Cardiac disease in pregnancy is a major contributor to maternal mortality in high, middle and low-income countries. Availability of data on outcomes of pregnancy in women with heart disease is important for planning resources to reduce maternal mortality. Prospective data on outcomes and risk predictors of mortality in pregnant women with heart disease (PWWHD) from low- and middle-income countries are scarce.
Methods
The Tamil Nadu Pregnancy and Heart Disease Registry (TNPHDR) is a prospective, multicentric and multidisciplinary registry of PWWHD from 29 participating sites including both public and private sectors, across the state of Tamil Nadu in India. The TNPHDR is aimed to provide data on incidence of maternal and fetal outcomes, adverse outcome predictors, applicability of the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) classification of maternal cardiovascular risk and the International risk scoring systems (ZAHARA and CARPREG I & II) in Indian population and identify possible gaps in the existing management of PWWHD. Pregnancy and heart teams will be formed in all participating sites. Baseline demographic, clinical, laboratory and imaging parameters, data on counselling received, antenatal triage and management, peripartum management and postpartum care will be collected from 2500 eligible participants as part of the TNPHDR. Participants will be followed up at one, three and six-months after delivery/termination of pregnancy to document study outcomes. Predictors of maternal and foetal outcome will be identified.
Discussion
The TNPHDR will be the first representative registry from low- and middle-income countries aimed at providing crucial information on pregnancy outcomes and risk predictors in PWWHD. The results of TNPHDR could help to formulate steps for improved care and to generate a customised and practical guideline for managing pregnancy in women with heart disease in limited resource settings.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abkürzungen
AVA
Aortic Valve Area
AV
Atrio Ventricular valve
CHD
Congenital Heart disease
CRF
Case Report Form
HF
Heart Failure
ICH-GCP
International Conference on Harmonisation—Good Clinical Practice guidelines
ICMR
Indian Council of Medical Research
LMIC
Low- and Middle-Income Countries
LV
Left Ventricle
MMR
Maternal Mortality Ratio
PWWHD
Pregnant Women with Heart Disease
RVSP
Right Ventricular systolic pressure
SOP
Standard Operating Procedure
TIA
Transient Ischemic Attack
TNPHDR
Tamil Nadu Pregnancy and Heart Disease Registry
WHO
World Health Organization
WWHD
Women With Heart Disease
mWHO
Modified World Health Organization classification of maternal cardiovascular risk
Background
Cardiac disease in pregnancy presents a great challenge, since it involves a complex interplay of both obstetric and cardiovascular management of the mother and the fetus. Pregnancy imposes significant physiologic and hemodynamic changes on the cardiovascular system in normal women. Women with heart disease (WWHD) may not be able to cope up with the greater demands imposed on the cardiovascular system by these physiological changes during pregnancy. The incidence of pregnancy complicated by heart disease is on the rise due to multiple factors including increased prevalence of adverse lifestyle risk factors, delayed marriage and conception, increased awareness and early diagnosis of genetic conditions and improved survival of women with congenital heart diseases [1, 2].
Recent data show that mortality in WWHD during pregnancy is increasing, both in high and low-income countries [3]. Cardiac disease is one of the commonest cause of maternal deaths in high-income countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States of America and the Nordic countries [4‐6]. With obstetric transition taking place related to improved management of bleeding, infective and hypertensive causes of maternal death, cardiovascular disease is becoming an increasingly important non-obstetric cause of maternal death in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) [7]. Additionally, pregnant women with heart disease (PWWHD) from LMICs often do not receive optimal pre-conceptional counselling and care [8] . Further, diagnosis of heart disease for the first time during pregnancy and lack of availability / affordability to appropriate care [9‐11] contribute to adverse outcomes in pregnancy.
Anzeige
To continue improvement in line with millennium development goals by the World Health Organization (WHO) in reducing global maternal mortality ratio (MMR) [12], each country/state/health care region has to plan its customised steps according to its current position in the obstetric transition, the prevailing health demographics, socio-cultural environment and the available health care infrastructure [7].
India is a nation with 28 states, 8 union territories, 22 official regional languages, [13] and significant political, geographical, cultural and educational diversity, which extends to its health care indicators like MMR and infant mortality rate. Some Indian states are still in stage III of obstetric transition with a MMR as high as 215 per 100,000 live births, while few others have already moved into stage IV [7] with a MMR as low as 43/100,000 live births [14]. States with lower MMR have to shift focus to target reduction of deaths due to heart diseases and other indirect causes, which needs a different set of interventions with multidisciplinary approach [15].
