The respiratory and digestive tracts represent major entry routes for pathogenic microorganisms from the lumen into an almost sterile environment of the body. Several physical and biological barriers associated with the innate immune system protect these sites from invasion and help to maintain mucosal homeostasis. The first physical defense line is a barrier structure made up of epithelial cells (ECs) joined firmly by tight junction proteins with brush-border microvilli and a dense layer of mucin (Berkes et al., 2003). Antimicrobial peptides such as defensins and type II phospholipase A2 produced by ECs and Paneth cells are additional molecules preventing the attachment and penetration of pathogenic microorganisms into mucosal tissues (Selsted and Ouellette, 2005).
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Kunisawa, J., McGhee, J.R., Kiyono, H. (2007). Mucosal SIgA Enhancement: Development of Safe and Effective Mucosal Adjuvants and Mucosal Antigen Delivery Vehicles. In: Kaetzel, C.S. (eds) Mucosal Immune Defense: Immunoglobulin A. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-72232-0_14
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