Sec63 is a key component of the protein translocation machinery in the mammalian endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and involved in the post-translation processing of secretory proteins. The aim of this study was to determine the expression pattern of SEC63 gene in mouse uterus during the early pregnancy.
Methods
Real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate the alteration in levels of uterine SEC63 gene expression during the peri-implantation period in mice. Further, both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to examine the spatial localization of SEC63 gene expression in mouse uterine tissues. The presence of Sec63 protein in human uterine tissue was also detected by immunohistochemical analysis. Statistical analysis was carried out using Tukey test.
Results
Uterine SEC63 gene expression was up-regulated and predominantly localized in mouse decidual cells during days 5–8 of pregnancy. More interestingly, Sec63 protein was also detected in human decidua of 10-week pregnancy, whereas was not observed in human endometrial tissues both at proliferative and secretory phases of menstrual cycle.
Conclusion
The pattern of SEC63 gene expression is consistent with a possible role for SEC63 in decidualization.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1477-7827-7-12) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
RWS carried out the in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies of mouse uterine tissues. ZGS carried out the RT-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR studies, and performed the statistical analysis. YCZ participated in the in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies of mouse uterine tissues. QJC carried out the immunohistochemical studies of human uterine and oviductal tissues. ZMY participated in the design of the study and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. RSL participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. JW conceived of the study and participated in its design, and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Abkürzungen
ALP
avidin-alkaline phosphatase
BCIP
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate
BiP
IgG heavy chain-binding protein
BSA
bovine serum albumin
CPY
carboxypeptidase Y
DIG
Digoxigenin
DPAP B
dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase B
EB
ethidium bromide
ER
endoplasmic reticulum
HRP
horseradish peroxides
IHC
immunohistochemistry
NBT
nitro-blue tetrazolium
PBS
phosphate-buffered saline
PCLD
polycystic liver disease
RT
Reverse transcription
SDS
sodium dodecyl sulfate
SRP
signal recognition particle
SSC
sodium chloride, sodium citrate.
Background
Embryo implantation is a critical step in pregnancy and currently considered the most relevant limiting factor for successful pregnancy [1, 2]. Successful implantation depends on the synchronized development of a normal embryo to the blastocyst stage, and the maternal uterus from a non-receptive to a receptive state, as well as the establishment of the active interactions between maternal and embryonic tissues [3, 4]. This exquisite coordination involves the regulated production of hormonal and non-hormonal molecules by embryonic and maternal tissues [5, 6]. A large number of non-hormonal factors have been identified to be involved in this process, and some of them have been extensively investigated and regarded as the endometrial receptivity markers [4, 7]. However, the exact molecular interactions between the implanting embryo and the maternal uterus are still not clear. To identify novel genes that could be crucial for embryo implantation and to explore their biological roles in implantation would undoubtedly accelerate a better insight into the molecular mechanism underlying embryo implantation.
In order to search for the novel molecules that are highly expressed at the implantation sites, we have successfully applied the CLONTECH PCR-select cDNA subtraction technique to screen specifically up-regulated genes in the mouse uterus around the time of implantation [8, 9]. One of the genes screened out from the subtracted cDNA library was SEC63 gene that encodes Sec63 protein (Sec63p). Sec63p is involved in the post-translational processing of secretory proteins [10], including the folding and quality control of secretory proteins [11, 12], as a component of the protein translocation machinery in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells [13, 14]. SEC63 expression was originally found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae [15]. The mammalian SEC63 cDNA and Sec63p were also identified subsequently [16]. Mammalian Sec63p consists of 760 amino acids, sharing 53% homology and 25.6% identity with the yeast Sec63p [16]. As an ER integral membrane protein of the Hsp40 family [17, 18], Sec63p could facilitate protein translocation into the ER. The C-terminal conserved Brr2-like domain of Sec63p, that could be phosphorylated by the protein kinase CK2, is essential for its function [18, 19]. Sec63p is required for post-translational translocation of invertase, carboxypeptidase Y (CPY) and dipeptidyl-aminopeptidase B (DPAP B) in yeast [15, 20, 21]. In mammals, Sec63p is a prime candidate for co-chaperone of IgG heavy chain-binding protein (BiP/Kar2p) in protein transport [22]. However, the exact secretory protein species of Sec63p-dependent secretion in mammals is still unclear. Because mammalian uteri synthesize secretory proteins essential for survival and development of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy [23], we hypothesize that Sec63p may also be involved in the process of embryo implantation. Thus, the present study was undertaken to examine the pattern of SEC63 gene expression in the uterus during the peri-implantation period in mice by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.
