Background
Methods
Study population
Dietary assessment
Ascertainment of outcomes
Ascertainment of covariates
Statistical analyses
Identification of dietary patterns
Associations of DPs with depressive and anxiety symptoms
Sensitivity analyses
Results
Population characteristics
Characteristics | Total (N = 75,466) | Depressive symptoms | Anxiety symptoms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (N = 71,649) | Yes (N = 3817) | P value* | No (N = 72,557) | Yes (N = 2909) | P value* | ||
Female, n (%) | 42,192 (55.9) | 39,785 (55.5) | 2407 (63.1) | < 0.001 | 40,233 (55.5) | 1959 (67.3) | < 0.001 |
Age (years)a | 55.8 (7.7) | 56.0 (7.7) | 52.6 (7.7) | < 0.001 | 56.0 (7.7) | 52.9 (7.7) | < 0.001 |
TDIa | − 1.7 (2.8) | − 1.7 (2.8) | − 0.9 (3.1) | < 0.001 | − 1.7 (2.8) | − 1.1 (3.1) | < 0.001 |
Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
College qualification | 49,207 (65.2) | 47,088 (65.7) | 2119 (55.5) | 47,521 (65.5) | 1686 (58.0) | ||
Other qualification | 22,313 (29.6) | 20,881 (29.1) | 1432 (37.5) | 21,286 (29.3) | 1027 (35.3) | ||
None qualification | 3946 (5.2) | 3680 (5.1) | 266 (7.0) | 3750 (5.2) | 196 (6.7) | ||
Smoking status, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Never | 44,058 (58.4) | 42,074 (58.7) | 1984 (52.0) | 42,506 (58.6) | 1552 (53.4) | ||
Previous | 26,536 (35.2) | 25,156 (35.1) | 1380 (36.2) | 25,467 (35.1) | 1069 (36.7) | ||
Current | 4872 (6.5) | 4419 (6.2) | 453 (11.9) | 4584 (6.3) | 288 (9.9) | ||
Physical activity (IPAQ), n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Low | 12,072 (16.0) | 11,238 (15.7) | 834 (21.8) | 11,546 (15.9) | 526 (18.1) | ||
Moderate | 28,478 (37.7) | 27,128 (37.9) | 1350 (35.4) | 27,481 (37.9) | 997 (34.3) | ||
High | 24,793 (32.9) | 23,695 (33.1) | 1098 (28.8) | 23,836 (32.9) | 957 (32.9) | ||
Missing data | 10,123 (13.4) | 9588 (13.4) | 535 (14.0) | 9694 (13.4) | 429 (14.7) | ||
Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.002 | < 0.001 | |||||
White | 73,403 (97.3) | 69,721 (97.3) | 3682 (96.5) | 70,611 (97.3) | 2792 (96.0) | ||
Others | 2063 (2.7) | 1928 (2.7) | 135 (3.5) | 1946 (2.7) | 117 (4.0) | ||
Hypertension, n (%) | 37,230 (49.3) | 35,413 (49.4) | 1817 (47.6) | 0.028 | 35,883 (49.5) | 1347 (46.3) | < 0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 3228 (4.3) | 2990 (4.2) | 238 (6.2) | < 0.001 | 3063 (4.2) | 165 (5.7) | < 0.001 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 2458 (3.3) | 2241 (3.1) | 217 (5.7) | < 0.001 | 2336 (3.2) | 122 (4.2) | 0.004 |
Nutrients intake | |||||||
Energy intake (MJ/day) a | 8637.1 (2041.7) | 8638.9 (2026.6) | 8603.0 (2308.1) | 0.014 | 8637.8 (2033.3) | 8619.1 (2241.5) | 0.2 |
Energy density (kJ/g) a | 6.5 (1.4) | 6.4 (1.4) | 6.7 (1.7) | < 0.001 | 6.5 (1.4) | 6.6 (1.7) | < 0.001 |
Saturated fatty acids (%E) a | 7.8 (1.9) | 7.8 (1.9) | 7.9 (2.0) | 0.004 | 7.8 (1.9) | 7.8 (2.0) | 0.5 |
Free sugars (%E) a | 11.6 (4.9) | 11.5 (4.8) | 12.3 (5.9) | < 0.001 | 11.5 (4.8) | 12.2 (5.7) | < 0.001 |
Fiber (g/day) a | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.5) | < 0.001 | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.7 (0.5) | 0.002 |
Fiber Density (g/MJ) a | 2.1 (0.6) | 2.1 (0.6) | 2.1 (0.7) | < 0.001 | 2.1 (0.6) | 2.1 (0.6) | 0.002 |
Main food groups (g/day) | |||||||
Chocolate and confectionerya | 11.6 (18.7) | 11.4 (18.3) | 15.8 (25.0) | < 0.001 | 11.5 (18.4) | 15.4 (24.3) | < 0.001 |
Butter and other normal animal-fat spreadsa | 5.2 (8.2) | 5.2 (8.2) | 5.1 (8.2) | 0.5 | 5.2 (8.2) | 5.0 (8.1) | 0.13 |
High-fat cheesea | 15.0 (16.2) | 15.0 (16.1) | 14.5 (17.4) | < 0.001 | 15.0 (16.1) | 14.9 (17.9) | 0.016 |
Added sugars and preservesa | 8.4 (12.0) | 8.4 (11.9) | 8.7 (13.8) | 0.001 | 8.4 (12.0) | 8.9 (13.8) | 0.2 |
SSBs and other sugary drinksa | 84.6 (147.9) | 83.0 (145.0) | 113.9 (192.6) | < 0.001 | 83.7 (146.5) | 107.7 (179.0) | < 0.001 |
Milk-based dessertsa | 24.3 (37.7) | 24.2 (37.6) | 25.7 (40.9) | 0.8 | 24.3 (37.7) | 25.3 (39.6) | 0.5 |
Fresh fruita | 195.1 (142.9) | 195.7 (142.1) | 184.4 (156.3) | < 0.001 | 195.4 (142.4) | 187.9 (154.3) | < 0.001 |
Vegetablesa | 188.3 (130.6) | 188.7 (130.0) | 180.3 (142.2) | < 0.001 | 188.2 (129.8) | 190.2 (150.2) | 0.034 |
Time span (years)a | 7.4 (0.8) | 7.4 (0.8) | 7.4 (0.8) | 0.094 | 7.4 (0.8) | 7.4 (0.8) | 0.003 |
Baseline depression, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
No depression | 70,271 (93.1) | 67,525 (94.2) | 2746 (71.9) | 68,061 (93.8) | 2210 (76.0) | ||
Depression | 5195 (6.9) | 4124 (5.8) | 1071 (28.1) | 4496 (6.2) | 699 (24.0) | ||
Baseline anxiety, n (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
No anxiety | 70,070 (92.8) | 67,237 (93.8) | 2833 (74.2) | 67,868 (93.5) | 2202 (75.7) | ||
Anxiety | 5396 (7.2) | 4412 (6.2) | 984 (25.8) | 4689 (6.5) | 707 (24.3) |