Background
Methods
Study design
Sample
Outcome measures
Weights
Statistical analysis
Results
Sample characteristics
High risk alcohol consumptiona % (N = 2,187) | High psychological distressb % (N = 3,259) | Current smokingc % (N = 7,113) | Total population % (N = 34,974) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | ||||
Male | 58.1 | 42.2 | 54.3 | 49.2 |
Female | 41.9 | 57.8 | 45.7 | 50.8 |
Age (years)
| ||||
16–29 | 57.4 | 28.2 | 30.6 | 24.3 |
30–39 | 19.5 | 20.8 | 25.8 | 19.7 |
40–49 | 12.6 | 20.1 | 21.0 | 19.0 |
50–59 | 6.7 | 14.5 | 13.8 | 15.6 |
60+ | 3.9 | 16.4 | 8.8 | 21.4 |
Marital status
| ||||
Married (registered) | 26.4 | 43.3 | 42.0 | 56.7 |
Never married | 63.8 | 35.7 | 41.3 | 29.2 |
Divorced/separated/widowed | 9.7 | 20.9 | 16.4 | 13.9 |
Highest qualification
| ||||
University degree | 14.3 | 16.7 | 16.2 | 24.8 |
TAFE certificate/diplomad
| 37.9 | 35.2 | 38.5 | 32.9 |
Higher School Certificate/Year 12 | 21.1 | 13.7 | 14.1 | 13.1 |
School Certificate/Year 10 | 16.8 | 18.0 | 17.7 | 16.6 |
Primary/Year 7–9/Other | 9.6 | 15.8 | 12.7 | 11.6 |
Household income
| ||||
< $20,000 | 13.8 | 26.4 | 18.6 | 17.0 |
$20,000–$39,999 | 13.6 | 16.6 | 17.2 | 15.1 |
$40,000–$59,999 | 15.2 | 14.9 | 16.0 | 15.2 |
$60,000+ | 37.0 | 20.0 | 30.2 | 33.1 |
Don't know/refused | 20.4 | 22.1 | 18.1 | 19.6 |
Employment status
| ||||
Employed | 73.5 | 50.7 | 66.2 | 61.1 |
Unemployed or in unpaid work | 26.2 | 48.8 | 33.4 | 38.9 |
Area of residence
| ||||
Urban area | 64.4 | 70.0 | 68.5 | 69.8 |
Rural area | 35.6 | 30.0 | 31.5 | 30.2 |
Prevalence of risk factors
Males | 16–29 years % (n = 2,258) | 30–59 years % (n = 7,122) | 60+ years % (n = 5,076) | Total Males % (n = 14,456) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol consumptiona
| ||||
High risk (7+ males) | 19.6 | 6.3 | 2.2 | 8.8 |
Risky (5–6 males) | 15.2 | 9.6 | 4.9 | 10.0 |
Low risk (1–4 males) | 45.6 | 67.8 | 68.7 | 62.5 |
Non-drinker | 19.5 | 16.3 | 24.1 | 18.7 |
Psychological distress
| ||||
High | 8.8 | 8.3 | 6.0 | 7.9 |
Moderate | 19.9 | 17.0 | 14.7 | 17.3 |
Low | 71.3 | 74.7 | 79.3 | 74.8 |
Smoking status
| ||||
Current smoker | 28.2 | 26.5 | 10.1 | 23.6 |
Ex-smoker | 27.3 | 38.4 | 58.6 | 39.8 |
Never smoker | 44.4 | 35.1 | 31.2 | 36.6 |
ED presentation
| 17.4 | 13.1 | 15.6 | 14.7 |
Females
|
16–29 years % (n = 2,876)
|
30–59 years % (n = 9,973)
|
60+ years % (n = 7,669)
|
Total Females % (n = 20,518)
|
Alcohol consumption
a
| ||||
High risk (5+ females) | 15.4 | 4.3 | 0.5 | 6.1 |
Risky (3–4 females) | 22.4 | 15.1 | 4.5 | 14.4 |
Low risk (1–2 females) | 31.6 | 51.5 | 50.2 | 46.4 |
Non-drinker | 30.6 | 29.1 | 44.8 | 33.0 |
Psychological distress
| ||||
High | 12.7 | 10.6 | 8.0 | 10.5 |
Moderate | 23.4 | 18.5 | 18.0 | 19.6 |
Low | 63.9 | 70.8 | 74.0 | 69.9 |
Smoking status
| ||||
Current smoker | 25.8 | 21.3 | 7.5 | 19.3 |
Ex-smoker | 27.1 | 33.8 | 32.9 | 32.0 |
Never smoker | 47.0 | 44.9 | 59.5 | 48.7 |
ED presentation
| 15.7 | 12.2 | 13.9 | 13.4 |
Persons
|
16–29 years % (n = 5,134)
|
30–59 years % (n = 17,095)
|
60+ years % (n= 12,745)
|
Total Persons % (n = 34,974)
|
Alcohol consumption
a
| ||||
High risk (5+ females) | 17.5 | 5.3 | 1.3 | 7.4 |
Risky (3–4 females) | 18.8 | 12.4 | 46.8 | 12.3 |
Low risk (1–2 females) | 38.6 | 59.6 | 58.8 | 26.0 |
