Background
Methods
Study design
Ethics & participant feedback
Participant recruitment
Participant criteria & sampling
Recruitment & CATI survey
Measurements
Clinic visits
Blood sample
Laboratory Measurement | Analytic Method |
---|---|
Androgens/Steroids | |
Total Testosterone (TT) | Immulite 2000 |
Bioavailable Testosterone (BT) | as per O'Connor et al., 1973 |
Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) | Immulite 2000 |
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF-1; IGF-BP3) | |
Lipids
| |
Total Cholesterol | Olympus AU5400 |
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL) | Olympus AU5400 |
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) | Olympus AU5400 |
Total Triglycerides | Olympus AU5400 |
Glucose
| |
Glucose | Olympus AU5400 |
Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Biorad Variant II |
Insulin | Abott Axsym |
Prostate
| |
Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) | Abott ARCHITECT©
|
Reproductive
| |
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) | Abott ARCHITECT©
|
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) | Abott ARCHITECT©
|
Oestradiol (E2) | Immulite 1 |
Thyroid
| |
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | Abott ARCHITECT©
|
Triiodothyronine (T3) | Abott ARCHITECT©
|
Thyroxine (T4) | Abott ARCHITECT©
|
Liver
| |
Liver Function Test (including: Bilirubin, GGT, ALP ALP, ALT, AST, LD) | Olympus AU5400 |
Kidney
| |
Urea | Olympus AU5400 |
Creatinine | Olympus AU5400 |
Urate | Olympus AU5400 |
Phosphate | Olympus AU5400 |
Blood
| |
Complete Blood Exam (including: Haemoglobin, Haemodynamics, Platelets, White Cell Count) | Sysmex 1000i |
Electrolytes (Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Bicarbonate) | Olympus AU5400 |
Protein (including: Albumin, Globulin) | Olympus AU5400 |
Calcium (Total & calculated Ionized) | Olympus AU5400 |
Uroflowometry
DEXA scans
HIC data
Follow-up questionnaires (FUQ)
Sub studies
Cohort retention strategies
Representativeness
Data collection & analyses
Results
Response rates
Non- responders
Characteristic | Participant | Non-Responder |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|
Region: | [n = 1195] | [n = 1920] | 0.12 |
Western Adelaide | 589 (49.3) | 1002 (52.2) | |
Northern Adelaide | 606 (50.7) | 918 (47.8) | |
Age Group:
|
[n = 1195]
|
[n = 487]
|
0.40
|
35–44 | 271 (22.7) | 125 (25.7) | |
45–54 | 326 (27.3) | 136 (27.9) | |
55–64 | 305 (25.5) | 108 (22.2) | |
65–80 | 293 (24.5) | 118 (24.2) | |
Height (cm): mean (sd)
|
[n = 1195]
|
[n = 556]
|
0.81
|
175.8 (7.2) | 175.7 (7.4) | ||
Weight (kg): mean (sd)
|
[n = 1194]
|
[n = 529]
|
0.26
|
85.1 (14.7) | 84.2 (15.7) | ||
BMI (kg/cm
2
): mean (sd)
|
[n = 1194]
|
[n = 518]
|
0.35
|
27.5 (4.4) | 27.3 (4.6) | ||
BMI Category:
|
[n = 1194]
|
[n = 518]
|
0.33
|
Underweight (< 20) | 25 (2.1) | 9 (1.7) | |
Normal (20–24.9) | 324 (27.1) | 162 (31.3) | |
Overweight (25–30) | 556 (46.6) | 234 (45.2) | |
Obese (>30) | 289 (24.2) | 113 (21.8) | |
Current Smoker:
|
[n = 1195]
|
[n = 576]
|
0.001
|
Yes | 216 (18.1) | 147 (25.5)* | |
No | 945 (79.1) | 413 (71.7) | |