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Methods
Animals and tissue preparation
Adult ICR mice aged 6–8 weeks were obtained from the SIPPR/BK Laboratory Animal Company (Shanghai, China). All of the mice were caged at controlled temperature (approximately 22°C) under a 14 h light: 10 h dark photoperiod. All the experiments were in full compliance with standard laboratory animal care protocols (NTC-SOP-ADM-ANM-003, -014, -038, -039 and -040) approved by the Institutional Animal Care Committee of Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research.
Adult females were mated with fertile males of the same strain to achieve pregnancy (day1 = day of vaginal plug). Pregnancy was confirmed on days 1–4 by recovering embryos from the reproductive tracts. The implantation sites on days 5–6 were identified by intravenous injection of Chicago blue dye solution (1% in saline; 0.1 ml per mouse; Sigma, St Louis, MO). The entire uteri of non-pregnant and pregnant mice on days 1–4 pregnancy were respectively collected immediately after the mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation. For days 5–8 of pregnancy, uterine tissues at implantation sites and inter-implantation sites were separately collected. Embryos were collected by flushing the uterus with PBS at 07:00–08:00 on day 5 of pregnancy.
Pseudopregnant mice were obtained by mating females with vasectomized males, and the entire uteri of pseudopregnant mice on days 1–5 were collected. Implantation was delayed by ovariectomizing pregnant mice at 08:30–09:00 h on day 4 of pregnancy and administering progesterone (1 mg per mouse, Sigma) during days 5–7. Delayed implantation was subsequently initiated by administering estradiol-17β (25 ng per mouse, Sigma) on day 7. The uterine tissues were respectively collected at 24 h after estrogen or last progesterone treatment. Delayed implantation was confirmed by flushing the blastocysts from uterus, and the activation of delayed implantation was identified by intravenous injection of Chicago blue dye solution [8, 9].
Ovary and non-reproductive tissues including brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, small intestine, skin were also collected from the day 5 pregnant mouse. Male reproductive tissues, testis and epididymis, were collected from adult male mice. All tissues collected were stored at -80°C until further analysis.
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The sections of human decidual and oviductal tissues were kindly provided by the International Peace Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, the China Welfare Institute, Shanghai, China. Ethical approvals were granted both from Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research, and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. All subjects signed an informed consent before the collection of decidual and oviductal tissues.
Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR
Different tissues, including brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, small intestine, skin, ovary, uterus, testis and epididymis, were individually collected from 3 mice and pooled. Total RNA was then respectively extracted from each tissue pool using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies Ltd, Renfrew, Strathclyde, UK), and the RNA quality was evaluated by the ratio of optical density (OD260: OD280). Only these RNA samples with a ratio > 1.8 were used for PCR. Each RNA sample (2 μg) was treated by RNase-free DNase I (TakaRa Biotechnology Co.) at 37°C for 30 min. RNA Reverse transcription (RT) was performed at 42°C for 1 h with the poly(dT) primer in 50 μl reaction mixture using Superscript MII reverse transcriptase (Gibco BRL, Invitrogen Corporation, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Then, 2 μl RT reaction mixture were used as the template for PCR amplification at the cycling conditions: 94°C 20 sec, 57°C 20 sec, 72°C 30 sec for 35 cycles. The primers used to detect the targeted and housekeeping control mRNAs were as follows: SEC63, 5'-AAGAATGAACCTCCACTCACC-3' (sense) and 5'-GTCCTCTTCAATATGAGGGAGC-3' (antisense) (318 bp); GAPDH, 5'-GTCGGTGTGAACGGATTT-3' (sense) and 5'-ACTCCACGACATACTCAGC-3' (antisense) (276 bp). PCR products were separated on 2% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide (EB), and the signal was photographed by BioSens Gel Imaging System (Shanghai Bio-Tech Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). The RT-PCR reaction conditions were optimized, specific product was obtained and verified by sequencing.
