Skip to main content
Erschienen in: European Journal of Pediatrics 1/2013

01.01.2013 | Review

The controversy regarding the need for hormonal treatment in boys with unilateral cryptorchidism goes on: a review of the literature

verfasst von: Barbara Ludwikowski, Ricardo González

Erschienen in: European Journal of Pediatrics | Ausgabe 1/2013

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Hormonal treatment for unilateral undescended testes continues to be recommended in some countries. We reviewed the literature in favor and against this recommendation. Since the paternity rate of men with a history of unilateral undescended testes only treated with surgery is normal, the effectiveness of hormonal treatment to produce testicular descent is low, the cost is considerable, and there are potential adverse effects, hormonal treatment for boys with unilateral undescended testes should no longer be recommended.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Atkinson PM (1975) A follow-up study of surgically treated cryptorchid patients. J Pediatr Surg 10:115–119PubMedCrossRef Atkinson PM (1975) A follow-up study of surgically treated cryptorchid patients. J Pediatr Surg 10:115–119PubMedCrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Barthold JS (2008) Undescended testis: current theories of etiology. Curr Opin Urol 18(4):395–400PubMedCrossRef Barthold JS (2008) Undescended testis: current theories of etiology. Curr Opin Urol 18(4):395–400PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Barthold JS, Manson J, Regan V, Si X, Hassink SG, Coughlin MT, Lee PA (2004) Reproductive hormone levels in infants with cryptorchidism during postnatal activation of the pituitary-testicular axis. J Urol 172:1736–1741PubMedCrossRef Barthold JS, Manson J, Regan V, Si X, Hassink SG, Coughlin MT, Lee PA (2004) Reproductive hormone levels in infants with cryptorchidism during postnatal activation of the pituitary-testicular axis. J Urol 172:1736–1741PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Biers SM, Malone PS (2010) A critical appraisal of the evidence for improved fertility indices in undescended testes after gonadotrophin-releasing hormone therapy and orchidopexy. J Pediatr Urol 6:239–246PubMedCrossRef Biers SM, Malone PS (2010) A critical appraisal of the evidence for improved fertility indices in undescended testes after gonadotrophin-releasing hormone therapy and orchidopexy. J Pediatr Urol 6:239–246PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Borgward TG (2004) Bernhard Schapiro (1888-1966): Talmudic scholar-andrologist-pioneer of hormonal Treatment for cryptorchidism. Wurzbg Medizinhist Mitt 23:393–411 Borgward TG (2004) Bernhard Schapiro (1888-1966): Talmudic scholar-andrologist-pioneer of hormonal Treatment for cryptorchidism. Wurzbg Medizinhist Mitt 23:393–411
6.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat CendronM KMA, Huff DS, Koop CE, Snyder HM 3rd, Duckett JW (1989) Cryptorchidism, orchiopexy and infertility: a critical long-term retrospective analysis. J Urol 142:559–562 CendronM KMA, Huff DS, Koop CE, Snyder HM 3rd, Duckett JW (1989) Cryptorchidism, orchiopexy and infertility: a critical long-term retrospective analysis. J Urol 142:559–562
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HW, Behre HM, Haugen TB, Kruger T, Wang C, Mbizvo MT, Vogelsong KM (2010) World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Hum Reprod Update 16:231–245PubMedCrossRef Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HW, Behre HM, Haugen TB, Kruger T, Wang C, Mbizvo MT, Vogelsong KM (2010) World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Hum Reprod Update 16:231–245PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Cortes D, Thorup J, Lindenberg S, Visfeldt J (2003) Infertility despite surgery for cryptorchidism in childhood can be classified by patients with normal or elevated follicle-stimulating hormone and identified at orchidopexy. BJU Int 91:670–674PubMedCrossRef Cortes D, Thorup J, Lindenberg S, Visfeldt J (2003) Infertility despite surgery for cryptorchidism in childhood can be classified by patients with normal or elevated follicle-stimulating hormone and identified at orchidopexy. BJU Int 91:670–674PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Cortes D, Thorup J, Visfeldt J (2000) Hormonal treatment may harm the germ cells in 1 to 3-year-old boys with cryptorchidism. J Urol 163:1290–1292PubMedCrossRef Cortes D, Thorup J, Visfeldt J (2000) Hormonal treatment may harm the germ cells in 1 to 3-year-old boys with cryptorchidism. J Urol 163:1290–1292PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Cortes D, Thorup JM, Visfeldt J (2001) Cryptorchidism: aspects of fertility and neoplasms. A study including data of 1335 consecutive