The magnitude and associated factors of childbirth fear among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Childbirth fear affects 5–40% of all mothers around the world, and there is mounting evidence that it has harmful impacts on women’s health. It could potentially lead pregnant women to feel isolated and unsupported if not identified. But studies addressing this issue are limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the magnitude and associated factors of childbirth fear among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals in West Wollega Zone.
Methods
Facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 304 pregnant women selected by systematic random sampling from 20 March to 20 April 2020. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was adapted and used to collect data. Data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to IBM SPSS statistics version 26 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were done to calculate frequencies, mean scores, and standard deviation. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with childbirth fear. Variables with p < 0.25 in bivariate analyses were selected for multivariable analysis. Finally, statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05.
Results
Out of the total of 304 participants, 298 completed the interview making the response rate 98%. The overall prevalence of childbirth fear was 28.9% with 95% CI (23.5, 34.2). Mean age of the respondents was 27.60 (SD ± 4.56) years. Having previous pregnancy complications [AOR (95% CI)], [6.949 (2.060 – 23.445), presence of long time during childbirth [AOR (95% CI)], [4.765 (1.161 – 19.564)], presence of episiotomy [AOR (95% CI)], [4.197 (1.107 – 15.917)], low social support [AOR (95% CI)], [.011 (.003 – .050)] were significantly associated with childbirth fear.
Conclusion
Pregnant women in the study area have a significant level of childbirth fear. Previous pregnancy complications, prolonged labor, labor pain, previous perineal tear, and social support were all found to be significantly linked with childbirth fear. This calls for the need to identify and develop interventions for women to reduce childbirth fear during pregnancy.
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Abkürzungen
ANC
Antenatal care
AOR
Adjusted odds ratio
CBF
Childbirth fear
CI
Confidence interval
COR
Crude odds ratio
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019
C/S
Cesarean section
IAVD
Instrumental assisted vaginal delivery
NGO
Nongovernmental organization
SD
Standard deviation
SPSS
Statistical package for social sciences
SVD
Spontaneous vaginal delivery
Introduction
Childbirth is multidimensional physiologic process that is unique to each woman, still strongly influenced by her social context [1]. Childbirth fear (CBF) is a negative perception that starts during pregnancy and persists through birth and the postpartum period. It is a pivotal event in every woman's life, in both in nulliparous and multiparous women, affecting women and their families on a mental, social, and physiological level [2, 3]. In nulliparous women, fear arises from unknown, pain, and loss of control. In parous women, fear arises from previous experiences such as poor perinatal outcomes, traumatic births, and prospect of the future [4‐6]. Childbirth fear can sometimes be so high that it inhibits women from becoming pregnant and even interferes with their daily lives [2].
CBF ranges from almost total absence of fear to extreme fear. As the level fear increases its consequence becomes severe [7‐9]. Pregnant women affected with childbirth fear are at increased risk for difficult, prolonged and upsetting labour. In addition, CBF has been associated with adverse postpartum mental health difficulties [3, 10]. Many studies reported that CBF could be a reason for deciding to have cesarean section for delivery when there is no medical cause for it. Higher childbirth fear during third trimester of pregnancy increases the likelihood of choosing cesarean-Section [11‐18]. Over recent decades, worldwide caesarean rate has continuously increased despite the fact that it is associated with higher complications [19].
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Even though maternity care in high-income countries is safe, CBF is a prevalent problem. It affects 5–40% of all mothers across the world [20‐25]. A study shows that the prevalence of CBF varies from 4.5% to 15.6% in six European countries [26]. According to a study conducted in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia, 25.3% and 24.5% of women are affected by high degree and severe degree fear, respectively [27]. Another study in Jinka Town, Southern Ethiopia shows childbirth fear affects 24.2% of pregnant mothers [28]. Several studies have found that past pregnancy complications, past experience of delivery complications, and presence of strong social support increase the likelihood of experiencing childbirth fear [22, 26, 27, 29, 30]. Therefore, prompt and timely management of this complications and promoting maternal health are crucial [8, 22]. As a result, providing pregnant mothers with a secure atmosphere in which to receive both mental and physical care from their family as well as from health institutions is one strategy to address this problem [22, 26]. In Ethiopia, the information required to provide this is very limited, and this issue has not been assessed yet in the area where the present study was done. Understanding the magnitude and factors influencing childbirth fear is thus important in improving women's health. The findings from the study may have implications for midwives/health care providers and policymakers in terms of improving women’s awareness and providing evidence-based practice. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the magnitude and associated factors of childbirth fear among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals in West Wollega Zone.