Occasionally | 34 (2.8) | 16 (2.8) | |
Ever Smoked Regularly:
|
[n = 979]
|
[n = 429]
|
0.83
|
556 (56.8) | 241 (56.2) | ||
Ever High Cholesterol:
|
[n = 1195]
|
[n = 572]
|
0.03
|
Yes | 447 (37.4) | 181 (31.6) | |
No | 714 (59.7) | 381 (66.6)* | |
Don't know | 15 (1.3) | 6 (1.0) | |
Never Measured | 19 (1.6) | 4 (0.7) | |
Current High Cholesterol:
|
[n = 438]
|
[n = 181]
|
0.0003
|
Yes | 236 (53.9) | 99 (54.7) | |
No | 70 (16.0) | 50 (27.6)* | |
Don't know | 132 (30.1) | 32 (17.7) | |
Ever High Blood Pressure:
|
[n = 1195]
|
[n = 572]
|
0.25
|
Yes | 375 (31.4) | 186 (32.5) | |
No | 816 (68.3) | 381 (66.6) | |
Don't know | 3 (0.3) | 5 (0.9) | |
Current High Blood Pressure:
|
[n = 365]
|
[n = 186]
|
0.41
|
Yes | 265 (72.6) | 142 (76.3) | |
No | 77 (21.1) | 37 (19.9) | |
Don't know | 23 (6.3) | 7 (3.8) | |
No. Adults (18+) in Household:
|
[n = 1179]
|
[n = 576]
|
0.03
|
1 | 169 (14.3) | 109 (18.9)* | |
2 | 788 (66.8) | 357 (62.0) | |
3 | 144 (12.2) | 81 (14.1) | |
4+ | 78 (6.6) | 29 (5.0) | |
No. Children (<18) in Household:
|
[n = 1179]
|
[n = 576]
|
0.32
|
0 | 862 (73.1) | 407 (70.7) | |
1 | 103 (8.7) | 64 (11.1) | |
2 | 149 (12.6) | 78 (13.5) | |
3 | 55 (4.7) | 20 (3.5) | |
4+ | 10 (0.8) | 7 (1.2) | |
Physical Conditions
| |||
Diabetes:
|
[n = 1195]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.0003
|
106 (8.9)* | 84 (14.6) | ||
Asthma:
|
[n = 1195]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.06
|
134 (11.2) | 48 (8.3) | ||
Bronchitis:
|
[n = 1179]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.12
|
142 (12.0) | 55 (9.6) | ||
Emphysema:
|
[n = 1179]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.94
|
30 (2.5) | 15 (2.6) | ||
Heart Attack:
|
[n = 1179]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.68
|
72 (6.1) | 38 (6.6) | ||
Stroke:
|
[n = 1179]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.04
|
21 (1.8)* | 19 (3.3) | ||
Angina:
|
[n = 1195]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.77
|
62 (5.2) | 28 (4.9) | ||
None of the above:
|
[n = 1179]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.95
|
781 (66.2) | 380 (66.1) | ||
Psychological Conditions
| |||
Anxiety:
|
[n = 1195]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.15
|
29 (5.0) | 43 (3.6) | ||
Depression:
|
[n = 1195]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.53
|
60 (5.0) | 33 (5.7) | ||
Stress:
|
[n = 1179]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.73
|
55 (4.7) | 29 (5.0) | ||
Other:
|
[n = 1179]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.82
|
11 (0.9) | 6 (1.0) | ||
None of the above:
|
[n = 1179]
|
[n = 575]
|
0.76
|
1065 (90.3) | 522 (90.8) |
3.3 Loss to follow-up
Demographic | Active Participants | Withdrawn |
p value |
---|---|---|---|
Age Group: | [n = 1155] | [n = 40] | 0.04 |
35–44 | 267 (23.1) | 4 (10.0) | |
45–54 | 318 (27.5) | 8 (20.0) | |
55–64 | 293 (25.4) | 12 (30.0) | |
65–80 | 277 (23.9) | 16 (40.0)* | |
Marital Status: |
[n = 1153]
|
[n = 40]
| |
Married/Living With a Partner | 940 (81.4) | 34 (85.0) | |
Separated/Divorced | 124 (10.7) | 2 (5.0) | |