boys who underwent testicular biopsy simultaneously with surgery for cryptorchidism. Horm Res 55:21–27PubMedCrossRef Cortes D, Thorup JM, Visfeldt J (2001) Cryptorchidism: aspects of fertility and neoplasms. A study including data of 1335 consecutive boys who underwent testicular biopsy simultaneously with surgery for cryptorchidism. Horm Res 55:21–27PubMedCrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat De Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Hazebroek FW, Drop SL, Degenhart HJ, Molenaar JC, Visser HK (1988) Hormonal evaluation of boys born with undescended testes during their first year of life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:159–164PubMedCrossRef De Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM, Hazebroek FW, Drop SL, Degenhart HJ, Molenaar JC, Visser HK (1988) Hormonal evaluation of boys born with undescended testes during their first year of life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66:159–164PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Demirbilek S, Atayurt HF, Celik N, Aydin G (1997) Does treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin induce reversible changes in undescended testes in boys? Pediatr Surg Int 12:591–594PubMedCrossRef Demirbilek S, Atayurt HF, Celik N, Aydin G (1997) Does treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin induce reversible changes in undescended testes in boys? Pediatr Surg Int 12:591–594PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Dunkel L, Taskinen S, Hovatta O, Tilly JL, Wikström S (1997) Germ cell apoptosis after treatment of cryptorchidism with human chorionic gonadotropin is associated with impaired reproductive function in the adult. J Clin Invest 100:2341–2346PubMedCrossRef Dunkel L, Taskinen S, Hovatta O, Tilly JL, Wikström S (1997) Germ cell apoptosis after treatment of cryptorchidism with human chorionic gonadotropin is associated with impaired reproductive function in the adult. J Clin Invest 100:2341–2346PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Fallon B, Kennedy TJ (1985) Long-term follow-up of fertility in cryptorchid patients. Urology 25:502–504PubMedCrossRef Fallon B, Kennedy TJ (1985) Long-term follow-up of fertility in cryptorchid patients. Urology 25:502–504PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Fanconi S, Reinberg O, Gapany G, Meyrat BJ, Frey F, Vaudaux B, Di Bernardo S, Boulos T, Sekarski S, Spehrs-Ciaffi V, Jeannet PY (2008) Pediatrics. Rev Med Suisse 4:61–66PubMed Fanconi S, Reinberg O, Gapany G, Meyrat BJ, Frey F, Vaudaux B, Di Bernardo S, Boulos T, Sekarski S, Spehrs-Ciaffi V, Jeannet PY (2008) Pediatrics. Rev Med Suisse 4:61–66PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Forest MG, Sizonenko PC, Cathiard AM, Bertrand J (1974) Hypophyso-gonadal function in humans during the first year of life. 1. Evidence for testicular activity in early infancy. J Clin Invest 53:819–828PubMedCrossRef Forest MG, Sizonenko PC, Cathiard AM, Bertrand J (1974) Hypophyso-gonadal function in humans during the first year of life. 1. Evidence for testicular activity in early infancy. J Clin Invest 53:819–828PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadziselimovic F, Emmons LR, Buser MW (2004) A diminished postnatal surge of Ad spermatogonia in cryptorchid infants is additional evidence for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Swiss Med Wkly 134:381–384PubMed Hadziselimovic F, Emmons LR, Buser MW (2004) A diminished postnatal surge of Ad spermatogonia in cryptorchid infants is additional evidence for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Swiss Med Wkly 134:381–384PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadziselimovic F, Herzog B (2001) Importance of early postnatal germ cell maturation for fertility of cryptorchid males. Horm Res 55:6–10PubMedCrossRef Hadziselimovic F, Herzog B (2001) Importance of early postnatal germ cell maturation for fertility of cryptorchid males. Horm Res 55:6–10PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hadziselimovic F, Hocht B, Herzog B, Buser MW (2007) Infertility in cryptorchidism is linked to the stage of germ cell development at orchidopexy. Horm Res 68:46–52PubMedCrossRef Hadziselimovic F, Hocht B, Herzog B, Buser MW (2007) Infertility in cryptorchidism is linked to the stage of germ cell development at orchidopexy. Horm Res 68:46–52PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Jallouli M, Rebai T, Abid N, Bendhaou M, Kassis M, Mhiri R (2009) Neoadjuvant gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy before surgery and effect on fertility index in unilateral undescended testes: a prospective randomized trial. Urology 73:1251–1254PubMedCrossRef Jallouli M, Rebai T, Abid N, Bendhaou M, Kassis M, Mhiri R (2009) Neoadjuvant gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy before surgery and effect on fertility index in unilateral undescended testes: a prospective randomized trial. Urology 73:1251–1254PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Job JC, Toublanc JE, Chaussain JL, Gendrel D, Roger M, Canlorbe P (1987) The pituitary-gonadal axis in cryptorchid infants and children. Eur J Pediatr 146:S2–S5PubMedCrossRef Job JC, Toublanc JE, Chaussain JL, Gendrel D, Roger M, Canlorbe P (1987) The pituitary-gonadal axis in cryptorchid infants and children. Eur J Pediatr 146:S2–S5PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Kollin C, Karpe B, Hesser U, Granholm T, Ritzén EM (2007) Surgical treatment of unilaterally undescended testes: testicular growth after randomization to orchiopexy at age 9 months or 3 years. J Urol 178:1589–1593PubMedCrossRef Kollin C, Karpe B, Hesser U, Granholm T, Ritzén EM (2007) Surgical treatment of unilaterally undescended testes: testicular growth after randomization to orchiopexy at age 9 months or 3 years. J Urol 178:1589–1593PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Lala R, Matarazzo P, Chiabotto P, de Sanctis C, Canavese F, Hadziselimovic F (1993) Combined therapy with Lhrh and Hcg in cryptorchid infants. Eur J Pediatr 152:S31–S33PubMedCrossRef Lala R, Matarazzo P, Chiabotto P, de Sanctis C, Canavese F, Hadziselimovic F (1993) Combined therapy with Lhrh and Hcg in cryptorchid infants. Eur J Pediatr 152:S31–S33PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee PA, O'Leary LA, Songer NJ, Coughlin MT, Bellinger MF, LaPorte RE (1996) Paternity after unilateral cryptorchidism: a controlled study. Pediatrics 98:676–679PubMed Lee PA, O'Leary LA, Songer NJ, Coughlin MT, Bellinger MF, LaPorte RE (1996) Paternity after unilateral cryptorchidism: a controlled study. Pediatrics 98:676–679PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee PA, Coughlin MT (2002) The single testis: paternity after presentation as unilateral cryptorchidism. J Urol 168:1680–1682PubMedCrossRef Lee PA, Coughlin MT (2002) The single testis: paternity after presentation as unilateral cryptorchidism. J Urol 168:1680–1682PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Lee PA, Coughlin MT, Bellinger MF (2000) Paternity and hormone levels after unilateral cryptorchidism: association with pretreatment testicular location. J Urol 164:1697–1701PubMedCrossRef Lee PA, Coughlin MT, Bellinger MF (2000) Paternity and hormone levels after unilateral cryptorchidism: association with pretreatment testicular location. J Urol 164:1697–1701PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Marchetti F, Bua J, Tornese G, Piras G, Toffol G, Ronfani L, Italian Study Group on Undescended Testes ISGUT (2012) Management of cryptorchidism: a survey of clinical practice in Italy. BMC Pediatr 12(1):4PubMedCrossRef Marchetti F, Bua J, Tornese G, Piras G, Toffol G, Ronfani L, Italian Study Group on Undescended Testes ISGUT (2012) Management of cryptorchidism: a survey of clinical practice in Italy. BMC Pediatr 12(1):4PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Mathers MJ, Sperling H, Rübben H, Roth S (2009) Hodenhochstand: diagnostik, therapie und langfristige konsequenzen. Dtsch Arztebl Int 106:527–532PubMed Mathers MJ, Sperling H, Rübben H, Roth S (2009) Hodenhochstand: diagnostik, therapie und langfristige konsequenzen. Dtsch Arztebl Int 106:527–532PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Miller KD, Coughlin MT, Lee PA (2001) Fertility after unilateral cryptorchidism. Paternity, time to conception, pretreatment testicular location and size, hormone and sperm parameters. Horm Res 55:249–253PubMedCrossRef Miller KD, Coughlin MT, Lee PA (2001) Fertility after unilateral cryptorchidism. Paternity, time to conception, pretreatment testicular location and size, hormone and sperm parameters. Horm Res 55:249–253PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Niederberger C, Joyce GF, Wise M, Meacham RB (2007) Male infertility. In: MS Litwin, CS Saigal (eds) Urologic diseases in America. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, NIH Publication No. 07-5512, 2007, pp 461-481 Niederberger C, Joyce GF, Wise M, Meacham RB (2007) Male infertility. In: MS Litwin, CS Saigal (eds) Urologic diseases in America. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, NIH Publication No. 07-5512, 2007, pp 461-481
