Skip to main content

Shift Work and Circadian Disruption

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Breast Cancer Epidemiology
  • 2980 Accesses

Abstract

There is increasing interest in the possible role of environmental factors that can alter normal endocrine function, often referred to as “endocrine disruptors,” in the etiology of cancer. Because the release of nearly all hormones exhibits a circadian timing patterned on approximately a 24-h cycle, agents that disrupt circadian rhythm may also alter endocrine function and thereby the regulation of reproductive hormones (Czeisler and Klerman 1999). Of particular interest regarding breast cancer is the potential influence of both light at night and sleep disruption on the regulation of estrogen release and levels of circulating estrogen.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adashi EY (1991) The ovarian life cycle. In: Yen SSC Jaffe RB (eds) Reproductive endocrinology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 202–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahlborg G Jr, Axelsson G, Bodin L (1996) Shift work, nitrous oxide exposure and subfertility among Swedish midwives. Int J Epidemiol 25:783–790

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akerstedt T (1990) Psychological and psychophysiological effects of shift work. Scand J Work Environ Health 16(Suppl 1):67–73

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Akerstedt T, Froberg JE, Friberg Y, Wetterberg L (1979) Melatonin excretion, body temperature and subjective arousal during 64 hours of sleep deprivation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 4:219–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alfredsson L, Karasek R, Theorell T (1982) Myocardial infarction risk and psychosocial work environment: an analysis of the male Swedish working force. Soc Sci Med 16:463–467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angersbach D, Knauth P, Loskant H, Karvonen MJ, Undeutsch K, Rutenfranz J (1980) A retrospective cohort study comparing complaints and diseases in day and shift workers. Int Arch Occ Environ Health 45:127–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anisimov VN, Kvetnoy IM, Chumakova NK et al (1999) Melatonin and colon carcinogenesis. II. Intestinal melatonin-containing cells and serum melatonin level in rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumors. Exp Toxicol Pathol 51:47–52

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anisimov VN, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA (1997) Melatonin and colon carcinogenesis: I. Inhibitory effect of melatonin on development of intestinal tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. Carcinogenesis 18:1549–1553

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (1981) The pineal gland. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2002) Shift work and health, statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous (2005) Workers on Flexible and Shift Schedules in 2004 Summary. United States Department of Labor

    Google Scholar 

  • Archer SN, Robilliard DL, Skene DJ et al (2003) A length polymorphism in the circadian clock gene Per3 is linked to delayed sleep phase syndrome and extreme diurnal preference. Sleep 26:413–415

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt J, Deacon S (1997) Treatment of circadian rhythm disorders–melatonin. Chronobiol Int 14:185–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong BG, Nolin AD, McDonald AD (1989) Work in pregnancy and birth weight for gestational age. Br J Ind Med 46:196–199

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aubert C, Janiaud P, Lecalvez J (1980) Effect of pinealectomy and melatonin on mammary tumor growth in Sprague-Dawley rats under different conditions of lighting. J Neural Trans 47:121–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axelsson G, Ahlborg G Jr, Bodin L (1996) Shift work, nitrous oxide exposure, and spontaneous abortion among Swedish midwives. Occup Environ Med 53:374–378

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Axelsson G, Lutz C, Rylander R (1984) Exposure to solvents and outcome of pregnancy in university laboratory employees. Br J Ind Med 41:305–312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Axelsson G, Rylander R, Molin I (1989) Outcome of pregnancy in relation to irregular and inconvenient work schedules. Br J Ind Med 46:393–398

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Bellmann O, Lippert TH (1991) Depression of serum melatonin in patients with primary breast cancer is not due to an increased peripheral metabolism. Cancer 67:1681–1684

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Fuchs U, Lippert TH, Bellmann O, Gupta D (1989) Stage-dependent depression of melatonin in patients with primary breast cancer. Correlation with prolactin, thyroid stimulating hormone, and steroid receptors. Cancer 64:426–433

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Jain AK, Laumas KR, Wetterberg L (1981) Urinary melatonin levels in human breast cancer patients. J Neural Transm 52:281–294