Widowed | 32 (2.8) | 1 (2.5) | |
Never Married | 57 (5.0) | 3 (7.5) | |
Employment Status: |
[n = 1155]
|
[n = 40]
| |
Employed-full time | 587 (50.8) | 10 (25.0) | |
Employed part-time | 109 (9.4) | 2 (5.0) | |
Employed-self employed/not stated | 61 (5.1) | 6 (15.0) | |
Unemployed | 31 (2.7) | 1 (2.5) | |
Not in work force | 367 (31.4) | 21 (52.5) | |
Education: | |||
Any Qualification Post School:
|
[n = 1149]
|
[n = 39]
| |
Yes | 827 (71.6) | 23 (57.5) | |
No | 322 (27.9) | 16 (40.0) | |
Highest Qualification: |
[n = 822]
|
[n = 23]
| |
Bachelor degree or higher | 141 (17.0) | 1 (4.2) | |
Trade/Apprenticeship | 378 (45.5) | 14 (58.3) | |
Certificate/Diploma | 256 (30.8) | 7 (29.2) | |
Other | 47 (5.7) | 1 (4.2) | |
Gross Annual Household Income
|
[n = 1134]
|
[n = 40]
| |
Up to $12,000 | 77 (6.7) | 3 (7.5) | |
$12,001 – $20,000 | 151 (13.1) | 13 (32.5) | |
$20,001 – $30,000 | 157 (13.6) | 8 (20.0) | |
$30,001 – $40,000 | 131 (11.3) | 2 (5.0) | |
$40,001 – $50,000 | 132 (11.4) | 4 (10.0) | |
$50,001 – $60,000 | 142 (12.3) | 3 (7.5) | |
$60,001 – $80,000 | 153 (13.3) | 3 (7.5) | |
More than $80,000 | 191 (16.5) | 4 (10.0) |
3.4 Demographics of study participants
FAMAS | Census – NW Adel | Census – Aus | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n) | (%) | (n) | (%) | (n) | (%) | |
Age
| ||||||
35–44 | 271 | 22.7* | 40,931 | 32.4 | 1,409,361 | 32.0 |
45–54 | 326 | 27.3 | 34,993 | 27.7 | 1,276,302 | 29.0 |
55–64 | 305 | 25.5* | 24,271 | 9.2 | 884,786 | 20.1 |
65–80 | 293 | 24.5 | 32,409 | 20.6 | 835,577 | 19.0 |
Region of Birth
| ||||||
Oceania | 806 | 67.4 | 188,475 | 70.7 | 6,939,747 | 74.9 |
Australia | 795 | 66.5 | 186,324 | 69.9 | 6,712,876 | 72.4 |
Other | 11 | 0.9 | 2,151 | 0.8 | 226,871 | 2.4 |
Europe | 345 | 28.9 | 49,510 | 18.6 | 1,077,073 | 11.6 |
UK &Ireland | 218 | 18.2 | 26,230 | 9.8 | 545,146 | 5.9 |
Other | 127 | 10.6 | 23,280 | 8.7 | 531,927 | 5.7 |
Asia | 29 | 2.4 | 10,392 | 3.9 | 57,172 | 4.9 |
Africa | 7 | 0.6 | 2,410 | 0.9 | 183,236 | 2.0 |
Americas | 6 | 0.5 | 1,497 | 0.6 | 78,612 | 0.8 |
Other | 0 | 0.0 | 216 | 0.1 | 8,653 | 0.1 |
Marital Status: | ||||||
Married or Living With a Partner | 974 | 81.5 | 86,567 | 68.6 | 3,118,768 | 64.1 |
Separated/Divorced | 126 | 10.5 | 19,891 | 15.8 | 623,689 | 16.6 |
Widowed | 33 | 2.8 | 3,607 | 2.9 | 116,676 | 3.2 |
Never Married | 60 | 5.0* | 16,142 | 12.8 | 546,893 | 16.1 |
Employment Status: | ||||||
Employed-full time | 597 | 50.0 | 71,567 | 48.5 | 2,210,528 | 47.9 |
Employed-part-time | 111 | 9.3 | 13,681 | 9.3 | 477,007 | 10.3 |
Employed-self employed/not stated | 42 | 3.5 | 1,795 | 1.2 | 77,849 | 1.7 |
Unemployed | 32 | 2.7 | 5,992 | 4.1 | 173,473 | 3.8 |
Not in work force | 405 | 33.9 | 50,555 | 34.2 | 1,474,897 | 32.0 |
Education: | ||||||
Any qualification post-school?
| ||||||
Yes | 850 | 71.1 | 46,025 | 35.8 | 2,977,559 | 41.0 |
No | 338 | 28.3 | 71,721 | 55.7 | 3,532,760 | 48.6 |
Non-school qualification: | ||||||
Bachelor or higher | 142 | 24.2 | 7,643 | 13.4 | 910,318 | 24.4 |
Trade | 392 | 66.8 | 38,382 | 67.4 | 2,067,241 | 55.4 |
Other | 48 | 8.2 | 10,907 | 19.2 | 752,225 | 20.2 |