The state of Tamil Nadu in India is moving ahead in the obstetric transition with its MMR dropping from 111 in 2013 to 63 in 2017 [16] to the present level of 57 per 1,00,000 live births in 2019–2020. The contribution from heart disease to maternal mortality, which doubled over the last ten years from 4.56% to 10.36%, is likely to approach that of high-income countries (15–25%) as the state of Tamil Nadu moves into stage IV of obstetric transition. Early identification of heart disease in pregnant women and ensuring appropriate management strategies may improve foetal and maternal outcomes. A recent analysis of maternal deaths from Nordic countries, which have the lowest MMR in the world, suggested that improvements in care could have made a difference in outcomes in at least 32% of maternal deaths due to heart disease [4]. Lack of multidisciplinary care, customised local guidelines, non-uniform distribution of health care facilities and poor awareness (among public, health care providers and policy makers) are the predominant reasons for higher mortality in pregnant women with heart diseases from LMICs. A significant number of maternal deaths due to heart disease could be prevented in LMICs by targeted steps to deliver improved health care. The latest guideline from European Society of Cardiology (ESC) on managing pregnant women with heart disease recognises the potential of surveys and registries in generating answers to crucial questions in management of pregnant women with heart diseases [17]. The Tamil Nadu Pregnancy and Heart Disease Registry (TNPHDR) was initiated to generate essential data for informed and data driven policy changes, introduce appropriately targeted steps for strengthening the healthcare infrastructure, improve capacity for appropriate training of the health care workers, and develop a new customised local guidelines for management of PWWHD. It may facilitate to reduce the contribution of heart diseases to maternal mortality and thus enhance the pace of the obstetric transition to stage IV in this region.
Methods/Design
The TNPHDR is aimed to (i) analyze the socio-demographic and clinical profile of various heart diseases observed during pregnancy, (ii) measure the fetal and maternal outcomes and identify predictors of those outcomes, (iii) examine the applicability of the modified World Health Organization (mWHO) classification of maternal cardiovascular risk [18, 19] (Table 1), and the appropriateness of the available risk prediction scoring systems based on data from high-income countries such as CARPREG I & II score [20, 21] and ZAHARA score [22] (Table 2) in LMICs, (iv) propose a risk scoring system unique for LMIC population, and (v) develop an evidence-based guideline for management of PWWHD in LMIC settings.
Table 1
Modified WHO Classification of heart disease in pregnancy [17, 18]
mWHO I
mWHO II
mWHO II-III
• Small or mild (Pulmonary stenosis, patent ductus arteriosus, mitral valve prolapse
Prior cardiac events before pregnancy (HF, Stroke, TIA, or Arrhythmia)
− 1
Prior cardiac events or arrhythmia
− 3
Mechanical heart valve
− 4.5
Baseline NYHA > 2 or cyanosis SPO2 < 90%
− 1
Baseline NYHA III-IV or cyanosis
− 3
Left heart obstruction$
− 2.5
Left heart obstruction (MVA < 2 cm2, AVA < 1.5 cm2, LVOT pressure gradient > 30 mm of Hg by echo)
− 1
Mechanical heart valve
− 3
Prior Cardiac arrhythmia
− 1.5
Reduced LV ejection fraction < 40%
− 1
Systemic LV dysfunction*
− 2
Cardiac medication use before pregnancy
− 1.5
High risk valve disease #
− 2
Cyanotic CHD
− 1
Pulmonary hypertension (RVSP > 49 mm of Hg)
− 2
NYHA ≥ 2
− 0.75
High risk Aortopathy
− 2
Systemic AV Valve Regurgitation
− 0.75
Coronary Artery Disease
− 2
Pulmonary AV Valve Regurgitation
− 0.75
No prior Cardiac Intervention
− 1
Late Pregnancy Assessment
− 1
* LV ejection fraction < 55%; # Aortic Valve area < 1.5 cm2 or subaortic gradient > 30 mm of Hg or Mitral stenosis < 2.0 cm2 or moderate to severe mitral regurgitation; $Pressure Gradient > 50 mm of Hg or AVA < 1 cm2
HF Heart Failure, TIA Transient Ischemic Attack, AVA Aortic valve area, LV Left ventricle, RVSP right ventricular systolic pressure, AV Atrioventricular valve, CHD Congenital Heart disease, MVA Mitral Valve Area, LVOT Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
Anzeige
Study settings
All public and private hospitals with inhouse cardiology and obstetric services across the state of Tamil Nadu were eligible for enrollment as a participating site in the TNPHDR. The interested sites were requested to form a pregnancy and heart team with members from the departments of obstetrics, cardiology, pediatrics/neonatology and anesthesia to be responsible for the care of those participants enrolled in TNPHDR. The government of Tamil Nadu organized pregnancy and heart teams in all the eligible 23 government medical college teaching hospitals in Tamil Nadu and ensured their participation in the registry. Additionally, six leading private hospitals in Tamil Nadu also enrolled in the registry (Additional file 1, online supplement). The spread of the selected sites across the state of Tamil Nadu is given in Fig. 1. A premier public hospital at the state capital was chosen as the nodal coordinating center of TNPHDR. The pregnancy and heart team sensitization and TNPHDR sensitization training are conducted at each of the participating sites by the nodal center. Site investigators and co-investigators are chosen from the pregnancy and heart team of the participating sites.
