Background
Methods
Setting
Antioxidant intake in women with and without endometriosis
Antioxidant supplementation in women with endometriosis
Design of the high antioxidant diet
Vegetables "A" | Net Weight (g) | Vitamin A (μgER) | Vitamin C (mg) | Energy (Kcal) | Carbs (g) | Prot (g) | Fat (g) | Example2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boiled swiss chard | 14 | 300 | 81 | 20.0 | 3.6 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 1/3 cup |
Boiled broccoli | 18 | 300 | 96 | 57.5 | 10.6 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 3/4 cup |
Boiled spinach | 5 | 300 | 48 | 15.0 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 1/2 cup |
Mexican pepperleaf | 25 | 300 | 162 | 24.1 | 3.7 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 1/4 cup |
Tomato | 13 | 300 | 57 | 11.2 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1/2 piece |
Edible cactus leaves | 17 | 300 | 81 | 31.2 | 6.5 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 3/4 cup |
Lambsquarters | 15 | 300 | 96 | 20.0 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 1/3 cup |
Romeritos | 15 | 300 | 84 | 27.0 | 4.7 | 3.5 | 0.2 | 1/2 cup |
Purslane | 15 | 300 | 78 | 28.0 | 5.3 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 3/4 cup |
Carrot | 32 | 300 | 132 | 19.8 | 4.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1/2 cup |
Mean
| - | 300 | 92 | 25.4 | 4.6 | 2.4 | 0.3 | - |
SD
| - | 0 | 34 | 12.8 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 0.2 | - |
FRUIT "A"
| ||||||||
Strawberries | 114 | 0.8 | 100 | 52.6 | 12.3 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 15 pieces |
Guava | 366 | 1.2 | 100 | 27.9 | 6.5 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 1/2 piece |
Kiwi | 196 | 0.8 | 100 | 62.2 | 15.2 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1 piece |
Lemon | 154 | 0.6 | 100 | 26.0 | 13.9 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 5 pieces |
Cantaloupe | 84 | 0.6 | 100 | 66.7 | 15.7 | 1.7 | 0.7 | 1 cup |
Orange | 106 | 0.2 | 100 | 88.7 | 22.3 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 2 pieces |
Orange juice | 100 | 0.4 | 100 | 90.0 | 20.8 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 1/2 cup |
Papaya | 124 | 0.2 | 100 | 62.9 | 15.8 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1 cup |
Grapefruit | 106 | 0.8 | 100 | 86.8 | 20.9 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1 piece |
Black sapotas | 166 | 0.2 | 100 | 67.5 | 17.5 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1/2 cup |
Mean
| - | 0.58 | 100 | 63.1 | 16.1 | 1.2 | 0.4 | - |
SD
| - | 17.222 | 0 | 22.9 | 4.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | - |
Blood samples
Oxidative stress determination
Measurement of vitamins in serum, plasma and leukocytes
Enzyme activities
Statistical analysis
Results
Women without vs. with endometriosis: general characteristics
Women with endometriosis: diet study
Control n = 35 | HAD n = 37 | |
---|---|---|
Completed the study (%) | 35/40 (88) | 37/40 (93) |
Age (years) | 30.8 ± 2.4 | 31.3 ± 3.4 |
BMI (Kg/m2) | ||