Real-time quantitative PCR analysis
Uterine expression levels of SEC63 mRNA on days 4, 5 and 7, as well as the inter-implantation sites and implantation sites of day 7 pregnant mice, were relatively determined by real-time quantitative PCR analysis using the level of β-Actin mRNA as the reference. Uterine tissues were collected from 3 mice at each time-point and pooled. Total RNA samples were isolated and RT reactions were performed as above described. The primers were as follows: SEC63, 5'-TGACAAGGGCAGTGATTCTG-3' (sense) and 5'-GCCACCACC ACTCTTGTTTT-3' (antisense) (248 bp); β-Actin, 5'-AGCCATGTACGTAGCCATCC-3'(sense) and 5' CTCTCAGCTGTGGTGGTGAA-3' (antisense) (228 bp). All amplifications were designed to span over introns to rule out the genomic DNA contamination, and the PCR products were authenticated by sequencing. The PCR reaction mixture (25 μl) contained 12.5 μl SYBR green I reaction (QPK-201, Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan). The reactions were performed on the Peltier Thermal Cycler (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA) at the conditions: 94°C 15 sec, 55°C 30 sec, 72°C 45 sec for 46 cycles. The RT-PCR conditions were optimized and the melting curve presents a single amplified band. The Ct data were imported into Microsoft Excel, the relative value of Sec63 mRNA copies was obtained according to 2-ΔΔCt method [24]. Triplicate PCR reactions were run simultaneously, and the mean of measured values was used to get the ratio between SEC63 mRNA and β-Actin mRNA, to represent the relative expression level of SEC63 mRNA. The data from 3 independent experiments (triplicate of the pooled data, from a total of 9 mice) were taken for statistical treatments.
Western blot analysis
Following a described protocol [25], samples of total proteins were isolated respectively from the mouse uterine tissues on days 1 to 7 of pregnancy, separated on the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (100 μg proteins per well), and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Hybond™-C, Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). The membrane was washed several times with 10% skim milk powder in TBS with 0.1% Tween-20 (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) and incubated with the goat anti-sera specific for both mouse and human Sec63p (1:50, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc, Santa Cruz, CA) in blocking solution (7 mM Na2HPO4, 2.5 mM NaH2PO4, 140 mM NaCl, 4.5% skim milk powder) for 2 h. Then the membrane was washed and incubated with alkaline phosphatase-labeled secondary antibodies (ZYMED, S. San Francisco, CA) in blocking solution for 2 hrs at room temperature. After further washing, the signal was visualized with BCIP/NBT (ZYMED) in 0.1 M Tris·HCl (pH 9.5) and 4 mM MgCl2. Comparable protein loading per lane was confirmed by using β-actin as the reference. The rabbit anti-β-actin antibody (Abcam, Cambrige, UK) was used as the primary antibody, and the AP-labeled donkey antibody against rabbit IgG (ZYMED) was used as the secondary antibody. Normal goat IgG was used as the primary antibody in parallel to check the immunological specificity.
In situhybridization
A 450 bp (C65 – G514) SEC63 cDNA fragment (Accession no. AY024346) was obtained by restriction digestion of the plasmid pMD18-T/SEC63 using Nco I and Nde I. The plasmid contained the full length 2558 bp SEC63 cDNA, kindly provided by Professor Cheng-quan Liu, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research. The SEC63 cDNA fragment (SEC63f) was subcloned into the pGEM-T at Nco I and Nde I restruction sites. Then the recombinant plasmid pGEM-T/SEC63f was linearized for labeling. Digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled antisense or sense cRNA probes were transcribed in vitro using a DIG RNA labeling kit (Roche Diagnostics Corp., Indianapolis, IN).
