Background
Methods
Identification of exclusion criteria in PETs
The Dutch mental health care system and treatment steps for MDD
Patients
Effects of exclusion criteria on symptom outcome in daily practice
Statistical analysis
Results
Identification of exclusion criteria in PETS
Categorical exclusion criterion | Subtypes of exclusion criteria included in Category* | Proportion of trials using the criteria |
---|---|---|
Bipolar disorder or history of (hypo-) manic episode | 95% | |
Schizophrenia, a history of psychosis or psychotic features | 90% | |
Current or past abuse or dependence on alcohol and/or drugs | - Alcohol abuse or dependence | 85% |
- Drug abuse or dependence | ||
Not meeting a minimum severity threshold | 80% | |
Previous use of medication or ECT | - ECT less than 6 months before start of trial | 70% |
- History of use of a tricyclic antidepressant | ||
- Use of amitriptyline less than 3 months prior to trial | ||
- Use of imipramine less than 3 months prior to trial | ||
- Use of paroxetine less than 1 year prior to trial | ||
- Use of any antidepressant less than 2 months prior to trial | ||
- Use of any antidepressant less than 1 month prior to trial | ||
- Use of any antidepressant less than 2 weeks prior to trial | ||
- Current use of an antidepressant | ||
Co morbid personality disorder | - Borderline personality disorder | 60% |
- Antisocial personality disorder | ||
- Schizotypical personality disorder | ||
Cognitive disorders | - Cognitive disorders in general | 55 |
- Organic brain syndrome | ||
- Delirium or dementia | ||
- Mental retardation | ||
Somatic concerns | - Somatic co morbidity in general | 55% |
- Co morbid somatisation disorder | ||
Anxiety disorder as primary diagnosis | - Generalized anxiety disorder | 45% |
- Specific phobia | ||
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder | ||
- Panic disorder | ||
Contra indication for the use of medication in general | 45% | |
Suicidal ideation | 40% | |
Previous psychotherapy, with or without success | History of psychotherapy | |
- Psychotherapy less than 5 years prior to trial | ||
- Psychotherapy less than 2 years prior to trial | ||
- Psychotherapy less than 1 year prior to trial | ||
- Psychotherapy less than 2 months prior to trial | ||
- Current psychotherapy | ||
Psychiatric co morbidity in general, including eating disorders | 25% | |
Crisis | - Need for immediate intervention | 20% |
- Indication for admission |
Patients
All MDD patients (n=598) | Patients who received psychotherapy only (n=80) | |
---|---|---|
Age (in years)
| 39.3 (SD 11.3) | 36.2 (SD 10.8) |
Gender (% female)
| 66.7% (n= 399) | 73.8% (n=59) |
MADRS pre treatment
| 25.9 (SD 6.5) | 24.1 (SD 6.0) |
MADRS post treatment
| 18.2 (SD 9.4) | 16.5 (SD 9.1) |
Treatment outcome
| ||
Within-Group Effectsize1
| 1.16 | 1.28 |
Proportion of responders2
| 29.1% | 35.0% |
Proportion of remitters3
| 22.6% | 27.5% |
Ethnicity
| ||
Netherlands | 84.8% | 76.4% |
Turkey/Morocco | 5.1% | 5.5% |
Suriname/Antilles | 3.1% | 4.2% |
Other | 7.0% | 13.9% |
Marital Status
| ||
Married/Cohabitating | 52.8% | 44.4% |
Divorced/Widowed | 16.6% | 22.2% |
Single/LAT | 30.0% | 33.3% |
Employment Status
| ||
Employed | 34.3% | 34.7% |
Not Employed | 26.1% | 34.7% |
Sickness Benefit | 39.0% | 30.6% |
Retired | 0.6% | 0% |
Educational level
| ||
Low | 12.3% | 9.7% |
Intermediate low | 33.1% | 23.6% |
Intermediate high | 38.4% | 40.3% |
High | 16.2% | 26.4% |
Effects of exclusion criteria on symptom outcome
Exclusion criterion | All MDD patients (n=598) | Patients who received psychotherapy only (n=80) |
---|---|---|
Current or past abuse or dependence of drugs
| 2.3% (n=14) | 5.0% (n=4) |
Current or past abuse or dependence of alcohol
| 5.0% (n=30) | 2.5% (n=2) |
Not Meeting Baseline Severity Threshold
| 21.9% (n=131) | 30.8% (n=24) |
Previous use of medication or ECT
| 44.1% (n=230) | 13.8% (n=11) |
(all patients received antidepressants, none of the patients received ECT prior to psychotherapy
| Missing data: n=77 | Missing data: n=0 |
Definition of outcome | Influence on outcome in all patients | Influence on outcome in all patients adjusted1
| Influence on outcome in psychotherapy patients | Influence on outcome in psychotherapy patients adjusted1
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current or past abuse or dependence on alcohol
| |||||
ΔMADRS | B = 2.77 | B=2.09 | - | - | |
95% CI −0.85-6.39 | 95% CI: -1.50 -5.68 | ||||
p=0.13 | p=0.25 | ||||
Proportion of responders | OR = 2.12 | OR 2.36 | - | - | |
95% CI 0.80-5.63 | 95% CI 0.80-7.03 | ||||
p=0.13 | p=0.13 | ||||
Proportion of remitters | OR = 1.95 | OR 2.10 | - | - | |
95% CI 0.67-5.68 | 95% CI 0.61-7.27 | ||||
p=0.22 | p=0.24 | ||||
Current or past abuse or dependence on drugs
| |||||
ΔMADRS | B = − 0.17 | B= −1.12 | B=3.37 | B=3.50 | |
95% CI −5.35-5.02 | 95% CI: -6.04 -3.79 | 95% CI −1.04 – 7.78 | 95%CI −8.51-7.85 | ||
p=0.95 | p=0.65 | p=0.13 | p=0.11 | ||
Proportion of responders | OR = 0.73 | OR 0.70 | OR 1.72 | OR 1.52 | |
95% CI 0.24-2.22 | 95% CI 0.22-2.15 | 95% CI 0.17-17.40 | 95% CI 0.13-17.78 | ||
p=0.58 | p=0.53 | p=0.65 | p=0.74 | ||
Proportion of remitters | OR = 0.72 | OR 0.77 | OR 1.19 | OR 0.88 | |
95%CI 0.22-2.34 | 95% CI 0.23-2.54 | 95%CI 0.12-12.08 | 95% CI 0.07-10.39 | ||
p=0.59 | p=0.66 | p=0.88 | p=0.92 | ||
Not meeting a minimum baseline severity threshold
| |||||
ΔMADRS |
B = 6.39*
|
B=7.23*
| B=3.37 | B=3.50 | |
95%CI 4.56-8.21 p<0.001
|
95%CI 5.31-9.14 p<0.001
| 95% CI −1.04–7.78 | 95% CI −8.51-7.85 | ||
p=0.13 | p=0.11 | ||||
Proportion of responders | OR = 1.28 | OR 1.53 | OR 0.90 | OR 0.87 | |
95% CI 0.83-2.00 | 95% CI 0.94-2.47 | 95% CI 0.33-2.45 | 95% CI 0.31-2.50 | ||
p=0.27 | p=0.09 | p=0.84 | p=0.80 | ||
Proportion of remitters |
OR = 0.46*
|
OR 0.53*
| OR 0.53 | OR 0.49 | |
95%CI 0.30-0.70
|
95% CI 0.33-0.84
| 95% CI 0.19-1.49 | 95% CI 0.17-1.45, | ||
p<0.001
|
p=0.01
| p=0.23 | p=0.20 | ||
Previous use of medication or ECT
| |||||
ΔMADRS | B = 1.26 | B=1.19 |
B=7.62*
| B=5.49 | |
95%CI −0.42-2.95 | 95%CI −0.45 – 2.83 p=0.15 |
95%CI 1.94-13.30
| 95% CI −0.67-11.65 | ||
p=0.14 |
p<0.01
| p=0.08 | |||
Proportion of responders | OR = 1.47 | OR 1.39 | OR 6.75 | OR 5.46 | |
95% CI 1.0-2.17 | 95% CI 0.93-2.08 | 95% CI 0.82-55.83 | 95% CI 0.61-48.68 | ||
p=0.05 | p=0.11 | p=0.08 | p=0.13 | ||
Proportion of remitters | OR = 1.53 | OR 1.37 | OR 4.57 | OR 4.04 | |
95% CI 1.00-2.34 | 95% CI 0.88-2.13 | 95% CI 0.55-38.01 | 95% CI 0.44-37.26 | ||
p=0.05 | p=0.16 | p=0.16 | p=0.22 |