Introduction
Methods
Data and sampling
Measurements
Successful ageing
Disability
Physical function
Cognitive function
Social participation
Life satisfaction
Physical activity
Covariates
Variable | Mean (SD) or frequency (%) |
---|---|
Gender (Female) | 51.09 |
Age | 66.16 (4.02) |
Marital status | |
Married and live with a spouse | 80.68 |
Married but not living with spouse temporarily for reasons such as work | 4.17 |
Separated, no longer live together as a couple anymore | 0.26 |
Divorced | 0.85 |
Widowed | 13.45 |
Never married | 0.56 |
Cohabitation | 0.04 |
Education background | |
No formal education (illiterate) | 26.80 |
Did not finish primary school | 24.63 |
Sishu/Home school/Elementary school | 21.43 |
Middle school | 17.29 |
High school | 6.60 |
Vocational school | 2.09 |
Two−/Three-Year College/Associate degree | 0.77 |
Four-Year College/Bachelor’s degree /Master’s degree/Doctoral degree/Ph.D. | 0.39 |
Smoking (Yes) | 47.58 |
Drinking | |
No | 69.98 |
Drink but less than once a month | 7.38 |
Drink more than once a month | 22.64 |
Sleep duration per day | 6.19 (2.04) |
Residential area | |
Central of City/Town | 19.55 |
Urban-Rural Integration Zone | 7.25 |
Rural | 72.83 |
Special Zone | 0.37 |
Insurance (Yes) | 96.81 |
Statistics analysis
Results
Exercise and successful ageing status of the elderly
Total n (%) | Successful aging | Unsuccessful aging | P-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vigorous physical activity | 2731 (30.26) | 51 (1.87) | 2680 (98.23) | 0.27 | |
No | 6295 (69.74) | 119 (1.89) | 6176 (98.11) | ||
Moderate physical activity | Yes | 2669 (29.57) | 64 (2.40) | 2605 (97.60) | |
No | 6357 (70.43) | 106 (1.67) | 6251 (98.33) | ||
Mild physical activity | Yes | 2654 (29.40) | 49 (1.85) | 2605 (98.15) | |
No | 6372 (70.60) | 121 (1.90) | 6251 (98.10) | ||
Total | 9026 | 170 (1.88) | 8856 (98.12) |
Propensity score
Vigorous physical activity | Moderate physical activity | Mild physical activity | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | 3.08 (0.002) | −2.04 (0.041) | −0.45 (0.650) |
Age | −0.36 (0.722) | − 0.87 (0.384) | 0.98 (0.328) |
Marital status | 1.39 (0.165) | −0.73 (0.466) | 0.40 (0.686) |
Education background | −4.04(< 0.001) | 0.82 (0.414) | 2.92 (0.003) |
Residential area | 5.32(< 0.001) | −3.82(< 0.001) | − 1.43 (0.153) |
Smoking | 0.03 (0.973) | − 1.94 (0.052) | 1.28 (0.201) |
Drinking | 9.83(< 0.001) | −1.64 (0.100) | − 3.04 (0.002) |
Sleeping duration per day | −1.57 (0.116) | 0.30 (0.765) | 2.17 (0.030) |
Insurance | −0.29 (0.773) | 2.68 (0.007) | −1.04 (0.161) |
Constant | −3.70(< 0.001) | −2.18 (0.029) | − 3.68(< 0.001) |
LR chi2 | 178.22 | 18.79 | 33.48 |
Prob > chi2 | < 0.001 | 42.81 | < 0.001 |
Pseudo-R2 | 0.0161 | 0.0039 | 0.0031 |
Observations | 9026 |
Balance test
Variables | U/M | Vigorous physical activity | Moderate physical activity | Mild physical activity | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
%bias | P-value | %bias | P-value | %bias | P-value | ||
Gender | U | 4.2 | 0.070 | −4.4 | 0.058 | 1.1 | 0.636 |
M | 1.8 | 0.509 | 1.2 | 0.659 | 0.2 | 0.942 | |
Age | U | 1.7 | 0.462 | −3.0 | 0.201 | 1.7 | 0.471 |
M | 3.2 | 0.230 | 2.1 | 0.431 | 1.2 | 0.651 | |
Marital status | U | 2.9 | 0.201 | −2.0 | 0.396 | 1.1 | 0.647 |
M | 2.4 | 0.372 | 1.9 | 0.479 | 2.4 | 0.387 | |
Education background | U | −13.3 | 0.000 | 4.7 | 0.041 | 8.2 | < 0.001 |
M | 1.2 | 0.650 | 1.4 | 0.606 | 1.0 | 0.723 | |
Residential area | U | 17.4 | < 0.001 | −10.6 | < 0.001 | −6.3 | 0.006 |
M | 0.5 | 0.830 | −2.8 | 0.319 | −3.2 | 0.248 | |
Smoking | U | 3.4 | 0.139 | −5.2 | 0.025 | 2.0 | 0.387 |
M | 1.0 | 0.717 | 1.2 | 0.663 | −0.5 | 0.869 | |
Drinking | U | 22.5 | < 0.001 | −4.5 | 0.055 | −6.7 | 0.004 |
M | −1.1 | 0.705 | 3.5 | 0.196 | 3.0 | 0.262 | |
Sleeping duration per day | U | −2.9 | 0.221 | 0.6 | 0.809 | 4.8 | 0.035 |
M | −2.7 | 0.305 | −0.1 | 0.984 | −0.5 | 0.853 | |
Insurance | U | −1.0 | 0.650 | 6.8 | 0.005 | −3.0 | 0.191 |
M | −1.2 | 0.660 | 0.5 | 0.833 | −0.3 | 0.905 |
Matching results
Vigorous activity | Moderate activity | Mild activity | |
---|---|---|---|
Nearest neighbor matching within caliper | −0.0005(0.0035) | 0.0078*(0. 0037) | −0.0003 (0. 0036) |
radius matching | 0.0013(0.0032) | 0.0076*(0. 0034) | −0.0004(0. 0032) |
Kernel matching | 0.0003(0.0032) | 0. 0076*(0. 0034) | −0. 0008(0. 0031) |
Parameters of the successful aging components
Vigorous activity | Moderate activity | Mild activity | |
---|---|---|---|
Major disease | −0.0134 (0.0139) | 0.0300*(0.0138) | 0.0062 (0.0138) |
Disability | 0.0142 (0.0139) | −0.0134 (0.0138) | −0.0161 (0.0139) |
High cognitive function | −0.0222 (0.0138) | 0.0068 (0.0137) | 0.0117 (0.0137) |
Physical function | 0.0871*(0.0147) | 0.0577*(0.0144) | −0.0240 (0.0145) |
Social participation | 0.0225 (0.0140) | 0.1032*(0.0138) | −0.0171 (0.0140) |
Life satisfaction | −0.0088 (0.0096) | 0.0251*(0.0094) | −0.0166 (0.0096) |