Basal | 24.61 ± 3.02 | 24.88 ± 2.99 |
Final | 24.14 ± 3.02* | 24.49 ± 3.10* |
Overweight-Obesity prevalence1 (%) | ||
Basal | 19/35 (54)-1/35 (3) | 20/37 (54)-1/37 (3) |
Final | 15/35 (43)-1/35 (3) | 15/37 (40)-1/37 (3) |
Fat (%) | ||
Basal | 29.40 ± 5.13 | 29.78 ± 5.64 |
Final | 28.09 ± 5.06* | 28.78 ± 5.91* |
Obesity prevalence2 (%) | ||
Basal | 14/35 (40) | 15/37 (41) |
Final | 10/35 (28) | 11/37 (30) |
Women without vs. with endometriosis: antioxidant intake
Nutrient | Women without endometriosis (n = 83) | Women with endometriosis (n = 80) |
---|---|---|
Vitamin A | 163 ± 45 (165; 101–270) | 110 ± 23* (104; 87–197) |
Vitamin C | 446 ± 142 (431; 150–909) | 308 ± 162* (276; 109–871) |
Vitamin E | 112 ± 26 (114; 61–100) | 66 ± 27* (60; 23–133) |
Copper | 418 ± 97 (417; 229–679) | 299 ± 57* (316; 211–380) |
Zinc | 178 ± 62 (166; 79–307) | 122 ± 40* (123; 50–231) |
Selenium | 63 ± 20 (62; 34–114) | 58 ± 24 (54; 26–130) |
Women with endometriosis: antioxidant vitamin intake during the diet study by 24-hr recalls
Peripheral blood and leukocyte concentration of vitamins
Serum Retinol (μM/L) | Serum α-tocopherol (μM/L) | Plasma ascorbate (μM/L) | Leukocyte ascorbate (μg/10^8 cells) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | HAD | Control | HAD | Control | HAD | Control | HAD | |
Basal | 2.0 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 14.2 ± 2.4 | 14.0 ± 1.8 | 62.7 ± 11.5 | 62.6 ± 10.3 | 27.8 ± 4.7 | 27.9 ± 4.8 |
1st month | 2.0 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 15.3 ± 2.3 | 15.8 ± 1.6* | 62.8 ± 13.5 | 67.1 ± 9.9 | 28.0 ± 4.0 | 29.5 ± 4.1 |
2nd month | 2.1 ± 0.3 | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 14.4 ± 2.0 | 16.6 ± 1.8*# | 65.6 ± 11.7 | 79.8 ± 10.6*# | 26.1 ± 6.1 | 31.0 ± 3.9# |
3rd month | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 2.3 ± 0.3*# | 14.2 ± 2.2 | 18.1 ± 1.9*# | 67.1 ± 11.4 | 96.9 ± 9.6*# | 25.2 ± 9.9 | 35.8 ± 3.7*# |
4th month | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.4*# | 14.3 ± 2.1 | 18.7 ± 1.7*# | 67.5 ± 12.0 | 120.6 ± 9.8*# | 28.7 ± 7.3 | 37.6 ± 3.9*# |
Antioxidant enzymes activity and oxidative stress markers
Superoxide Dismutase (U/mL) | Glutathione Peroxidase (nmol/min/mL) | Malondialdehyde (μM/L) | Lipid Hydroperoxides (μM/L) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | HAD | Control | HAD | Control | HAD | Control | HAD | |
Basal | 3.9 ± 1.6 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 1031.1 ± 114.2 | 1033.6 ± 108.6 | 31.6 ± 5.4 | 31.1 ± 4.7 | 12.3 ± 2.2 | 12.1 ± 3.3 |
1st month | 3.8 ± 2.0 | 4.8 ± 1.3# | 1078.7 ± 119.9 | 1078.3 ± 105.2 | 30.6 ± 5.2 | 30.9 ± 4.2 | 11.9 ± 2.3 | 11.4 ± 3.2 |
2nd month | 4.1 ± 1.2 | 5.6 ± 1.8*# | 1066.8 ± 112.2 | 1106.6 ± 121.7 | 30.4 ± 4.9 | 28.7 ± 4.0 | 11.7 ± 2.8 | 11.0 ± 2.9 |
3rd month | 3.9 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 2.0*# | 1081.9 ± 108.0 | 1300.5 ± 111.7*# | 31.3 ± 4.7 | 25.2 ± 2.3*# | 11.5 ± 2.4 | 9.6 ± 2.2*# |
4th month | 3.8 ± 1.4 | 9.2 ± 3.2*# | 1076.6 ± 118.8 | 1564.3 ± 137.3*# | 30.9 ± 3.2 | 23.0 ± 2.3*& | 11.8 ± 2.1 | 8.2 ± 1.9*# |