Uteri were cut into 4–6 mm pieces and flash frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen sections (10 μm) were mounted on 3-aminopropyltriethoxy-silane-coated (Sigma, St Louis, MO) slides and fixed in 4% (w/v) paraformaldehyde solution in PBS. The sections were washed twice in PBS, placed in 1% (v/v) Trition-X100 for 20 min and washed again in PBS three times. After the pre-hybridization in the solution of 50% formamide and 5 × SSC (1 × SSC is 0.15 M sodium chloride, 0.015 M sodium citrate) at room temperature for 15 min, the sections were hybridized in the hybridization buffer (5 × SSC, 50% formamide, 0.02% BSA, 250 μg yeast tRNA ml-1, 10% (w/v) dextran sulphate, 1 μg ml-1 denatured DIG-labelled antisense or sense RNA probe for mouse SEC63 mRNA) at 55°C for 16 h. After hybridization, the sections were washed in 50% formamide/5 × SSC at 55°C for 15 min, 50% formamide/2 × SSC at 55°C for 30 min, 50% formamide/0.2 × SSC at 55°C twice for 30 min each, 0.2 × SSC at room temperature for 5 min and buffer I (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl) for 5 min. After non-specific binding was blocked in 1% block mix (Boehringer Mannheim) in buffer I for 1 h, sections were incubated in sheep anti-DIG antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (1:5000, Boehringer Mannheim) in 1% block mix at 4°C overnight. The signal was visualized with 0.4 mM BCIP/NBT in the buffer III (100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 9.5, 100 mM NaCl and 50 mM MgCl2). Endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity was inhibited with 2 mM levamisole (Sigma). All of the sections were counterstained with 1% (w/v) methyl green, in 0.12 M glacial acetic acid and 0.08 M sodium acetate, for 30 min. The positive signal was visualized as a dark-brown color.
Immunohistochemistry
Mouse tissues
Immediately after mice were killed by cervical dislocation, mouse uterine tissues were cut into 4–6 mm long pieces, fixed in Bouin's solutions for 24 h, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin (Beijing Chemical Co., Beijing, China). Sections (7 μm) were cut, deparaffinized and rehydrated. Nonspecific binding was blocked in 10% normal rabbit serum in PBS for 1 h at 37°C. Sections were incubated with goat anti-sera specific for both mouse and human Sec63 proteins (1:100, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc) overnight at 4°C. After washing in PBS three times, sections were incubated with biotinylated rabbit anti-goat IgG (1:200, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA, USA), followed by an avidin-alkaline phosphatase (ALP) complex and Vector red using the Vectastain ABC-AP kit (Vector Laboratories). Vector red was visualized as a red color. Endogenous ALP activity was blocked by incubation with 2 mM levamisole (Sigma). Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin (Sigma) and mounted. Negative controls were performed by adding blocking peptides (8μg/μg goat anti-Sec63 antibody) into the primary antibody solution prior to addition of the solution to tissue sections.
Human tissues
The serial 6 μm-thick sections of human decidual and oviductal tissues, mounted on Poly-L-Lysine (Sigma) coated glass slides, were incubated with 10% normal donkey serum in PBST (PBS, pH7.4, containing 0.2% Tween-20) for 1 h to block the nonspecific binding. Sec63 antigens were recognized by goat anti-sera specific for both mouse and human Sec63p (1:50, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc) overnight at 4°C. After washing for 3 times in PBST, the sections were incubated with biotin-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG (1:200, Abcam Plc, Cambridge, UK) for 1 hour at 37°C. After washing, strepavidin-HRP (Proteintech Group Inc, Chicago, IL) was added to bind with biotin. DAB was used as substrate for the peroxidase reaction. Sections were counterstained with hematoxylin, dehydrated and mounted. As a control, the blocking peptides neutralized antisera (8μg/μg goat anti-Sec63 antibody) was used at the same dilution.