Non-drinker | 25.1 | 22.7 | 35.2 | 54.3 |
Psychological distress
| ||||
High | 10.7 | 9.5 | 7.1 | 9.3 |
Moderate | 21.7 | 17.8 | 16.5 | 18.5 |
Low | 67.6 | 72.8 | 76.4 | 72.3 |
Smoking status
| ||||
Current smoker | 27.0 | 23.9 | 8.7 | 21.4 |
Ex-smoker | 27.2 | 36.1 | 44.8 | 35.8 |
Never smoker | 45.7 | 40.0 | 46.4 | 42.8 |
ED presentation
| 16.6 | 12.6 | 14.7 | 14.0 |
Alcohol consumption and emergency department presentations
Sex, age and alcohol consumptiona
| Emergency Department Presentation Prevalence Rate Ratiob (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Males | 16–29 years | 30–59 years | 60+ years | Total Males |
High risk | 1.27 | 0.93 | 0.63 | 1.2 |
(7+ drinks males) | (0.76, 2.11) | (0.62, 1.40) | (0.25, 1.62) | (0.94, 1.54) |
Risky | 0.93 | 0.85 | 0.87 | 0.9 |
(5–6 drinks, males) | (0.53, 1.61) | (0.57, 1.27) | (0.51, 1.43) | (0.64, 1.26) |
Low risk | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
(1–4 drinks, males) | 0.83 | 1.28 | 1.34 | 1.18 |
(0.55, 1.24) | (0.91, 1.80) | (0.93, 1.93) | (0.97, 1.45) | |
Females
|
16–29 years
|
30–59 years
|
60+ years
|
Total Females
|
High risk | 1.44* | 1.49† | 3.24* | 1.61† |
(5+ drinks, females) | (1.03, 1.99) | (1.19, 1.86) | (1.38, 7.61) | (1.30, 2.01) |
Risky | 0.85 | 1.21 | 1.14 | 1.09 |
(3–4 drinks, females) | (0.59, 1.23) | (0.95, 1.55) | (0.58, 2.22) | (0.89, 1.32) |
Low risk | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
(1–2 drinks, females) | ||||
Non-drinker | 1.36* | 1.35† | 1.42† | 1.39† |
(1.06, 1.74) | (1.22, 1.49) | (1.18, 1.70) | (1.30, 1.49) | |
Persons
|
16–29 years
|
30–59 years
|
60+ years
|
Total Persons
|
High risk | 1.32 | 1.14 | 1.1 | 1.36† |
(5+ female, 7+ male) | 0.89, 1.96 | 0.94, 1.38 | 0.78, 1.55 | 1.12, 1.65 |
Risky | 0.83 | 1.01 | 0.97 | 0.96 |
(3–4 female, 5–6 male) | 0.60, 1.15 | 0.90, 1.15 | 0.66, 1.44 | 0.86, 1.08 |
Low risk | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
(1–2 female, 1–4 male) | ||||
Non-drinker | 1.07 | 1.27† | 1.33† | 1.25† |
0.86, 1.34 | 1.08, 1.49 | 1.13, 1.55 | 1.16, 1.35 |
Psychological distress and emergency department presentations
Sex, age and psychological distressa
| Emergency Department Presentation Prevalence Rate Ratiob(95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Males | 16–29 years | 30–59 years | 60+ years | Total Males |
High | 1.67* (1.07, 2.59) | 2.46† (2.08, 2.91) | 1.35 (0.77, 2.37) | 1.96† (1.69, 2.28) |
Moderate | 1.32 (0.90, 1.94) | 1.50† (1.31, 1.73) | 1.26* (1.03, 1.54) | 1.39† (1.20, 1.62) |
Low psych distress | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Females
|
16–29 years
|
30–59 years
|
60+ years
|
Total Females
|
High | 1.35 (0.83, 2.20) | 2.01† (1.68, 2.41) | 1.87† (1.52, 2.30) | 1.77† (1.54, 2.03) |
Moderate | 1.08 (0.74, 1.59) | 1.47* (1.06, 2.03) | 1.37* (1.03, 1.83) | 1.32† (1.10, 1.57) |
Low psych distress | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Persons
|
16–29 years
|
30–59 years
|
60+ years
|
Total Persons
|
High | 1.47* (1.12, 1.93) | 2.19† (1.90, 2.51) | 1.62† (1.29, 2.02) | 1.84† (1.65, 2.06) |
Moderate | 1.19 (0.92, 1.53) | 1.48† (1.28, 1.71) | 1.30† (1.09, 1.55) | 1.35† (1.20, 1.51) |
Low psych distress | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Smoking status and emergency department presentations