Materials and methods
Study design, setting, and period
A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted at public hospitals in West Wollega Zone from 20 April to 20 May 2020. West Wollega Zone is one of the zones in the Oromiya region of Ethiopia. Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, this zone has a total population of 1,350,415, of whom 671,538 are men and 678,877 women; with an area of 10,833.19 square kilometers. The zone has a population density of 124.66. There are five public hospitals in the zone namely Gimbie General Hospital, Nedjo General hospital, Begi General hospital, Mendi General Hospital, and Bube primary hospital. In these hospitals, the monthly estimated number of pregnant visiting ANC care is 1792 and the estimated number of deliveries attended by the skilled health care provider is 8372.
Study population and recruitment criteria
The study population for this study was all pregnant women were attending antenatal care at public hospitals in West Welega Zone. All pregnant women were attending antenatal care at public hospitals in West Welega Zone were included in the study. Pregnant women who are disabled (hearing and speaking difficulty) and/or critically ill were excluded from the study.
Sample size determination
Sample size was calculated using a formula for a single population proportion considering confidence interval of 95% (Z = 1.96), margin of error 5% (d = 0.05), and population proportion of 50% (p = 0.5).
Since the estimated total number of pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) in the hospitals is 1152, which is less than 10,000; and also since the ratio of initial sample size calculated to the total number of pregnant women attending ANC in the hospitals is greater than 0.05, correction formula was used and sample size became 289.
Finally, 5% nonresponse rate was added and the final sample size became 304.
Sampling procedure
By the time of data collection, two hospitals were serving as the COVID-19 treatment center. Therefore, the study was conducted at the remaining three hospitals. The calculated sample size was allocated proportionally to each hospital based on the number of each hospital’s monthly caseload derived from their annual ANC caseload. Sampling interval was calculated for each hospital, which was 4. Then the study participants were selected from each hospital by using systematic random sampling technique. Random start was selected by using lottery method on the first day of data collection at each hospital and every 4th pregnant woman visiting each hospital for ANC was interviewed (Fig.1).
Fig. 1
Flowchart for sampling procedure
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Variables and measurement
Sociodemographic variables
Age, marital status, religion, educational status, occupation, and family size.
Obstetric variables
Age at marriage, current gestational age, parity, gravida, number of ANC visit, gestational age at first ANC visit, previous pregnancy complication, and mode of delivery.
Previous experience
Prolonged labour, labour pains, Loss of bowel and/or bladder control, excessive bleeding during childbirth, fear of death, previous perineal tear, and previous caesarian section.
Childbirth fear
Is measured using 12 items on a 7-point Likert scale with the value ranging from 12– 84. Participants who scored mean score and above were considered as having high childbirth fear and those who scored below the mean score were considered as having low childbirth fear.
Social support
Measured using 12 items on a 7-point Likert scale with the value ranging from 12– 84. Study participants who scored mean score and above were considered as having high social support and those who scored below the mean score were considered as having low social support.
Critically ill pregnant women
Pregnant women who had conditions which prevent them from properly responding to the interviews such as severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, and antepartum haemorrhage.
Data collection
Data were collected by six BSc midwives recruited from each hospital. Three BSc midwives were assigned from each hospital and supervised data collection processes. Data collector made exit interview with the study participants keeping all the precautions for the COVID-19 prevention. Data collection processes were continuously monitored by the principal investigators.
Study instruments
A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was adapted from related studies [31‐34] and used. The questionnaire was first prepared in English then translated to Afaan Oromo and back-translated to English by language experts to maintain its consistency. The questionnaires had five parts: socio-demographic characteristics, obstetrical details, Childbirth Fear Scale, previous experience related questionnaire, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. The scales used to assess childbirth fear and perceived social support contain 7-point Likert-type questions with responses ranging from very strongly disagree (1) to very strongly agree (7). In the current study, the Cronbach’s alpha were 0.86, 0.78, and 0.81 for childbirth fear questionnaire, previous experience related questionnaire, social support questionnaire, respectively.
Data quality management
Pretest was conducted on 5% (15) of the sample size at Mendi primary hospital. Data collected for the pretest was analyzed and used for amending data collection tool. Then reliability of the data collection tool was measured, data collection time was estimated and modifications such as logical order and rewriting items difficult to understand were made as well. One-day training was given for data collectors and supervisors regarding the objective of the study, data collection tool, and procedures and how to approach respondents. The quality, consistency and completeness of data were kept through careful collection and supervision on daily basis.
Data analysis
Data were coded and entered into EpiData Version 3.1 and exported to IBM SPSS Statistics Version 26.0 for analysis. Then data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, mean scores, and standard deviations. Bivariate binary logistic regression was used for selecting candidate variables for multivariable binary logistic regression. Accordingly, all independent variables with \(p<\)0.25 were considered candidates for multivariable binary logistic regression. Finally, statistical significance was declared at \(p<\)0.05 in the multivariable binary logistic regression. The fitness of the model was checked by Hosmer and Lemeshow’s test, which was found to be insignificant (p = 0.253) indicating that the model was fitted. Backward logistic regression was used for selecting variables in the final model and p-value for the model was \(<\) 0.001. The strength of statistical association was measured by adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
Results
Out of the total sample, 298 of the study participants were involved in this study giving a response rate of 98.03%.
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Socio-demographic characteristics
The mean age of the respondents was 27.60 (SD ± 4.56) years, majority of them 162 (54.4%) fell into the age group of 25–29 years. The vast majority of the respondents 273(91.6%) were married, and 105(35.2%) were housewives. About 93 (31.2%) of respondents attended primary education (Table 1).
Table 1
Socio-demographic characteristics of pregnant women attending ANC at public hospitals in West Wollega Zone, 2020 (n = 298)
Variables
Category
Frequency
Percentage
Age
M = 27.60
SD = \(\pm\) 4.56
15 – 19 years
13
4.4
20 – 24 years
41
13.8
25 – 29 years
162
54.4
30 – 34 years
58
19.5
35 + years
24
8.1
Marital status
Married
273
91.6
Divorced
14
4.7
Widowed
11
3.7
Religion
Muslim
59
19.8
Protestant
184
61.7
Orthodox
47
15.8
Catholic
8
2.7
Educational status
Cannot read and write
59
19.8
Can read and write
20
6.7
Primary school
93
31.2
Secondary school
71
23.8
College
34
11.4
University
21
7.0
Occupation
Self-employed
45
15.1
Government employed
56
18.8
Daily laborer
73
24.5
Housewife
105
35.2
NGO
19
6.4
Family size
≤ 3
100
33.6
4 – 5
163
54.7
≥ 6
35
11.7
NGO Non-governmental organization, SD Standard deviation
Obstetric details of participants
Majority of the respondents (83.9%) were married when they were in the age group of 18 – 24 years. About two-third of respondents’ gestational age was greater than or equal to 28 weeks at the time of data collection. For the vast majority of the women (96.6%), the total number of gravida was in between 2 and 4 and majority of them (85.5%) had number of para less than or equal to 2 (Table 2).
Table 2
Obstetric details of pregnant women visiting attending ANC at public hospitals in West Wollega Zone, 2020 (n = 298)
Variables
Category
Frequency
Percentage
Age at marriage
\(<\) 18 years
39
13.1%
18 – 24 years
250
83.9%
\(\ge\) 25 years
9
3%
Current gestational age
\(\le\) 28 weeks
204
68.5
\(>\) 28 weeks
94
31.5
Gravida
2 – 4
288
96.6
\(\ge\) 5
10
3.4
Para
\(\le\) 2
255
85.6
3 – 4
43
14.4
Previous pregnancy complication
Yes
102
34.2
No
196
65.8
Number of ANC received during current pregnancy
\(<\) 4
247
82.9
\(\ge\) 4
51
17.1
Gestational age when you first received antenatal care for this pregnancy
Among the study respondents, 19.5% of them reported they experienced prolonged labour while 18.5% of them experienced labour pain. Eighty-two (27.5%) of them had experience of loss of bowel and/or bladder control while 42 (14.1%) of them had previous excessive bleeding during childbirth. About two-third (67.4%) of them had low social support (Table 3).