Statistical analysis
The data were processed and the bar graphs were obtained by SPSS13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). All the numerical results are expressed as mean ± SE (standard error of mean), and variances were analyzed for statistical significance using one-way analysis of variance with p < 0.05. The multiple comparisons were conducted with the Tukey Method to analyze the differences of uterine SEC63 mRNA levels at days 4, 5 and 7 of pregnancy in real-time quantitative PCR analysis.
Results
Tissue distribution of SEC63mRNA
Multi-tissue RT-PCR analysis was performed to observe the tissue distribution of the SEC63 gene expression in different mouse tissues using GAPDH as the housekeeping control. The results showed that SEC63 mRNA was widely expressed in all of the tissues tested (Fig. 1).
Figure 1
The tissue distribution ofSec63mRNA in the mouse. The tissue distribution of Sec63 mRNA in the mouse was analyzed by RT-PCR by using Gapdh mRNA as the control. Sec63 mRNA was detected in all of the tested tissues. (B: brain; Lu: lung; H: heart; Li: liver; Sp: spleen; K: kidney; M: muscle; SI: small intestine; Sk: skin; T: testis; E: epididymis; O: ovary; U: uterus.)
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Uterine expression level of SEC63mRNA during peri-implantation period
The uterine expression levels of SEC63 mRNA of days 4, 5 and 7 were determined by real-time quantitative PCR analysis (See additional file 1 for Melting curve of real-time quantitative PCR analysis for Sec63 mRNA). Compared to that of day 4 pregnant mouse, the measured values of SEC63 mRNA in the mouse uterus on days 5 and 7 of pregnancy were significantly increased (Fig. 2A and Table 1). Furthermore, the expression level of SEC63 mRNA was up-regulated in tendency at the implantation sites compared to the inter-implantation sites on day 7 pregnancy (Fig. 2B), despite of the great variance possibly resulting from the dissection operation of the implantation site and the non-implantation site.
Figure 2
Uterine expression level ofSec63mRNA during the early pregnancy. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of the expression level of Sec63 mRNA in mouse uterine tissues of day 4 (4), day 5 (5) and day 7 (7) pregnancy (panel A), as well as the inter-implantation sites (nI), implantation sites (I) and embryo (Em) of day 7 pregnancy (panel B), by using the β-Actin as the housekeeping gene. In panel A and panel B, the data were normalized relative to that of day 4 and nI (reference groups) respectively.
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Table 1
Uterine Sec63 mRNA levels of days 4, 5 and 7 pregnant mice determined by real-time quantitative PCR
95% Confidence Interval
(I) Sample
(J) Sample
Mean Difference (I-J)
Std. Error
Sig.
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
Day 4
Day 5
-2.66558*
.72340
.024*
-4.8852
-.4460
Day 7
-2.70786 *
.72340
.022*
-4.9275
-.4883
Day 5
Day 4
2.66558 *
.72340
.024*
.4460
4.8852
Day 7
-.04228
.72340
.998
-2.2619
2.1773
Day 7
Day 4
2.70786*
.72340
.022*
.4883
4.9275
Day 5
.04228
.72340
.998
-2.1773
2.2619
(*: the mean difference is significant at the .05 level)
Production of Sec63p in the mouse uterus during early pregnancy
The mouse Sec63p produced in the uterus during early pregnancy was detected by Western blot. Sec63p was detectable in the implantation sites on day 5 of pregnancy, and increased from day 6 to day 7 of pregnancy. In addition, the Sec63 gene expression was up-regulated in the implantation sites relative to that in the inter-implantation sites on days 5–7 of pregnancy (Fig. 3).
Figure 3
Uterine expression level of SEC63 protein during the early pregnancy. Western blot analysis of SEC63 expressed in mouse uterine tissues during the early pregnancy using the goat anti-sera specific for both mouse and human Sec63p (1:50) as the primary antibody. Total protein (100 μg) was exacted from uteri of day 1 (D1) and day 4 (D4) pregnant mice, and from inter-implantation sites (i-I) and implantation sites (I) on day 5 (D5) and day 6 (D6). On day 7 (D7), embryos (e) were also separated from the implantation sites. Panel A shows the SEC63 signal detected by goat anti-sera specific for both mouse and human Sec63p. Panel B shows the equal of loading samples stained by the rabbit anti-β-actin antibody.