Sex, age and smoking status | Emergency Department Presentation Prevalence Rate Ratioa(95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Males | 16–29 years | 30–59 years | 60+ years | Total Males |
Current smoker | 1.86* (1.14, 3.03) | 1.28 (0.98, 1.68) | 0.79 (0.61, 1.04) | 1.34† (1.12, 1.61) |
Ex-smoker | 1.62† (1.21, 2.16) | 1.21 (0.72, 2.03) | 1.06 (0.83, 1.35) | 1.28* (1.00, 1.64) |
Never smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Females
|
16–29 years
|
30–59 years
|
60+ years
|
Total Females
|
Current smoker | 1.78* (1.20, 2.65) | 1.27 (1.00, 1.61) | 1.14* (1.03, 1.25) | 1.38† (1.32,,1.45) |
Ex-smoker | 1.45* (1.08, 1.95) | 1.30* (1.04, 1.62) | 1.17 (0.98, 1.41) | 1.29† (1.10, 1.51) |
Never smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Persons
|
16–29 years
|
30–59 years
|
60+ years
|
Total Persons
|
Current smoker | 1.82† (1.32, 2.50) | 1.29† (1.11, 1.50) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | 1.38† (1.25, 1.52) |
Ex-smoker | 1.53† (1.22, 1.93) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.60) | 1.17† (1.08, 1.28) | 1.30† (1.11, 1.51) |
Never smoker | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Multiple risk factors and emergency department presentations
Emergency Department Presentation Prevalence Rate Ratioa(95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Males | 16–29 years | 30–59 years | 60+ years | Total Males |
High risk alcohol/current smoker/high psych distress | 2.62† (1.45, 4.73) | 1.69 (0.98, 2.94) | 0.09 (0.01, 1.52) | 1.95† (1.40, 2.72) |
High risk alcohol/high psych distress | 1.94* (1.01, 3.75) | 1.10 (0.68, 1.78) | 0.82 (0.28, 2.38) | 1.48* (1.02, 2.15) |
High risk alcohol/current smoker | 3.20 (0.67, 15.16) | 1.60 (0.40, 6.41) | 0 (0.00, 0.01) | 2.25 (0.52, 9.71) |
High psych distress/current smoker | 3.28* (1.09, 9.85) | 2.95† (2.11, 4.10) | 0.54 (0.11, 2.67) | 2.65† (1.98, 3.56) |
None of these | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Females
|
16–29 years
|
30–59 years
|
60+ years
|
Total Females
|
High risk alcohol/current smoker/high psych distress | 2.19 (0.59, 8.15) | 3.44† (1.84, 6.43) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 2.67* (1.35, 5.30) |
High risk alcohol/high psych distress | 2.26† (1.56, 3.28) | 1.31* (1.05, 1.64) | 0.99 (0.07, 13.48) | 1.78† (1.34, 2.37) |
High risk alcohol/current smoker | 3.37* (1.27, 8.93) | 2.59 (0.78, 8.64) | 10.77† (4.42, 26.22) | 3.21† (1.82, 5.67) |
High psych distress/current smoker | 1.66 (0.84, 3.25) | 1.79* (1.19, 2.69) | 2.58 (0.92, 7.26) | 1.82† (1.50, 2.22) |
None of these | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Persons
|
16–29 years
|
30–59 years
|
60+ years
|
Total Persons
|
High risk alcohol/current smoker/high psych distress | 2.38* (1.19, 4.76) | 2.33† (1.54, 3.55) | 0.10 (0.01, 1.70) | 2.28† (1.57, 3.33) |
High risk alcohol/high psych distress | 2.09† (1.36, 3.21) | 1.20 (0.90, 1.59) | 0.94 (0.34, 2.58) | 2.68† (1.35, 5.30) |
High risk alcohol/current smoker | 3.13† (1.45, 6.76) | 2.07 (0.97, 4.42) | 2.57 (0.43, 15.31) | 1.63* (1.26, 2.10) |
High psych distress/current smoker | 2.32* (1.29, 4.17) | 2.26† (1.65, 3.11) | 1.60 (0.69, 3.73) | 2.17† (2.00, 2.36) |
None of these | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |