Abstract
One purpose of this volume is to provide methodological tools for conducting public health research for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) populations. Among the most fundamental methodological considerations in any kind of research is how best to sample the population of interest. The importance of sampling in health research among LGB people can be seen in how the medical profession initially came to consider homosexuality a mental disorder. The “evidence” supporting such judgments came from studies of psychiatrists’ patients and inmates in mental hospitals and prisons. The possibility that such samples might be biased—that is, that these individuals might not be representative of homosexuals who were not in treatment or institutionalized—was not considered seriously, in large part due to prevailing attitudes about homosexuality. Nevertheless, the historical lesson of how poor sampling can create significant problems for the health and well-being of LGB people should be enough to make all of us ardent promoters of the use of sound sampling procedures in public health research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Binson, D., Michaels, S., Stall, R., Coates, T.J., Gagnon, J.H., and Catania, J.A. (1995) Prevalence and social distribution of men who have sex with men: United States and its urban centers. Journal of Sex Research 32:245–254.
Binson, D., Moskowitz, J., Mills, T., Anderson, K., Paul, J., Stall, R., and Catania, J. (1996) Sampling men who have sex with men: strategies for a telephone survey in urban areas in the United States. In: Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, pp. 68–72.
Birnbaum, Z.W., and Sirken, M.G. (1965) Design of sample surveys to estimate the prevalence of rare diseases: three unbiased estimates. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 2, No. 11. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
Blair, E., and Blair, J. (2004) On telephone sampling for rare groups. Unpublished observation.
Blair, E., and Blair, J. (2006) Dual frame web-telephone sampling for rare groups. Journal of Official Statistics 22(2):1–10.
Blair, J. (1999) A probability sample of gay urban males: the use of two-phase adaptive sampling. Journal of Sex Research 36(1):39–44.
Blair, J., and Czaja, R. (1982) Locating a special population using random digit dialing. Public Opinion Quarterly 46:585–590.
Blake, S.M., Ledsky, R., Lehman, T., Goodenow, C., Sawyer, R., and Hack, T. (2001) Preventing sexual risk behaviors among gay, lesbian, and bisexual adolescents: the benefits of gay-sensitive HIV instruction in schools. American Journal of Public Health 91:940–946.
Catania, J.A., Osmond, D., Stall, R.D., Pollack, L., Paul, J.P., Blower, S., Binson, D., Canchola, J.A., Mills, T.C., Fisher, L., Choi, K.H., Porco, T., Turner, C., Blair, J., Henne, J., Bye, L.L., and Coates, T. (2001) The continuing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health 91:907–914.
Cochran, S.D., and Mays, V.M. (2000) Relation between psychiatric syndromes and behaviorally defined sexual orientation in a sample of the US population. American Journal of Epidemiology 151:516–523.
Czaja, R., and Blair, J. (1990) Using network sampling in crime victimization surveys. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 6:185–206.
Czaja, R.F., Snowden, C.B., and Casady, R.J. (1986) Reporting bias and sampling errors in a survey of a rare population using multiplicity counting rules. Journal of the American Statistical Association 81:411–419.
Dang, A., and Frazer, S. (2004) Black same-sex households in the United States: a report from the 2000 census. National Gay & Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute and National Black Justice Coalition, New York.
Diaz, R.M., Ayala, G., Bein, E., Henne, J., and Marin, B.V. (2001) The impact of homophobia, poverty and racism on the mental health of gay and bisexual latino men: findings from 3 US cities. American Journal of Public Health 91:927–932.
Dilley, J.W., Woods, W. J., Sabatino, J., Lihatsh, T., Adler, B., Casey, S., Rinaldi, J., Brand, R., and McFarland, W. (2002) Changing sexual behavior among gay male repeat testers for HIV: a randomized, controlled trial of a single session intervention. J AIDS 30:177–186.
Emmons, C.A., Joseph, J.G., Kessler, R.C., Wortman, C.B., Montgomery, S.B., and Ostrow, D.G. (1986) Psychosocial predictors of reported behavior change in homosexual men at risk for AIDS. Health Education Quarterly 13:331–345.
Gartrell, N., Hamilton, J., Banks, A., Mosbacher, D., Reed, N., Sparks, C., and Bishop, H. (1996) The national lesbian family study. 1. Interviews with prospective mothers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 66:272–281.
Gartrell, N., Banks, A., Hamilton, J., Reed, N., Bishop, H., and Rodas, C. (1999) The National Lesbian Family Study. 2. Interviews with mothers of toddlers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 69:362–369.