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In situ hybridization of SEC63mRNA in the mouse uterus during early pregnancy
The expression of SEC63 mRNA in the uterus during the peri-implantation period was examined by in situ hybridization. Only weak signals were detected in the epithelial cells of uterine lumen and glands on day 1 (Fig. 4A), days 2–3 (data not shown) and day 4 (Fig. 4B). However, from days 5 to 8 of pregnancy, more intense SEC63 mRNA expression was predominantly observed in decidual cells around the implanted embryo at the implantation site (Fig. 4C, D, E), whereas expression at the inter-implantation site was dramatically reduced (Fig. 4H). In pseudopregnant mice, weak Sec63 expression were observed in the epithelial cells of uterine lumen and glands on day 5 (Fig 4G). Under delayed implantation, there was no intense detection of Sec63 mRNA in the uterus (Fig 4I), whereas intense Sec63 expression was mainly localized in the decidualization area at the implantation site after the activation of embryo implantation (Fig 4J).
Figure 4
Determination of uterineSec63mRNA in the mouse byin situhybridization analysis. In situ hybridization of Sec63 mRNA was performed using digoxigenin-labeled anti-sense probes generated against Sec63 cDNA in the mouse uterus on day 1(A) and day 4 (B) of pregnancy; at the implantation site of day 5(C), day 6 (D) and day 8 (E); at the inter-implantation site of day 6 (H); in the uterus of day 5 pseudopregnant mouse (G); delayed implantation (I) before and (J) after activation. (F) is the same as (E), but sense sequence was used for substitution as control. L: lumen of uterus; G: gland; SC: stromal cells; DC: decidual cells; EM: embryo. Scale bars represents 50 μm.
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Uterine expression pattern of Sec63p during early pregnancy in mice
Immunohistochemistry was conducted to determine whether Sec63p was present in the mouse uterus. Only weak immunostaining of Sec63p was detected in the epithelial cells of uterine lumen and glands on day 1 (Fig. 5A), days 2–3 (data not shown) and day 4 (Fig. 5B). Strong immunostaining of Sec63p was observed in the epithelial cells and decidualized area around the implanted embryo at the implantation site on days 5, 6 and 8 of pregnancy (Fig. 5C, D, F), whereas the staining intensity at the inter-implantation site was sharply decreased (data not shown). Furthermore, intense staining of Sec63p was also discerned in the ectoplacental cone at the implantation site on day 8 (Fig. 5F). In pseudopregnant mice, faint staining of Sec63p was observed in the epithelial cells of uterine lumen and glands on day5 (Fig 5G). Similarly, some weak Sec63p staining was detected in the epithelial cells of uterine lumen and glands under delayed implantation (Fig. 5H), but more intense Sec63p staining was localized in the decidualized area, as well as in the epithelial cells of uterine lumen and glands, at the implantation site after the activation of embryo implantation (Fig. 5I).
Figure 5
Examination of uterine SEC63 protein in the mouse by Immunohistochemical staining. SEC63p immunohistochemical staining of mouse uterine tissues was performed by using goat anti-sera specific for both mouse and human Sec63p as the primary antibody. The uterine sections were stained with Sec63 for day 1 (A) and day 4 (B) pregnant uterus; the implantation site of day 5 (C), day 6 (D) and day 8 (F); day 5 pseudopregnant uterus (G); and delayed implantation before (H) and 24 hr after activation (I). Panel E is the negative control for panel B, in which normal goat serum is substituted for the primary antibody. L: lumen of uterus; G: gland; SC: stromal cells; DC: decidual cells; EM: embryo. Scale bars represents 10 μm.
