) |
1 sexual partner | 281 (81.5) | 64 18.5) | 205 (69.7) | 89 (30.3) | 212 (83.2) | 43 (16.8) | 247 (79.0) | 66 (21.0) | 962 (78.5) | 264 (21.5) |
2 & above sexual partners | 86 (78.4) | 24 (21.6) | 45 (73.9) | 16 (26.1) | 43 (78.2) | 12 (21.8) | 73 (66.5) | 37 (33.5) | 257 (74.1) | 90 (25.9) |
χ2= 0.2288, p=0.7738 | χ2= 4.0041, p=0.0192 | χ2= 1.3207, p=0.2672 | χ2= 5.9696, p=0.0029 | χ2= 5.3051, p=0.0054 |
Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with never having tested for HIV among sexually active men aged (15 – 54 years) across regions in Uganda
Characteristics | Regions | Uganda | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central | Eastern | Northern | Western | |||||||
OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
Age | ||||||||||
15 – 24† | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . |
25 – 34 | 0.82 | 0.44-1.53 | 1.00 | 0.63-1.61 | 0.47* | 0.23-0.97 | 0.49* | 0.28-0.87 | 0.72* | 0.54-0.96 |
35 – 44 | 1.34 | 0.63-2.84 | 0.87 | 0.51-1.48 | 0.63 | 0.29-1.36 | 0.62 | 0.33-1.16 | 0.86 | 0.62-1.18 |
45 – 54 | 0.90 | 0.39-2.07 | 0.77 | 0.42-1.43 | 1.72 | 0.81-3.65 | 1.16 | 0.60-2.25 | 1.02 | 0.73-1.44 |
Education level | ||||||||||
No education† | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . |
Primary | 0.32** | 0.16-0.66 | 0.61 | 0.25-1.48 | 0.10*** | 0.04-0.24 | 0.69 | 0.36-1.32 | 0.38*** | 0.26-0.54 |
Secondary | 0.19*** | 0.08-0.44 | 0.26** | 0.10-0.66 | 0.02*** | 0.01-0.06 | 0.45* | 0.22-0.95 | 0.19*** | 0.12-0.28 |
Higher | 0.06*** | 0.02-0.23 | 0.12** | 0.04-0.41 | 0.01*** | 0.003-0.05 | 0.26* | 0.09-0.77 | 0.07*** | 0.04-0.13 |
Residence | ||||||||||
Rural† | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . |
Urban | 1.31 | 0.72-2.37 | 0.99 | 0.55-1.79 | 1.32 | 0.61-2.86 | 1.28 | 0.83-1.97 | 1.15 | 0.88-1.54 |
Religious status | ||||||||||
Catholics† | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . |
Anglican | 0.87 | 0.51-1.49 | 0.91 | 0.61-1.35 | 0.99 | 0.58-1.69 | 0.95 | 0.65-1.37 | 0.97 | 0.78-1.21 |
Muslim | 2.22* | 1.17-4.21 | 1.46 | 0.88-2.43 | 1.06 | 0.39-2.88 | 0.93 | 0.35-2.48 | 1.73** | 1.25-2.39 |
Pentecostal | 0.56 | 0.26-1.19 | 0.78 | 0.41-1.47 | 0.91 | 0.33-2.52 | 0.49 | 0.24-1.03 | 0.70 | 0.48-1.02 |
Others | 0.45 | 0.09-2.27 | 0.93 | 0.23-3.77 | 2.70 | 0.37-19.47 | 0.80 | 0.37-1.71 | 0.91 | 0.55-1.53 |
Wealth quintile | ||||||||||
Poorest† | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . |
Poorer | 1.22 | 0.37-4.02 | 1.06 | 0.67-1.67 | 1.01 | 0.56-1.78 | 0.39** | 0.20-0.77 | 1.05 | 0.79-1.39 |
Middle | 0.89 | 0.27-2.90 | 1.19 | 0.75-1.89 | 1.19 | 0.57-2.49 | 0.28*** | 0.15-0.53 | 0.99 | 0.75-1.32 |
Richer | 0.87 | 0.28-2.75 | 0.72 | 0.39-1.30 | 0.85 | 0.40-1.83 | 0.27*** | 0.14-0.52 | 0.90 | 0.67-1.21 |
Richest | 0.22* | 0.06-0.75 | 0.89 | 0.43-1.85 | 0.49 | 0.11-2.14 | 0.17*** | 0.08-0.37 | 0.42*** | 0.29-0.62 |
Worked in the last 12 months | ||||||||||
Yes† | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . |
No | 2.65 | 0.79-8.94 | 2.22 | 0.84-5.89 | 3.15* | 1.18-8.42 | 1.21 | 0.45-3.29 | 2.09** | 1.22-3.60 |
Marital status | ||||||||||
Ever married† | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . |
Never married | 4.52*** | 2.12-9.63 | 2.50** | 1.42-4.38 | 4.50*** | 2.01-10.03 | 3.69*** | 2.00-6.79 | 3.46*** | 2.46-4.89 |
Ever given gifts or other goods to have sex in the last 12 months | ||||||||||
No† | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
Yes | 0.98 | 0.53-1.78 | 1.12 | 0.60-2.07 | 3.25 | 0.72-14.76 | 0.69 | 0.35-1.36 | 0.99 | 0.70-1.41 |
Circumcised | ||||||||||
No† | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . |
Yes | 0.58* | 0.35-0.98 | 0.99 | 0.68-1.46 | 1.25 | 0.69-2.26 | 0.51** | 0.35-0.76 | 0.81* | 0.65-1.00 |
Number of sexual partners in the last 12 months | ||||||||||
No sexual partner† | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . | 1.00 | . |
1 sexual partner | 0.55* | 0.31-0.98 | 1.10 | 0.69-1.76 | 0.81 | 0.42-1.58 | 0.73 | 0.44-1.19 | 0.75* | 0.57-0.98 |
2 & above sexual partners | 0.53 | 0.23-1.22 | 0.70 | 0.32-1.54 | 0.70 | 0.27-1.83 | 1.28 | 0.68-2.42 | 0.81 | 0.54-1.21 |