Gartrell, N., Banks, A., Reed, N., Hamilton, J., Rodas, C., and Deck, A. (2000) The national lesbian family study. 3. Interviews with mothers of five-yearolds. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 70:542–548.
Gebhard, P. (1972) Incidence of overt homosexuality in the United States and western Europe. In Livingwood, L.M. (ed) National Institute of Mental Health Task Force on Homosexuality. National Institute of Mental Health, Washington, DC.
Gebhard, P.H., and Johnson, A.B. (1979) The Kinsey data: marginal tabulations of the 1938–1963 interviews conducted by the Institute of Sex Research. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Gruskin, E.P., Hart, S., Gordon, N., and Ackerson, L. (2001) Patterns of cigarette smoking and alcohol use among lesbians and bisexual women enrolled in a large health maintenance organization. American Journal of Public Health 91:976–979.
Hansen, M.H., Hurwitz, W.N., and Madow, W.G. (1953) Sample survey methods and theory. Wiley, New York.
Harry, J. (1990) A probability sample of gay males. Journal of Homosexuality 19:89–104.
Heckathorn, D.D. (1997) Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Social Problems 44:174–199.
Hooker, E. (1957) The adjustment of the male overt homosexual. Journal of Projective Techniques 21:18–31.
Jepsen, L.K., and Jepsen, C.A. (2002) An empirical analysis of the matching patterns of same-sex and opposite-sex couples. Demography 39:435–453.
Kalton, G. (1993) Sampling rare and elusive populations. United Nations Statistical Division, National Household Survey Capability Programme. Technical Studies Series. United Nations, New York.
Kanouse, D.E., Berry, S.H., Gorman, E.M., Yano, E.M., and Carson, S. (1991) Response to the AIDS epidemic. RAND, Santa Monica, R-4031-LACH.
Kinsey, A., Pomeroy, W., and Martin, C. (1948) Sexual behavior in the human male. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Kinsey, A., Pomeroy, W., Martin, C., and Gebhard, P. (1953) Sexual behavior in the human female. Saunders, Philadelphia.
Kruskal, W.H., and Mosteller, F. (1979) Representative sampling. III. The current statistical literature. International Statistical Review 47:245–265.
Laumann, E.O., Gagnon, G.H., Michael, R.T., and Michaels, S. (1994) The social organization of sexuality. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
MacKellar, D., Valleroy, L., Karon, J., Lemp, G., and Janssen, R. (1996) The young men’s survey: methods for estimating HIV seroprevalence and risk factors among young men who have sex with men. Public Health Reports 3(Suppl):138–144.
Martin, J.L., Wiley, J., and Osmond, D. (2003) Social networks and unobserved heterogeneity in risk for AIDS. Population Research and Policy Review 22:65–90.
Mashburn, A.J., Peterson, J.L., Bakeman, R., Miller, R.L., Clark, L. The Community Intervention Trial for Youth Study Team. (2004) Influences on HIV testing among African American men who have sex with men and the moderating effect of geographic setting. Journal of Community Psychology 32:45–60.
Meyer, I.H., Rossano, L., Ellis, J.M., and Brandford, J. (2002) A brief telephone interview to identify lesbian and bisexual women in random digit dialing sampling. Journal of Sex Research 39:139–144.
Michaels, S. (1994) Homosexuality. In: Laumann, E.O., Gagnon, J.H., Michael, R.T., and Michaels, S. The social organization of sexuality. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Newburger, E. (2001) Home computers and Internet use in the United States: August 2000. Current Population Reports. U.S. Bureau of the Census, September, Washington, DC.
Osmond, D.H., Page, K., Wiley, J., Garrett, K., Sheppard, H.W., Moss, A.R., Schrager, L., and Winkelstein, W. (1994) HIV infection in homosexual and bisexual men 18 to 29 years of age: the San Francisco young men’s health study. American Journal of Public Health 84:1933–1937.
Presser, S., and Blair, J. (1994) Survey pretesting: do different methods produce different results? In: Marsden, P.V., (ed) Sociological methodology, Vol. 24. Blackwell, Cambridge, MA.
Rogers, S.M., and Turner, C.F. (1991) Male-male sexual contact in the USA: findings from five sample surveys, 1970–1990. Journal of Sex Research 28:491–519.
Russell, S.T., Franz, B.T., and Driscoll, A.K. (2001) Same-sex romantic attraction and experiences of violence in adolescence. American Journal of Public Health 91:903–906.
Salganik, M.J., and Heckathorn, D.D. (2004) Sampling and estimation in hidden populations using respondent-driven sampling. In: Stolzenberg, R. (ed) Sociological methodology, Vol. 34. Blackwell, Oxford.