Table 3
Previous experience and social support of pregnant women attending ANC at public hospitals in West Wollega Zone, 2020 (n = 298)
Variables
Category
Frequency
Percentage
Prolonged labour
Yes
58
19.5
No
240
80.5
Labour pains
Yes
55
18.5
No
243
81.5
Loss of bowel and/or bladder control
Yes
82
27.5
No
216
72.5
Excessive bleeding during childbirth
Yes
42
14.1
No
256
85.9
Previous perineal tear
Yes
77
25.8
No
221
74.2
Previous caesarian section
Yes
63
21.1
No
235
78.9
Social support
High
94
31.5
Low
201
67.4
Magnitude of childbirth fear
From the 298 respondents interviewed, 86(28.9%) (95% CI (23.5, 34.2)) experienced high childbirth fear among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2
Pie chart showing magnitude of childbirth fear among pregnant women attending ANC at public hospitals in West Wollega Zone, 2020 (N = 298)
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Trimester-based distribution of childbirth fear
High childbirth fear was reported by 64% of pregnant women in their second trimester, but only 36% of those in their third trimester (Table 4).
Table 4
Trimester-based distribution of childbirth fear of pregnant women attending ANC at public hospitals in West Wollega Zone, 2020 (n = 298)
Child birth fear
Total
Low
High
Trimesters of pregnancy
Second trimester of pregnancy
101 (67.6%)
55(64%)
156
Third trimester of pregnancy
111(52.4%)
31(36%)
142
Total
212
86
298
Because none of the participants began antenatal follow-up during the first trimester of pregnancy, the first trimester is not included in the distribution
Factors associated with childbirth fear
Both bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify factors associated with childbirth fear. Bivariate analyses showed marital status, occupation and family number, obstetric related factors like age at marriage, current gestational age, previous pregnancy complications, number of ANC received during current pregnancy, gestational age when first received ANC, and mode of delivery were significantly associated with childbirth fear at p < 0.25. Bivariate analyses also showed that five previous experience-related factors (prolonged, labour pains, excessive bleeding during childbirth, previous perineal tear, and previous caesarian section) and social support were significantly associated with childbirth fear at p < 0.25. All significant in the bivariate analyses were entered into the multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify factors associated with childbirth fear.
Based on the finding from multivariable binary logistic regression, pregnant women who had previous pregnancy complications were 7 times more likely to experience childbirth fear as compared to those who did not have [AOR (95% CI)], [6.949 (2.060 – 23.445)], (p = 0.002). On the other hand, pregnant women who had prolonged labour previously were 5 times more likely to experience childbirth fear as compared to those who had not [AOR (95% CI)], [4.765 (1.161 – 19.564)], (p = 0.030). Similarly, pregnant women who had labour pain previously were 5 times more likely to experience childbirth fear as compared to those who had not [AOR (95% CI)], [4.840 (1.067 – 21.957)], (p = 0.041). Additionally, pregnant women who experienced perineal tear were 4 times more likely to experience childbirth fear as compared to those who did not [AOR (95% CI)], [4.197 (1.107 – 15.917)], ( p = 0.035). Pregnant women who had high social support were 98.9% times less likely to experience childbirth fear than those who had not [AOR (95% CI)], [0.011 (0.003 – 0.050)], ( p = 0.000). Accordingly, previous obstetric complication, prolonged labour, labour pain, previous perineal tear, and social support were associated with childbirth fear (Table 5).
Table 5
Multivariable logistic regression analysis for factors associated with childbirth fear among pregnant women attending ANC at public hospitals in West Wollega Zone, 2020 (n = 298)
Variables
Childbirth fear
COR (95% C.I.)
AOR (95% C.I.)
P value
Low
High
Marital status
Married®
196(71.8%)
77(28.2%)
Widowed
10(90.9%)
1(9.1%)
3.394 (1.140, 10.103)
1.840 (.174, 19.397)
612
Divorced
6(42.9%)
8(51.7%)
0.255 (0.032, 2.022)
2.601 (.207, 32.707)
.459
Occupation
Self-employed®
32(71.1%)
13(28.9%)
Gov’t employed
50(59.3%)
6(10.7%)
7.312 (.883, 60.577)
.209 (.023, 1.876)
.162
Daily laborer
41(56.2%)
32(43.8%)
2.160 (0.243, 19.194)
1.507 (.223, 10.183)
.674
Housewife
71(67.6%)
34(32.4%)
14.049 (1.780, 110.89)
.355 (.058, 2.180)
.263
NGO
18(94.7%)
1(5.3%)
8.620 (1.104, 67.275)
.251 (.010, 6.445)
.404
Family number
≤3
69(69.0%)
31(31.0%)
2.171 (.818, 5.762)
1.456 (.213, 9.945
.702
4 – 5
114(69.9%)
49(30.1%)
2.077 (0.811, 5.322)
1.162 (.205, 6.594)
.866
≥ 6®
29(82.9%)
6(17.1%)
Age at marriage
<18
32(82.1%)
7(17.9%)
1.750 (0.187, 16.339)
.061 (.003, 1.385)
.079
18 – 24
172(68.6%)
78(31.2%)
3.628 (0.446, 29.508)
.141 (.010, 1.934)
.143
≥ 25®
8(88.9%)
1(11.1%)
Previous pregnancy complications
Yes
38(37.3%)
64(62.7%)
.075 (0.041, 0.137)
6.949 (2.060,23.445)
.002*
No®
174(88.8%)
22(11.2%)
GA at first ANC?