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Expression of Sec63p in human decidual and oviductal tissues
The production of Sec63p in the human uterine and oviductal tissues was also determined by immunohistochemistry using the goat anti-sera specific for both mouse and human Sec63p. Intense Sec63p staining signals were observed in decidualized cells of uterine and oviductal tissues (Fig. 6A, C); whereas the staining was faintly detected in the gland epithelial cells of human endometrium at proliferative (Fig. 6D) and secretory phase of the menstrual cycle (Fig. 6E).
Figure 6
The present of SEC63 in human tissues detected by IHC analysis. Immunohistochemical staining for SEC63 in human decidua of 10-week pregnancy (A), human oviduct of 10-week ectopic pregnancy (C), human endometrium at proliferative phase (D) and human endometrium at secretory phase (E) by using goat anti-sera specific for both mouse and human Sec63p as the primary antibody. Panel B and F are the negative controls respectively for panel A and C, in which normal goat serum is substituted for the primary antibody. Scale bars represents 50 μm.
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Discussion
Decidualization, characterized by growth and differentiation of endometrial stromal cells, is a critical event occurred during embryo implantation. In the present study, we identified the predominant expression of SEC63 mRNA and Sec63p in the decidualized area of uterine tissues during early pregnancy in mice. More interestingly, an increased expression of Sec63p was also observed in human decidualized uterine and oviductal tissues.
During the pregnancy, the fetomaternal interface, consisting of the maternal decidua and the invading fetal trophoblast, critically regulates placental function and the growth and development of the conceptus. The maternal decidua is differentiated from the endometrial tissues during decidualization, a postovulatory process of endometrial remodeling in preparation for pregnancy [26, 27]. In most species studied, during the embryo implantation process, an increase of endometrial vascular permeability in areas adjacent to the blastocysts is the earliest macroscopically identifiable change, and, this is followed in species with invasive implantation by decidualization [28, 29]. Meanwhile, molecules produced by endometrial epithelium, including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteinases, could be secreted into the uterine lumen to affect blastocyst development, migration, and attachment, or to basally facilitate the differentiation of the underlying stromal cells to produce decidual cells; and these decidual cells, which subsequently form a major component of the decidua of pregnancy, also produce a set of secreted proteins, such as insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP1) [30] and placental protein 14 (PP14) [31], to drive the decidualization process [2, 32]. Therefore, the process of decidualization is accompanied by the frequent production and secretion of a number of secretary proteins in endometrial tissues which fills the intrauterine cavity and glandular lumen [33].
The targeting and transport of precursors of secretary proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is essentially required for the biosynthesis of most secretory proteins [10, 34], and the protein translocation channel in the ER membrane mediates such a transport [11]. Specific protein complexes that recognize the signal sequence of these precursors are involved in their translocation to the membrane of the ER [10]. However, different translocation substrates appear to have different requirements for components of the cellular targeting and translocation machinery [35]. The major components of translocation machinery are signal recognition particle (SRP) and secretory (Sec) complex [36]. The later consists of Sec61p, Sec62p, Sec63p, Sec71p and Sec72p[10, 18]. However, being different from the other Sec complex components, Sec63 is also involved in the SRP-dependent transport pathway [13]. Dysfunction of the SEC63 gene is associated with defects in protein translocation into the ER[37] and results in human diseases including various cancers [29] and the polycystic liver disease (PCLD) [12, 38].
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The precise bio-functions of Sec63p in mammals, especially the role it plays in reproduction, are still unclear. The group of secretary proteins of which precursors are targeted by Sec63p has not yet been identified in mammals. However, it has been demonstrated in yeast that, Sec63p is involved in post-translational translocation of invertase, CPY and DPAP B [15, 20, 21]. Invertase, encoded by SUC2, is a sucrose hydrolyzing enzyme that cleaves sucrose into the glucose, and therefore plays a central role in carbohydrate metabolism [39]. Carbohydrate metabolism controls the mammalian development during the pre- and peri-implantation period [40, 41], and the abnormal glucose level in uterus disrupts cell apoptosis during embryonic development[41]. CPY is a yeast vacuolar serine protease with structural homology to Cathepsin A in mammals. Cathepsin A is involved in the C-terminal processing of some implantation-related peptides/proteins including endothelin, substance P, and bradykinin [42]. Deficiency of cathepsin A leads to the lysosomal storage disease, galactosialidosis, in human [43]. DPAP B, another membrane protein of the yeast vacuole, is significantly homologous to mammalian dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) [44]. Active DPP IV is present in glandular cells and surface epithelium during the peri-implantation period, and regarded as a differentiation marker for glandular cells; however, DPP IV enzyme activity is not detected in endometrial stromal and decidual cells throughout the menstrual cycle or during early pregnancy [45].