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Paasch U, Thieme C, Grunewald S, Glander HJ (2004) Electronic data base systems support the evaluation of male infertility factors, example cryptorchidism. Urol Int 72:154–161PubMedCrossRef Paasch U, Thieme C, Grunewald S, Glander HJ (2004) Electronic data base systems support the evaluation of male infertility factors, example cryptorchidism. Urol Int 72:154–161PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Pettersson A, Richiardi L, Nordenskjold A, Kaijser M, Akre O (2007) Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk of testicular cancer. N Engl J Med 356:1835–1841PubMedCrossRef Pettersson A, Richiardi L, Nordenskjold A, Kaijser M, Akre O (2007) Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk of testicular cancer. N Engl J Med 356:1835–1841PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Pyörälä S, Huttunen NP, Uhari M (1995) A review and meta-analysis of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2795–2799PubMedCrossRef Pyörälä S, Huttunen NP, Uhari M (1995) A review and meta-analysis of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:2795–2799PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Raivio T, Toppar J, Kaleva M, Virtanen H, Haavisto AM, Dunke L, Jänne OA (2003) Serum androgen bioactivity in cryptorchid and noncryptorchid boys during the postnatal reproductive hormone surge. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2597–2599PubMedCrossRef Raivio T, Toppar J, Kaleva M, Virtanen H, Haavisto AM, Dunke L, Jänne OA (2003) Serum androgen bioactivity in cryptorchid and noncryptorchid boys during the postnatal reproductive hormone surge. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2597–2599PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Retief PJ (1977) Fertility in undescended testes. S Afr Med J 52:610–613PubMed Retief PJ (1977) Fertility in undescended testes. S Afr Med J 52:610–613PubMed
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Ritzén EM, Bergh A, Bjerknes R, Christiansen P, Cortes D, Haugen SE, Jörgensen N, Kollin C, Lindah lS, Lackgren G, Main KM, Nordenskjöld A, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Söder O, Taskinen S, Thorsson A, Thorup J, Toppari J, Virtanen H (2007) Nordic consensus on treatment of undescended testes. Acta Paediatr 96:638–643PubMedCrossRef Ritzén EM, Bergh A, Bjerknes R, Christiansen P, Cortes D, Haugen SE, Jörgensen N, Kollin C, Lindah lS, Lackgren G, Main KM, Nordenskjöld A, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Söder O, Taskinen S, Thorsson A, Thorup J, Toppari J, Virtanen H (2007) Nordic consensus on treatment of undescended testes. Acta Paediatr 96:638–643PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Schwentner C, Oswald J, Kreczy A, Lunacek A, Bartsch B, Deibl M, Radmayr C (2005) Neoadjuvant gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy before surgery may improve the fertility index in undescended testes: a prospective randomized trial. J Urol 173:974–977PubMedCrossRef Schwentner C, Oswald J, Kreczy A, Lunacek A, Bartsch B, Deibl M, Radmayr C (2005) Neoadjuvant gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy before surgery may improve the fertility index in undescended testes: a prospective randomized trial. J Urol 173:974–977PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Suomi AM, Main KM, Kaleva M, Schmidt IM, Chellakooty M, Virtanen HE, Boisen KA, Damgaard IN, Kai CM, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J (2006) Hormonal changes in 3-month-old cryptorchid boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:953–958PubMedCrossRef Suomi AM, Main KM, Kaleva M, Schmidt IM, Chellakooty M, Virtanen HE, Boisen KA, Damgaard IN, Kai CM, Skakkebaek NE, Toppari J (2006) Hormonal changes in 3-month-old cryptorchid boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:953–958PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Thorsson AV, Christiansen P, Ritzén M (2007) Efficacy and safety of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism: current state of the art. Acta Paediatr 96:628–630PubMedCrossRef Thorsson AV, Christiansen P, Ritzén M (2007) Efficacy and safety of hormonal treatment of cryptorchidism: current state of the art. Acta Paediatr 96:628–630PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Virtanen HE, Toppari J (2008) Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism. Hum Reprod Updat 14:49–58CrossRef Virtanen HE, Toppari J (2008) Epidemiology and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism. Hum Reprod Updat 14:49–58CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
The controversy regarding the need for hormonal treatment in boys with unilateral cryptorchidism goes on: a review of the literature
verfasst von
Barbara Ludwikowski
Ricardo González
Publikationsdatum
01.01.2013
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
European Journal of Pediatrics / Ausgabe 1/2013
Print ISSN: 0340-6199
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-1076
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1711-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2013

European Journal of Pediatrics 1/2013 Zur Ausgabe

ADHS-Medikation erhöht das kardiovaskuläre Risiko

16.05.2024 Herzinsuffizienz Nachrichten

Erwachsene, die Medikamente gegen das Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätssyndrom einnehmen, laufen offenbar erhöhte Gefahr, an Herzschwäche zu erkranken oder einen Schlaganfall zu erleiden. Es scheint eine Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung zu bestehen.

Erstmanifestation eines Diabetes-Typ-1 bei Kindern: Ein Notfall!

16.05.2024 DDG-Jahrestagung 2024 Kongressbericht

Manifestiert sich ein Typ-1-Diabetes bei Kindern, ist das ein Notfall – ebenso wie eine diabetische Ketoazidose. Die Grundsäulen der Therapie bestehen aus Rehydratation, Insulin und Kaliumgabe. Insulin ist das Medikament der Wahl zur Behandlung der Ketoazidose.

Frühe Hypertonie erhöht späteres kardiovaskuläres Risiko

Wie wichtig es ist, pädiatrische Patienten auf Bluthochdruck zu screenen, zeigt eine kanadische Studie: Hypertone Druckwerte in Kindheit und Jugend steigern das Risiko für spätere kardiovaskuläre Komplikationen.

Betalaktam-Allergie: praxisnahes Vorgehen beim Delabeling

16.05.2024 Pädiatrische Allergologie Nachrichten

Die große Mehrheit der vermeintlichen Penicillinallergien sind keine. Da das „Etikett“ Betalaktam-Allergie oft schon in der Kindheit erworben wird, kann ein frühzeitiges Delabeling lebenslange Vorteile bringen. Ein Team von Pädiaterinnen und Pädiatern aus Kanada stellt vor, wie sie dabei vorgehen.

Update Pädiatrie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.