Sell, R.L., Wells, J.A., and Wypij, D. (1995) The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples. Archives of Sexual Behavior 24:235–248.
Sirken, M.G. (1970) Household surveys with multiplicity. Journal of American Statistical Association 67:257–266.
Solarz, A.L., (ed). (1999) Lesbian health: current assessment and directions for the future. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Stephan, F.F., and McCarthy, P.J. (1958) Sampling opinions: an analysis of survey procedure. Wiley, New York.
Sudman, S. (1976) Applied sampling. Academic, San Diego.
Sudman, S., Sirken, M.G., and Cowan, C.D. (1988) Sampling rare and elusive populations. Science 240:991–996.
Thompson, S.K., Collins, L.M. (2002) Adaptive sampling in research on riskrelated behaviors. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 68:S57–S67.
Valleroy, L.A., MacKellar, D.A., Karon, J.M., Rosen, D.H., McFarland, W., Shehan, D.A., Stoyanoff, S.R., LaLota, M., Celentano, D.D., Koblin, B.A., Thiede, H., Katz, M.H., Torian, L.V., and Janssen, R.S. (2000) HIV prevalence and associated risks in young men who have sex with men. JAMA 284:198–204.
Waksberg, J. (1978) Sampling methods for random digit dialing. Journal of the American Statistical Association 73 (March):40–46.
Waksberg, J. (1983) A note on “locating a special population using random digit dialing.” Public Opinion Quarterly 47:576–578.
Winkelstein, W. Jr., Lyman, D.M., Padian, N., Grant, R., Samuel, M., Wiley, J.A., Anderson, R.E., Lang, W., Riggs, J., and Levy, J.A. (1987) Sexual practices and risk of infection by the human immunodeficiency virus. JAMA 257(3):321–325.
Further Reading Related to Sampling Methods
Berry, S.H., Duan, N., and Kanouse, D. (1996) Use of probability versus convenience samples of street prostitutes for research on sexually transmitted diseases and HIV risk behaviors: how much does it matter? In: Warnecke, R. (ed) Health survey research methods conference proceedings DHHS, pp. 93–97. One of the few articles that compares probability sampling and convenience sampling in a carefully designed and executed study.
Czaja, R., and Blair, J. (1996, 2005) Designing surveys: a guide to decisions and procedures. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, CA. Book includes an extensive discussion on survey sampling for readers’ reference (chapters 7 and 8).
Frankel, M.R., and Frankel, L.R. (1987) Fifty years of survey sampling in the United States. Public Opinion Quarterly 51:S127–S138. This article is included in a special issue of Public Opinion Quarterly celebrating 50 years of survey research. The article provides an excellent overview of the history of survey sampling in the United States.
Kalton, G. (1983) Introduction to survey sampling. Sage, Newbury Park, CA. One of the Little Green Sage series and an excellent resource for someone interested in learning about probability sampling.
Kalton, G. (1993) Sampling considerations in research on HIV risk and illness. In: Ostrow, D.G., and Kessler, R.C. (eds) Methodological issues in AIDS behavioral research. Plenum, New York. Chapter covers many basic sampling issues for surveys related to HIV risk and illness.
Sudman, S. (1983) Applied sampling. In: Rossi, P.H., Wright, J.D., and Anderson, A.B., (eds) Handbook of survey research. Academic, San Diego, pp. 145–194. An overview and practical guide to survey sampling taking into consideration limited resources. It includes many interesting and useful real world examples. Material for this chapter was obtained from the book Applied Sampling Academic, San Diego, 1976.
Sudman, S., Sirken, M.G., and Cowan, C.D. (1988) Sampling rare and elusive populations. Science 240:991–996. An excellent overview to sampling hard to reach populations.
National Professional Associations of Survey Research and Sampling
American Association for Public Opinion Research. Website: http://www.aapor.org/.
American Statistical Association, Section on Survey Research Methods. Website: http://www.amstat.org/sections/SRMS/index.html.
National Survey Research Centers
Abt Associates, Cambridge, MA
Mathematica, Princeton, NJ
National Opinion Research Center (NORC), University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
Rand, Survey Research Group, Santa Monica, CA
Research Triangle Institute (RTI), Research Triangle Park, NC
Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Westat, Rockville, MD
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Binson, D., Blair, J., Huebner, D.M., Woods, W.J. (2007). Sampling in Surveys of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People. In: Meyer, I.H., Northridge, M.E. (eds) The Health of Sexual Minorities. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-31334-4_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-28871-0
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-31334-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)