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartsch C, Bartsch H, Karenovics A, Franz H, Peiker G, Mecke D (1997) Nocturnal urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin excretion is decreased in primary breast cancer patients compared to age-matched controls and shows negative correlation with tumor-size. J Pineal Res 23:53–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bisanti L, Olsen J, Basso O, Thonneau P, Karmaus W (1996) Shift work and subfecundity: a European multicenter study. European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity. J Occup Environ Med 38:352–358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bittman EL, Kaynard AH, Olster DH, Robinson JE, Yellon SM, Karsch FJ (1985) Pineal melatonin mediates photoperiodic control of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in the ewe. Neuroendocrinology 40:409–418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blask DE, Brainard GC, Dauchy RT et al (2005) Melatonin-depleted blood from premenopausal women exposed to light at night stimulates growth of human breast cancer xenografts in nude rats. Cancer Res 65:11174–11184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blask DE, Dauchy RT, Sauer LA (2005) Putting cancer to sleep at night: the neuroendocrine/circadian melatonin signal. Endocrine 27:179–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blask DE, Dauchy RT, Sauer LA, Krause JA, Brainard GC (2002) Light during darkness, melatonin suppression and cancer progression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 23(Suppl 2):52–56

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blask DE, Sauer LA, Dauchy R, Holowachuk EW, Ruhoff MS (1999) New actions of melatonin on tumor metabolism and growth. Biol Signals Recept 8:49–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boivin DB, Duffy JF, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA (1996) Dose-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light. Nature 379:540–542

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brainard GC, Hanifin JP, Rollag MD et al (2001) Human melatonin regulation is not mediated by the three cone photopic visual system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:433–436

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brzezinski A (1997) Melatonin in humans. N Engl J Med 336:186–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Catt KJ, Dafau ML (1991) Gonadotropic hormones: biosynthesis, secretion, receptors, and actions. In: Yen SSC, Jaffe RB (eds) Reproductive endocrinology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 144–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Cini G, Coronnello M, Mini E, Neri B (1998) Melatonin’s growth-inhibitory effect on hepatoma AH 130 in the rat. Cancer Lett 125:51–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Claustrat B, Brun J, Chazot G (2005) The basic physiology and pathophysiology of melatonin. Sleep Med Rev 9:11–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Colligan MJ, Frock IJ, Tasto D (1980) Shift work – the incidence of medication use and physical complaints as a function of shift. US Dept of Health, Education and Welfare: NIOSH Publication, Washington, pp 80–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Cos S, Fernandez F, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ (1996) Melatonin inhibits DNA synthesis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro. Life Sci 58:2447–2453

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cos S, Fernandez R, Guezmes A, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ (1998) Influence of melatonin on invasive and metastatic properties of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 58:4383–4390

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cos S, Mediavilla MD, Fernandez R, Gonzalez-Lamuno D, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ (2002) Does melatonin induce apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro? J Pineal Res 32:90–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czeisler CA, Allan JS, Strogatz SH et al (1986) Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle. Science 233:667–671

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czeisler CA, Duffy JF, Shanahan TL et al (1999) Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science 284:2177–2181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czeisler CA, Khalsa SBS (1999) Principles and practice of sleep medicine. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • Czeisler CA, Klerman EB (1999) Circadian and sleep-dependent regulation of hormone release in humans. Recent Prog Horm Res 54:97–130

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Czeisler CA, Wright KP Jr (1999) Neurobiology of sleep and circadian rhythms. Marcel Decker, Inc., New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dauchy RT, Blask DE, Sauer LA, Brainard GC, Krause JA (1999) Dim light during darkness stimulates tumor progression by enhancing tumor fatty acid uptake and metabolism. Cancer Lett 144:131–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dauchy RT, Sauer LA, Blask DE, Vaughan GM (1997) Light contamination during the dark phase in “photoperiodically controlled” animal rooms: effect on tumor growth and metabolism in rats. Lab Anim Sci 47:511–518

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis S, Mirick DK, Stevens RG (2001) Night shift work, light at night, and risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1557–1562

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dement WC, Seidel WF, Cohen SA, Bliwise NG, Carskadon MA (1986) Sleep and wakefulness in aircrew before and after transoceanic flights. Aviat Space Environ Med 57:B14–B28

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ebisawa T, Uchiyama M, Kajimura N et al (2001) Association of structural polymorphisms in the human period3 gene with delayed sleep phase syndrome. EMBO Rep 2:342–346

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feychting M, Osterlund B, Ahlbom A (1998) Reduced cancer incidence among the blind. Epidemiology 9:490–494