<16®
141(68.1%)
66(31.9%)
≥16
71(78.0%)
20(22.0%)
0.393 (0.213, 0.723)
1.204 (.289, 5.009)
.799
Mode of delivery
SVD®
92(68.1%)
43(31.9%)
Caesarian section
58(78.4%)
16(21.6%)
1.075 (0.601, 1.915)
2.955 (.592, 14.747)
.187
IAVD
62(69.7%)
27(30.3)
.633 (0.310, 1..294)
.809 (.226, 2.893)
.745
Prolonged labour
Yes
25(43.1%)
33(56.9%)
4.657 (2.549, 8.508)
4.765 (1.161,19.564)
.030*
No®
187(77.9%)
53(22.1%)
Labour pain
Yes
13(23.6%)
42(76.4%)
14.612 (7.238, 29.500)
4.840 (1.067,21.957)
.041*
No®
199(81.9%)
44(18.1%)
Excessive bleeding during childbirth
Yes
26(61.9%)
16(38.1%)
1.635 (0.828, 3.230)
.887 (.198, 3.967)
.876
No®
186(72.7%)
70(27.3%)
Previous perineal tear
Yes
27(31.2%)
53(68.8%)
12.581 (6.851, 23.102)
4.197 (1.107,15.917)
.035*
No®
188(85.1%)
33(14.9%)
Previous caesarian section
Yes
36(57.1%)
27(42.9%)
2.237 (1.253, 3.994)
0.404 (.092, 1.774)
0.230
No®
176(74.9%)
59(25.1%)
Social support
High
17(17.5%)
80(82.5%)
0.007 (0.002, 0.017)
.011 (.003, .050)
.000*
Low®
195(97.0%)
6(3.0%)
Dependent variable: Childbirth fear *Significant at p < 0.05. ®Reference
ANC Antenatal care, GA Gestational age, NGO Nongovernmental organization, SVD spontaneous vaginal delivery, IAVD Instrumental-assisted vaginal delivery
Discussion
This study was aimed to assess childbirth fear and associated factors at public hospitals of West Wollega Zone. The study finding indicates that the magnitude of CBF was 28.9% with 95% CI (23.5, 34.2). This finding is in line with the findings from the studies conducted in Southern Ethiopia and Australia where the prevalences of childbirth fear were reported to be 24.2 and 31.5% respectively [28, 35]. However, it is lower than the finding from a study conducted in Ireland, in which the prevalence of childbirth fear was 36.7% [35, 36]. On the other hand, the finding is higher than that of a study conducted in Malawi, in which the prevalence of CBF was found to be 20% [30]. The disparity in prevalence of childbirth fear could be attributed to differences in antenatal and delivery care quality. Furthermore, differences in the prevalence of childbirth fear may be due to sociocultural differences. People from different cultures may have varied views and attitudes toward childbirth [37, 38], which may contribute to differences in the prevalence of childbirth fear.
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Variables associated with childbirth fear were also investigated in this study. Previous pregnancy complications, prolonged labour, labour pain, perineal tear, and social support were significantly associated with childbirth fear.
