The chondroitin/dermatan sulfate synthesizing and modifying enzymes in laryngeal cancer: Expressional and epigenetic studies

Each cartilaginous laryngeal tissue specimen (28 samples, 60 ± 11 y) of male patients with advanced cancer stage (stages III and IV) was separated into normal and cancerous part. Specimens of healthy donors (4 samples, aged 50 ± 14 y) were also included in the study. The study design was approved by the Ethical Committee of the University Hospital of Patras and was in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 1983.

Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) were obtained from Serva (Darmstadt, Germany). Benzamidine hydrochloride, ε-amino-n-caproic acid, Triton X-100, N-ethylmaleimide and disodium EDTA were obtained from Sigma. RNA extraction kit (Nucleospin RNA II) was from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany). PrimeScript™one step RT-PCR kit and 100 bp DNA ladder were obtained from TakaRa BIO INC (Ōtsu, Japan). Goat antibodies against CHSY1 (N-13), CHSY2 (E-19), CHSY3 (C-17) and C4ST1 (N-18) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, INC (Santa Cruz, USA). Rabbit anti-goat IgG horseradish peroxidase conjugated was from Chemicon (California, USA). DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit, RNAse A, EpiTect^® Bisulfite kit and HotStarTaq DNA Polymerase were from Qiagen. RNA extraction kit (Nucleospin RNA II) was from Macherey-Nagel (Düren, Germany). ECL Western Blotting Substrate was from Pierce biotechnology (Rockford, USA). The gene specific primers were purchased by Lieferschein (Germany). All other chemicals used throughout the study were of the highest available grade.

RNA extraction, RT-PCR analysis and agarose gel electrophoresis were performed essentially as described elsewhere [4]. The specimens were pulverized in liquid nitrogen and subjected to total RNA exctraction using the Nucleospin extraction kit and treated with RNase-free DNase to remove contaminating genomic DNA. The primers used (illustrated in table 1) were designed using a free software (PerlPrimer v1.1.14). Takara one step RT-PCR kit was used to perform the analysis. The conditions of RT-PCR were as previously [4]. RT-PCR products were separated by gel electrophoresis on 2% w/v agarose gel containing SYBR Gold stain to visualize the bands under UV. The gels were then scanned and the bands were analyzed densitometrically. Quantitative differences between cDNA samples were normalized by including GAPDH in all experiments.

Tissue specimens were treated for DNA isolation with DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit. For complete bisulfite conversion and cleanup of DNA for methylation analysis the Epitect^® Bisulfite kit was used. The processes were performed as follows: The tissue specimens were pulverized in liquid nitrogen and then incubated in proteinase K solution at 56°C overnight. Then RNase A was added to remove any contaminating RNA followed by a short incubation (2 min) at 25°C. The isolated DNA was used for the conversion of unmethylated C to U. Eight hundred ng of total DNA was used to be converted by the bisulfite reaction in a thermal cycler. The thermal cycler conditions for the conversion were 3 successive steps of denaturation and incubation. Each denaturation step took place at 99°C for 5 min and each incubation step at 60°C. The first incubation step was for 25 min, the second for 1 h and 25 min and the third for 2 h and 55 min. One hundred ng of DNA was used for MSP. The primers (illustrated in table 2) were constructed manually. The conditions for MSP were as follows: Taq polymerase was activated at 95°C for 15 min, followed by 35 amplification cycles and 10 min at 72°C. Each cycle consisted of 3 steps which were as follows: For DSE, 94°C for 30 s, 60°C for 30 s and 72°C for 1 min. For C4ST1, 94°C for 30 s, 52.5°C for 45 s and 72°C for 1 min. Finally, for D4ST1, 94°C for 30 s, 58.5°C for 35 s and 72°C for 1 min. PCR products were separated by gel electrophoresis on 3% w/v agarose gel containing SYBR Gold stain to visualize the bands under UV. The gels were then scanned.

Parts of healthy, macroscopically normal and cancerous tissues were used for the detection of chondroitin synthases and chondroitin sulfate 4-sulfotransferase. Each specimen was finely diced and the macromolecules contained were sequentially extracted for 3X24 h periods at 4°C in the darkness with PBS (10 mM disodium phosphate, 0.14 M NaCl, pH 7.4), 4 M GdnHCl-0.05 M sodium acetate pH 5.8 and 4 M GdnHCl-0.05 M sodium acetate-1% Triton X-100 pH 5.8, using 10 vols of extraction buffer per g of tissue. A protease inhibitor cocktail was also included [13]. The samples were thereafter subjected to western blotting as described [14].

CHSY1 gene expression in healthy tissues was about to one twelfth of that of GAPDH (fig 1A). In pathologic samples, increased expression was detected compared to healthy, being 30% as indicated by RT-PCR experiments (fig. 1A), and 10% from western blotting (fig. 2A). The macroscopically normal samples expressed the enzyme to a smaller extent compared to pathologic ones, being about 30% as indicated by RT-PCR (fig. 1A). About similar results were obtained using western blotting, however the expression found was higher (70%) (fig. 2A).

CHSY2 gene was the chondroitin synthase with the highest expression in healthy tissues (1.25 times the GAPDH levels), indicating its great importance in chondroitin/dermatan polymerization. A very clear decrease of its expression was observed in patients' specimens. Its expression, in the pathologic samples, was about half than that of the healthy specimens (P < 0.05), as indicated by RT-PCR analysis (fig. 1B) and western blotting (fig. 2B). Moreover, the pathologic samples, compared to adjacent normal, expressed the enzyme 2 to 3 times higher.

The healthy specimens expressed CHSY3 gene to the one fifth compared to GAPDH gene. The specified enzyme was expressed about in equal amounts between macroscopically normal and pathologic samples, but very low compared to healthy. Its decrease in cancer was about 8 times (P < 0.05) as indicated by both RT-PCR analysis and western blotting (fig. 1C, 2C).

The expression of CSGlcA-T gene was 7 times lower than that of GAPDH gene in healthy tissues. Its expression was found to be increased in cancer in both normal and pathologic samples, as indicated from RT-PCR experiments (fig. 1D). The increase was more profound in pathologic samples, being 50% and statistically significant (P < 0.05).

CHST3 gene was expressed in healthy tissues about the same levels as the GAPDH gene (fig. 3A). Its expression was decreased in patients' specimens to 50% compared to healthy as indicated by RT-PCR analysis, being statistically significant (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression was equal between the macroscopically normal and pathologic samples.

C4ST1 gene expression was very low in healthy specimens (20 times lower compared to the GAPDH gene), and increased in patients' specimens as indicated by both RT-PCR and western blotting (fig. 3C,2D). Its expression seemed to be controlled via methylation of a CpG island, since hypomethylation of the gene was observed in the pathologic samples compared to the macroscopically normal samples (fig.4A).

D4ST1 gene was about equally expressed with the GAPDH gene and possessed its highest expression in the healthy tissues (fig. 3B). In cancer, its expression was decreased 4 to 5 times and it was about equal between normal and pathologic samples (fig. 3B). The CpG island near the promoter region was fully unmethylated therefore it did not affect the enzyme expression (fig. 4C).

DSE gene was expressed in negligible amounts in the healthy tissues (more than 50 times lower expression than GAPDH gene, fig. 3D). DSE expression was not detected in the macroscopically normal samples, and the highest levels of it were observed in the pathologic samples, as indicated by RT-PCR (fig. 3D), being about 10-times more compared to healthy. DSE expression seemed to be controlled by methylation of the promoter region in certain samples; the pathologic samples were hypomethylated compared to the macroscopically normal (fig. 4B).