In addition, mutations in SEC63 leads to an autosomal dominant disease resulted from defects in protein processing, PCLD [38]. Most recently, it has been reported that, the expression of cell adhesion molecules, E-cadherin and Ep-CAM (epithelial cell adhesion molecule), were remarkably decreased in liver tissue of PCLD [46]. This suggests that, Sec63p might directly or indirectly regulate the secretion of these cell adhesion molecules. Cell adhesion molecules including integrins, selectins, and cadherins are crucial required for the successful interaction between embryo and endometrium. More interestingly, being similar to Sec63p in uterine expression pattern, a high level of E-cadherin expression was also detected specifically at the implantation sites in the endometrium of peri-implantation uterus[47]. Ep-CAM is a glycoprotein presented on most carcinomas, and has positive effects on the epithelial cell proliferation [48]. But, the expression pattern of Ep-CAM in uterus is still needed to be investigated. Based on above mentioned clues, we speculated that, during the process of deciduzlization, the intracellular expression of Sec63p is up-regulated and subsequently accelerate the decidualizing stromal cells and decidual cells to secret molecules involved in the regulation of cell growth or/and cell adhesion during the formation of deciduas.
Furthermore, in present study, a strong staining of Sec63p at the ectoplacental cone on day 8 of pregnancy was also detected. It has been well understood that, local deciduo-placental autocrine-paracrine regulation is essential for the maintenance of pregnancy, and the expression of numerous secretary proteins at the ectoplacental cone have been reported in mice. Selenoprotein P (Sepp), an extracellular glycoprotein, is a selenium transporter and antioxidant. SEPP mRNA was detected principally in the ectoplacental cone since embryonic day 7.5 in mice [49]. Detectable amounts of IL-18 were seen in the basal proliferative stroma in the peri-implantation period, and a high level of IL-18 expression was observed in the ectoplacental cone in the immediate post-implantation period [50]. Thus, Sec63p might play important roles not only in embryo implantation, in particular in decidualization, but also in early placentation in mice.
Collectively, we demonstrated the abundant expression of SEC63 gene in the mouse and human decidualized cells during early pregnancy in this study. This is consistent with the transformation of uterine stromal cells into secretory decidual cells during the process of decidualization. Furthermore, the confirmation of uterine expression of Sec63 in the human tissues further strengthens the relevance of the mouse-derived data to the situation of human pregnancy. However, further studies are required to determine the exact function of Sec63p in the uterus and the significance of its up-regulated expression at the implantation site.
Conclusion
Taken together, our results indicated that uterine SEC63 gene expression is up-regulated at the implantation sites during the early pregnancy, consistent with a possible role in regulating the production of some secretory proteins during embryo implantation, especially at the stage of decidualization.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to the International Peace Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, the China Welfare Institute, for their providing of the slides of human tissues. This work was supported by a grant of National Basic Research Programme (2006CB504005) of China (RWY, RSL, ZMY, JW), and a grant of National Natural Science Foundation of China (#30672247) (ZGS, QJC).
Open Access
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
RWS carried out the in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies of mouse uterine tissues. ZGS carried out the RT-PCR and real-time quantitative PCR studies, and performed the statistical analysis. YCZ participated in the in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies of mouse uterine tissues. QJC carried out the immunohistochemical studies of human uterine and oviductal tissues. ZMY participated in the design of the study and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. RSL participated in the design of the study and helped to draft the manuscript. JW conceived of the study and participated in its design, and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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