The finding from this study indicates that pregnant women who had previous pregnancy complications were 7 times more afraid of giving birth as compared to those who did not experience complications. This is supported by a similar finding from a study in Sweden which found significant association between previous birth complication and childbirth fear [22]. The current study’s findings also indicates prolonged labor was significantly associated with childbirth fear. The odds of childbirth fear was 5 times higher among pregnant women who had previous experience of prolonged labour compared to those who did not experience. This finding is consistent with a study conducted in six European countries including Belgium, Iceland, Denmark, Estonia, Norway, and Sweden, which found significant association between prolonged and childbirth fear [26]. The finding of the present study also indicates that previous perineal tear was significantly associated with childbirth fear. The odds of childbirth fear was 4 times higher among pregnant women who had previous perineal tear than those who did not have. Similarly, a study in Slovenia reported that episiotomy was associated with CBF [29]. It is also consistent with the World health organization report which shows perineal tearing may lead to childbirth fear [21]. The possible reasons for such similarity may be because mothers remember past traumas or feelings and they might think that they face pregnancy complications, prolonged labour, or perineal tear again.
The study result also indicates that having labour pain was significantly associated with childbirth fear. The findings of the studies in Malawi, Ireland, and Sweden support this conclusion [25, 30, 36]. The odds of childbirth fear was 5 times higher among pregnant women who had labour pain previously compared to those who had not. Childbirth is a natural event accompanied by labor pains and possibly unpredictable components of the process may partly explain why women in different parts of the world share similar factors linked with childbirth fear [39, 40]. Overall, health care providers should pay careful attention in providing mothers with a suitable atmosphere as most of the factors associated with CBF occur during intrapartum period.
The finding of the present study also indicates that women who received low social support during pregnancy reported higher levels of childbirth fear. The odds of childbirth fear was decreased by 98.9% times among pregnant women who had high social support compared to their counterparts. This finding is similar with previous studies conducted in Arba Minch town, southern Ethiopia, Finland, and Malawi [27, 30, 41]. The possible reason may be pregnant mothers’ attention may be diverted when they get strong support from their family, neighbor, and health care providers. In addition, they may view birthing processes as controllable when they share ideas from families, neighbors, and health care providers.
Since the study was conducted at public hospitals, its findings should not be generalized for pregnant women visiting public health center and for the entire population. The study design was cross-sectional so that cause and effect relationship of variables could be difficult to ascertain.
Conclusion
Pregnant women in the study area have a significant level of childbirth fear. Previous pregnancy complications, prolonged labor, labor pain, previous perineal tear, and social support were all found to be significantly linked with childbirth fear in the study. The findings of the study inspire regional health bureaus and their partners to work together to enhance treatments aimed at reducing pregnancy complications. It also urges zonal health departments and woreda health offices to ensure that all pregnant women have access to ANC follow-up and education. As a result, complications can be detected and treated early. The findings of the study encourage health care workers to treat labor pains and perineal tear as soon as possible. The study also encourages family members and neighbors to support pregnant women. Large-area which includes public health center, community based study and/or longitudinal study is encouraged.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank all pregnant women who were volunteered to participate in this study. The authors also would like to thank Jimma University health science institute and public hospitals at West Wollega Zone for all their help.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was reviewed and approved by Jimma University ‘s Ethical Institutional Review Board with reference number IRB000279/2012. Permissions were obtained from West Wollega Zone health administration office and hospitals. The purpose and significance of the study were explained to the study participants. Prior to feeling the questionnaire, they were asked for their voluntary participation, and they were informed to withdraw themselves at any time without giving any reason if they do not want to proceed. They were also informed as their information will be kept confidential. The privacy of participants was protected. Finally, all the participants were provided written informed consent to participate in the study. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations (Declaration of Helsinki).
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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The magnitude and associated factors of childbirth fear among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public hospitals in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
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Darüber reden und aus Fehlern lernen, sollte das Motto in der Medizin lauten. Und zwar nicht nur im Sinne der Patientensicherheit. Eine negative Fehlerkultur kann auch die Behandelnden ernsthaft krank machen, warnt Prof. Dr. Reinhard Strametz. Ein Plädoyer und ein Leitfaden für den offenen Umgang mit kritischen Ereignissen in Medizin und Pflege.
Frauen, die zum Zeitpunkt der Brustkrebsdiagnose eine hohe mammografische Brustdichte aufweisen, haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für ein baldiges Rezidiv, legen neue Daten nahe.
In der MONARCHE-3-Studie lebten Frauen mit fortgeschrittenem Hormonrezeptor-positivem, HER2-negativem Brustkrebs länger, wenn sie zusätzlich zu einem nicht steroidalen Aromatasehemmer mit Abemaciclib behandelt wurden; allerdings verfehlte der numerische Zugewinn die statistische Signifikanz.
Update Gynäkologie
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