Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allibone RM (1999) Impoundment and introductions: their impacts on native fish of the upper Waipori River, New Zealand. J R Soc NZ 29:291–299
Biggs BJF, Francoeur SN, Huryn AD, Young R, Arbuckle CJ, Townsend CR (2000) Trophic cascades in streams: effects of nutrient enrichment on autotrophic and consumer benthic communities under two different fish predation regimes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:1380–1394
Burnet AMR (1968) A study of the relationships between brown trout and eels in a New Zealand stream. Fisheries Tech Rep, Fisheries Research Division, MAF, Wellington, New Zealand
Crowl TA, Townsend CR, McIntosh AR (1992) The impact of introduced brown and rainbow trout on native fish: the case of Australasia. Rev Fish Biol Fisher 2:217–241
David BO, Closs GP, Arbuckle CJ (2002) Distribution of fish in tributaries of the lower Taieri/Waipori Rivers, South Island, New Zealand. NZ J Mar Fresh Water 36:797–808
Drinnan KJ (2000) The effects of fish on the behavioural drift of stream invertebrates. MSc Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
Edge K-A, Townsend CR, Crowl TA (1993) Investigating anti-predator behaviour in three genetically differentiated populations of non-migratory galaxiid fishes in a New Zealand river. NZ J Mar Fresh Water 27:357–363
Elliott JM (1994) Quantitative ecology and the brown trout. Oxford Univ Press, Oxford, UK
Flecker AS, Townsend CR (1994) Community-wide consequences of trout introduction in New Zealand streams. Ecol Appl 4:798–807
Hudson GV (1904) New Zealand neuroptera: a popular introduction to the life-histories and habits of may-flies, dragon-flies, caddis-flies and allied insects inhabiting New Zealand: including notes on their relation to angling. West, Newman, London, UK
Huryn AD (1998) Ecosystem-level evidence for top-down and bottom-up control of production in a grassland stream system. Oecologia 115:173–183
Jones CG, Lawton JH, Shachak M (1994) Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69:373–386
Jowett IG (1990) Factors related to the distribution and abundance of brown and rainbow trout in New Zealand clear-water rivers. NZ J Mar Fresh Water 24:429–440
Jowett IG, Hayes JW, Deans N, Eldon GA (1998) Comparison of fish communities and abundance in unmodified streams of Kahurangi National Park with other areas of New Zealand. NZ J Mar Fresh Water 32:307–322
McDowall RM (1990) New Zealand freshwater fishes: a natural history and guide, rev edn. Heinemann Reed, Auckland, New Zealand
McDowall RM (2003) Impacts of introduced salmonids on native galaxiids in New Zealand upland streams: a new look at an old problem. Trans Am Fish Soc 132:229–238
McIntosh AR (2000) Habitat-and size-related variations in exotic trout impacts on native galaxiid fishes in New Zealand streams. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:2140–2151
McIntosh AR (2002) Impact of introduced trout on Nesameletus mayfly populations measured using electrofishing. Arch Hydrobiol 154:375–392
McIntosh AR, Townsend CR (1994) Interpopulation variation in mayfly antipredator tactics: differential effects of contrasting predatory fish. Ecology 75:2078–2090
McIntosh AR, Townsend CR (1995a) Impacts of an introduced predatory fish on mayfly grazing in New Zealand streams. Limnol Oceanogr 40:1508–1512
McIntosh AR, Townsend CR (1995b) Contrasting predation risks presented by introduced brown trout and native common river galaxias in New Zealand streams. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 52:1821–1833
McIntosh AR, Townsend CR (1996) Interactions between fish, grazing invertebrates and algae in a New Zealand stream: a trophic cascade mediated by fish-induced changes to grazer behaviour? Oecologia 108:174–181
McIntosh AR, Townsend CR (1998) Do different predators affect distance, direction and destination of movements by a stream mayfly? Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:1954–1960
McIntosh AR, Townsend CR, Crowl TA (1992) Competition for space between introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and a native galaxiid (Galaxias vulgaris Stokell) in a New Zealand stream. J Fish Biol 41:63–81
Minns CK (1990) Patterns of distribution and association of freshwater fish in New Zealand. NZ J Mar Fresh Water 24:31–44
Oksanen L, Fretwell SD, Arruda J, Neimelä P (1981) Exploitation ecosystems in gradients of primary productivity. Am Nat 118:240–261
Scarsbrook MR, Townsend CR (1993) Stream community structure in relation to spatial and temporal variation: a habitat template study of two contrasting New Zealand streams. Freshwater Biol 29:347–354
Shave CR, Townsend CR, Crowl TA (1994) Anti-predator behaviours of a freshwater crayfish (Paranephrops zealandicus) to a native and an introduced predator. NZ J Ecol 18:1–10
Simon KS, Townsend CR, Biggs BJF, Bowden WB, Frew RD (2004) Habitat-specific nitrogen dynamics in New Zealand streams containing native or invasive fish. Ecosystems 8:777–792
Steinman AD (1996) Effects of grazers on freshwater benthic algae. In: Stevenson RJ, Bothwell ML, Lowe RL (eds) Algal ecology: freshwater benthic ecosystems. Academic Press, San Diego, California, pp 341–373
Strong DR (1992) Are trophic cascades all wet? Differentiation and donor-control in speciose ecosystems. Ecology 73:747–754
Thomson GM (1922) The naturalisation of animals and plants in New Zealand. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, UK
Townsend CR (1996) Invasion biology and ecological impacts of brown trout Salmo trutta in New Zealand. Biol Conserv 78:13–22
Townsend CR (2003) Individual, population, community, and ecosystem consequences of a fish invader in New Zealand streams. Conserv Biol 17:38–47
Townsend CR, Crowl TA (1991) Fragmented population structure in a native New Zealand fish: an effect of introduced brown trout? Oikos 61:347–354
Usio N, Townsend CR (2000) Distribution of the New Zealand crayfish Paranephrops zealandicus in relation to stream physico-chemistry, predatory fish, and invertebrate prey. NZ J Mar Fresh Water 34:557–567
Usio N, Townsend CR (2001) The significance of the crayfish Paranephrops zealandicus as shredders in a New Zealand headwater stream. J Crustacean Biol 21:354–359
Usio N, Townsend CR (2004) Roles of crayfish: consequences of predation and bioturbation for stream invertebrates. Ecology 85:807–822
Whitmore N, Huryn AD, Arbuckle CJ, Jansma F (2000) Ecology and distribution of the freshwater crayfish Paranephrops zealandicus in Otago. Science for Conservation 148. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand
Williams JK (2000) Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on invertebrate drift. MSc Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2006 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Townsend, C.R., Simon, K.S. (2006). Consequences of Brown Trout Invasion for Stream Ecosystems. In: Allen, R.B., Lee, W.G. (eds) Biological Invasions in New Zealand. Ecological Studies, vol 186. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30023-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-30023-6_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-540-30022-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-540-30023-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)