Fig. 1
Map of participating sites in the TNPHDR. This figure shows the location of the 28 participating sites and the nodal center in the political map of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost state of India. (
The TNPHDR is a prospective observational registry enrolling all antenatal women seeking outpatient or inpatient care in any of the participating sites with known or newly diagnosed structural heart disease, cardiac rhythm disorders or aortopathy/vascular diseases from 15th of January 2020 to 31st March 2021 or till at least 2500 eligible participants are enrolled. Antenatal patients will be enrolled at any trimester when they first enter the institution. Women with eligible heart disease seen after delivery will be included in the first six weeks postpartum. Inclusion for women with peripartum cardiomyopathy will be allowed up to six months postpartum. Collected data will be protected for privacy with all standard precautions. For example, each enrolled participant will be assigned a unique autogenerated TNPHDR identification number by which they will be identified subsequently. The unique number will remain the same despite inter-institutional transfer. Patients with pregnancy related complications like gestational hypertension, anemia, eclampsia, and gestational diabetes without structural heart disease will be excluded from the TNPHDR. Patients with trivial / mild regurgitation of the cardiac valves will be excluded, unless associated with other eligible heart diseases.
Study tools
The “case report form (CRF) booklet” (provided as Additional file 2, online supplement) was developed based on the inputs of investigators of the participating sites and was finalized at the first investigators meeting organized at the National Health Mission, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai. The study variables will include baseline demographics, presenting symptoms, NYHA class, modified WHO classification, TNPHDR classification, clinical findings, baseline investigations, ECG and echocardiographic data, risk scores such as CARPREG I and CARPREG II and ZAHARA (Table 2). Data will be collected in the printed CRF booklets distributed to all participating sites. It will then be converted to an electronic format by using an online CRF web application platform. In addition, an Android/ iOS application will be also made available with facilities for both online and offline data entry. All the investigators will be provided with a username and password for restricted access to the data application. The nodal center will access, guide and support the online CRF data entry by the participating sites. The TNPHDR data will be stored in an encrypted format. The necessary backup of the database will be done every day in the evening (5 PM) to local servers at the nodal center as an added security measure. A standard operating procedure (SOP) will be formulated and circulated to all the participating centers (Additional file 3, online supplement) to enable understanding of the registry process and CRF entry.
Antenatal triage of cardiac patients
The antenatal patients with cardiac disease will be initially triaged as high-risk cardiac illness and low-risk cardiac illness during their registration based on the mWHO classification of maternal cardiovascular risk (Table 1). Patients belonging to mWHO I and II will be classified as low-risk, and patients belonging to mWHO II-III, III and IV as high-risk groups. More frequent follow up as per existing guidelines [23] will be recommended for high-risk patients including early hospitalization for safe delivery and child birth as appropriate. However, the frequency and components of follow up will be decided as per the discretion of the participating site investigators or according to the institutional protocol of each participating sites.
Antenatal counseling and management
Antenatal mothers and their families will be counselled about their cardiac condition, its impact on maternal and fetal outcome, the importance of periodic monitoring and pharmacotherapy and the role of healthcare in supporting them through the pregnancy. Termination of pregnancy will be advised for the mWHO IV patients as applicable. However, if the patient chooses to continue the pregnancy against the medical advice, she will be under close monitoring and supervision throughout pregnancy. Details of optimisation of cardiac medications, safe delivery and childbirth in high-risk patients, anticoagulant management of patients with prosthetic valve in the first trimester, management of complications, interventional procedures like valvotomy will be documented.