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fu L, Pelicano H, Liu J, Huang P, Lee C (2002) The circadian gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo. Cell 111:41–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahn RA (1991) Profound bilateral blindness and the incidence of breast cancer. Epidemiology 2:208–210

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haldorsen T, Reitan JB, Tveten U (2001) Cancer incidence among Norwegian airline cabin attendants. Int J Epidemiol 30:825–830

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen J (2001) Increased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night. Epidemiology 12:74–77

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton T (1969) Influence of environmental light and melatonin upon mammary tumour induction. Br J Surg 56:764–766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemminki K, Kyyronen P, Lindbohm ML (1985) Spontaneous abortions and malformations in the offspring of nurses exposed to anaesthetic gases, cytostatic drugs, and other potential hazards in hospitals, based on registered information of outcome. J Epidemiol Community Health 39:141–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill SM, Blask DE (1988) Effects of the pineal hormone melatonin on the proliferation and morphological characteristics of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in culture. Cancer Res 48:6121–6126

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hrushesky WJ, Blask DE (2004) Re: melatonin and breast cancer: a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:888–889

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Infante-Rivard C, David M, Gauthier R, Rivard GE (1993) Pregnancy loss and work schedule during pregnancy. Epidemiology 4:73–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jochle W (1964) Trends in photophysiologic concepts. Ann NY Acad Sci 117:88–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson C, Willeit M, Smedh C et al (2003) Circadian clock-related polymorphisms in seasonal affective disorder and their relevance to diurnal preference. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:734–739

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jull JW (1966) The effect of infection, hormonal environment, and genetic constitution on mammary tumor induction in rats by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. Cancer Res 26:2368–2373

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanishi Y, Kobayashi Y, Noda S, Ishizuka B, Saito K (2000) Differential growth inhibitory effect of melatonin on two endometrial cancer cell lines. J Pineal Res 28:227–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katzenberg D, Young T, Finn L et al (1998) A CLOCK polymorphism associated with human diurnal preference. Sleep 21:569–576

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ et al (1995) Prospective study of shift work and risk of coronary heart disease in women. Circulation 92:3178–3182

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kliukiene J, Tynes T, Andersen A (2001) Risk of breast cancer among Norwegian women with visual impairment. Br J Cancer 84:397–399

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kloog I, Haim A, Stevens RG, Barchana M, Portnov BA (2008) Light at night co-distributes with incident breast but not lung cancer in the female population of Israel. Chronobiol Int 25:65–81

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knutsson A, Akerstedt T, Jonsson BG, Orth-Gomer K (1986) Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease in shift workers. Lancet 2:89–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knutsson A, Hallquist J, Reuterwall C, Theorell T, Akerstedt T (1999) Shiftwork and myocardial infarction: a case-control study. Occup Environ Med 56:46–50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Miller LS, Hoban TM (1987) Antidepressant and circadian phase-shifting effects of light. Science 235:352–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Markey SP (1980) Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 210:1267–1269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lie JA, Roessink J, Kjaerheim K (2006) Breast cancer and night work among Norwegian nurses. Cancer Causes Control 17:39–44

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Linnersjo A, Hammar N, Dammstrom BG, Johansson M, Eliasch H (2003) Cancer incidence in airline cabin crew: experience from Sweden. Occup Environ Med 60:810–814

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch HJ, Deng MH, Wurtman RJ (1984) Light intensities required to suppress nocturnal melatonin secretion in albino and pigmented rats. Life Sci 35:841–847

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lynge E (1996) Risk of breast cancer is also increased among Danish female airline cabin attendants. BMJ 312:253

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mamelle N, Laumon B, Lazar P (1984) Prematurity and occupational activity during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 119:309–322

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marelli MM, Limonta P, Maggi R, Motta M, Moretti RM (2000) Growth-inhibitory activity of melatonin on human androgen-independent DU 145 prostate cancer cells. Prostate 45:238–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald AD, McDonald JC, Armstrong B et al (1988) Fetal death and work in pregnancy. Br J Ind Med 45:148–157

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald AD, McDonald JC, Armstrong B, Cherry NM, Nolin AD, Robert D (1988) Prematurity and work in pregnancy. Br J Ind Med 45:56–62

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre IM, Norman TR, Burrows GD, Armstrong SM (1989) Human melatonin suppression by light is intensity dependent. J Pineal Res 6:149–156