Peripartum management and counselling and discharge
The intra and postpartum management will be taken care by the respective pregnancy and heart teams. Details of the mode of delivery, the type of anesthesia/analgesia, outcome, complications, and management will be documented for all the patients. Patients will undergo a detailed clinical examination and echocardiographic assessment before discharge. Counselling provided will include discussions on need and timing of further follow up, cardiac medications, appropriate contraceptive methods, spacing, breast feeding etc.
Post-partum care and follow up
All patients enrolled in the TNPHDR will be actively followed up for a period of 6 months from the date of delivery/termination of pregnancy. During this time data will be collected at one month, three-month and six-month time points either during the clinical visits or by telephonic calls. At least one clinical follow up including an echocardiographic assessment is mandatory during follow up (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
The process of TNPHDR. This figure illustrates the typical process of how a patient is enrolled in the TNPHDR and is followed up till completion of the data collection at 6 months post termination
×
Trainings and sensitizations
Initial sensitization cum training program about the TNPHDR and about pregnancy and heart team was conducted for all the site investigators in December 2019. In addition, periodic refresher trainings will be done at the individual sites. The site investigators are encouraged to train their team on data collection and entry in the online platform. Online pregnancy and heart team groups have been formed for each site, which also includes members from the central coordinating nodal team, to discuss any queries on patient management and data entry.
Anzeige
Outcome measures
Primary outcome will be a composite of maternal cardiac events. Cardiac death, resuscitated cardiac arrest, cardiac hospitalization, new or worsening heart failure requiring treatment escalation or hospitalization, new episode of arrhythmia requiring treatment, thromboembolic event, hemorrhagic complications, aortic dissection, endocarditis, acute coronary syndrome, or cardiac intervention during pregnancy and up to 1 week post-delivery will be included as maternal cardiac events. Individual components of composite primary outcome and all-cause mortality will be the secondary outcomes.
We will include both obstetric and fetal outcomes as additional secondary outcomes. Obstetric outcome measures will include gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertension (at least two blood pressure readings above 140/90 measured more than 6 h apart, after 20 weeks of gestation), pre- eclampsia (gestational hypertension with > 0.3 g proteinuria in the 24 h urine sample), eclampsia (pre-eclampsia with seizures) / HELLP syndrome (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count), preterm labour (spontaneous onset of labour < 37 weeks of gestation), premature rupture of membranes (membrane rupture before onset of uterine contractions) and mode of delivery. Fetal loss (abortions defined as fetal death < 20 weeks, intra-uterine death defined as fetal death > 20 weeks and still births) will be the main fetal outcome considered in the study. We will also include a composite of fetal loss, premature birth before 37 weeks of gestation, intra-uterine growth retardation or small-for-gestational-age (birth weight < 10th percentile for gestational age or less than 2.5 kg) and congenital heart disease or anomalies in the newborn as additional secondary fetal outcome.
Data management and analysis
Data uploaded in the TNPHDR server will be verified for accuracy and completeness by the nodal coordinating centre team. Regular assessment will be done to check the appropriateness and completeness of the uploaded data. As required by the International Conference on Harmonisation Good Clinical Practice guidelines (ICH-GCP), the investigator will allow direct access to all registry related medical records to allow the verification of data gathered in the eCRFs and for the review of the data collection process. The nodal center staff will conduct periodic site visits to all participating centers to verify the data by random cross-check of the source documents (10% of all data fields), as part of quality assurance. We will use appropriate summary statistics to present the descriptive data. Multivariate regression models will be employed to study predictors of maternal and fetal outcomes.
Ethical considerations
The TNPHDR follows the ethical principles in line with the current declaration of Helsinki and ‘ethical guidelines for bio- medical research on human participants’ as laid down by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Approval for participation in the study was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committees of the coordinating center and all the participating institutions. The TNPHDR has been registered in the Clinical Trial Registry of India (CTRI/2020/01/022736) and all relevant data will be available in http://www.ctri.nic.in. Information and consent forms will be provided to study participants in a clear, and simple local language. Written informed consent in vernacular will be obtained before enrolment into the registry. All efforts will be made to ensure confidentiality, anonymity and privacy of the information and this shall be assured to all participants and hospital administration.
Anzeige
Study Status
The study started enrolling patients from 15th January 2020. As of 5th November 2021, 2461 eligible patients have been enrolled in TNPHDR. Some participating sites have stopped enrolling, while the other participating sites and nodal site are continuing enrolment. Antenatal observation and active post-natal follow up are ongoing. The 6-month post-natal follow up data collection of all enrolled patients is expected to be completed by early 2023.
Discussion
There is limited data on management of PWWHD from LMICs particularly from Asia. The available studies are small, often retrospective, and limited to small geographic areas. The TNPHDR will add large scale prospective data from a LMIC settings, on pre-pregnancy counselling, fetal and maternal outcomes, and outcome predictors in PWWHD. It will give information on applicability of existing risk scoring systems based on data from high-income countries to PWWHD in LMICs.
The data from this study will be used to bring out a management guideline for PWWHD in LMICs. Identifying the gaps in the existing health care delivery, may facilitate initiation of steps for capacity building and empowerment of health care workers and institutions to ensure delivery of quality cardiac care to antenatal mothers with heart disease and formulation of a practical and applicable guideline for management of PWWHD.
Acknowledgements
We express our sincere thanks to the Government of Tamil Nadu for organising pregnancy and heart teams in 23 Government medical colleges throughout the state and mandating their enrolment in the TNPHDR registry, through the good offices of Dr. Darez Ahamed IAS, Commissioner of Reproductive and Child Health program, State Health Society, Tamil Nadu, Director of Medical Education and the Deans of all the medical colleges. We thank the faculty members and heads of the departments of cardiology and obstetrics from all participating sites, for active involvement in the pregnancy and heart team meetings, participant enrolment and follow up.
Anzeige
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The Institute Ethics Committee of Madras Medical College, Chennai-60003 approved the study on 11th July 2019 (approval number-01062019). The study protocol is also approved the Institutional Ethical Committee- Government Kilpauk Medical College (approval number—254/2019), Institutional Ethics Committee of Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education & Research (SRIHER) (IEC/19/NOV/155/71), Institutional Ethical & Scientific Committee – Government Vellore Medical College, The Ethics Committee -Dharmapuri Medical College, The Ethics Committee -Madurai Medical College, Institutional Ethics Committee- Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College & hospital (approval number: GMKMC&H/4341/IEC/2019–194), Institutional Human Ethics Committee-Coimbatore Medical College (approval number: 0298/2019), Institutional Ethical Committee-Government Theni Medical College (approval number: 971/MEIII/19), Institutional Ethics Committee-KAPV Government Medical College (IEC no: 77/2019), Institutional Ethical Committee-Kanyakumari Government Medical College (Ref No: 2624 / ME2/2019) and Institutional Research Ethics committee-Tirunelveli Medical College, (Ref No: 1588/O&G/2019). We have obtained written informed from all the participants before enrolment.
Consent to publish
Not Applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Tamil Nadu Pregnancy and Heart Disease Registry (TNPHDR): design and methodology
verfasst von
Justin Paul Gnanaraj S Anne Princy Karen Sliwa-Hahnle Sowmya Sathyendra Nambirajan Jeyabalan Ragothaman Sethumadhavan Selvarani G N. Sumathi Vinotha S Pachaiappan P Vimali Murali Shanthirani B Gomathi T Muthuprabha P Panniyammakal Jeemon E. Elavarasi Rajarajeshwari R Vijaya S Kanmani K the TNPHDR investigators
Trastuzumab deruxtecan scheint auch jenseits von Lungenkrebs gut gegen solide Tumoren mit HER2-Mutationen zu wirken. Dafür sprechen die Daten einer offenen Pan-Tumor-Studie.
Frauen mit lokalem oder metastasiertem Brustkrebs, die Statine einnehmen, haben eine niedrigere krebsspezifische Mortalität als Patientinnen, die dies nicht tun, legen neue Daten aus den USA nahe.
Welche Antibiotika darf man bei unkomplizierter Zystitis verwenden und wovon sollte man die Finger lassen? Welche pflanzlichen Präparate können helfen? Was taugt der zugelassene Impfstoff? Antworten vom Koordinator der frisch überarbeiteten S3-Leitlinie, Prof. Florian Wagenlehner.
Das Risiko, nach einem Gestationsdiabetes einen Typ-2-Diabetes zu entwickeln, hängt nicht nur von der Zahl, sondern auch von der Reihenfolge der betroffenen Schwangerschaften ab.
Update Gynäkologie
Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert – ganz bequem per eMail.