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McIntyre IM, Norman TR, Burrows GD, Armstrong SM (1990) Melatonin supersensitivity to dim light in seasonal affective disorder. Lancet 335:488

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mediavilla MD, Cos S, Sanchez-Barcelo EJ (1999) Melatonin increases p53 and p21WAF1 expression in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in vitro. Life Sci 65:415–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Megdal SP, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Pukkala E, Schernhammer ES (2005) Night work and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 41:2023–2032

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mhatre MC, Shah PN, Juneja HS (1984) Effect of varying photoperiods on mammary morphology, DNA synthesis, and hormone profile in female rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 72:1411–1416

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller BH, Olson SL, Turek FW, Levine JE, Horton TH, Takahashi JS (2004) Circadian clock mutation disrupts estrous cyclicity and maintenance of pregnancy. Curr Biol 14:1367–1373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Minors DS, Scott AR, Waterhouse JM (1986) Circadian arrhythmia: shiftwork, travel and health. J Soc Occup Med 36:39–44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mocchegiani E, Perissin L, Santarelli L et al (1999) Melatonin administration in tumor-bearing mice (intact and pinealectomized) in relation to stress, zinc, thymulin and IL-2. Int J Immunopharmacol 21:27–46

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moretti RM, Marelli MM, Maggi R, Dondi D, Motta M, Limonta P (2000) Antiproliferative action of melatonin on human prostate cancer LNCaP cells. Oncol Rep 7:347–351

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musatov SA, Anisimov VN, Andre V, Vigreux C, Godard T, Sichel F (1999) Effects of melatonin on N-nitroso-N-methylurea-induced carcinogenesis in rats and mutagenesis in vitro (Ames test and COMET assay). Cancer Lett 138:37–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nurminen T (1989) Shift work, fetal development and course of pregnancy. Scand J Work Environ Health 15:395–403

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pandi-Perumal SR, Smits M, Spence W et al (2007) Dim light melatonin onset (DLMO): a tool for the analysis of circadian phase in human sleep and chronobiological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31:1–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Panzer A, Lottering ML, Bianchi P, Glencross DK, Stark JH, Seegers JC (1998) Melatonin has no effect on the growth, morphology or cell cycle of human breast cancer (MCF-7), cervical cancer (HeLa), osteosarcoma (MG-63) or lymphoblastoid (TK6) cells. Cancer Lett 122:17–23

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parry BL, Newton RP (2001) Chronobiological basis of female-specific mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 25:S102–S108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Penny R, Stanczyk F, Goebelsmann U (1987) Melatonin: data consistent with a role in controlling ovarian function. J Endocrinol Invest 10:499–505

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petranka J, Baldwin W, Biermann J, Jayadev S, Barrett JC, Murphy E (1999) The oncostatic action of melatonin in an ovarian carcinoma cell line. J Pineal Res 26:129–136

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Philo R, Berkowitz AS (1988) Inhibition of Dunning tumor growth by melatonin. J Urol 139:1099–1102

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pukkala E, Auvinen A, Wahlberg G (1995) Incidence of cancer among finnish airline cabin attendants, 1967–92. BMJ 311:649–652

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pukkala E, Verkasalo PK, Ojamo M, Rudanko SL (1999) Visual impairment and cancer: a population-based cohort study in Finland. Cancer Causes Control 10:13–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quera-Salva MA, Defrance R, Claustrat B, De Lattre J, Guilleminault C (1996) Rapid shift in sleep time and acrophase of melatonin secretion in short shift work schedule. Sleep 19:539–543

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rafnsson V, Tulinius H, Jonasson JG, Hrafnkelsson J (2001) Risk of breast cancer in female flight attendants: a population-based study (Iceland). Cancer Causes Control 12:95–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reppert SM, Weaver DR (2001) Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms. Annu Rev Physiol 63:647–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds P, Cone J, Layefsky M, Goldberg DE, Hurley S (2002) Cancer incidence in California flight attendants (United States). Cancer Causes Control 13:317–324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rimler A, Lupowitz Z, Zisapel N (2002) Differential regulation by melatonin of cell growth and androgen receptor binding to the androgen response element in prostate cancer cells. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 23(Suppl 1):45–49

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JE (1987) Photoperiodic and steroidal regulation of the luteinizing pulse generator in ewes. In: Crowley WF, Hofler JG (eds) The episodic secretion of hormones. Wiley, New York, p 159

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JE, Kaynard AH, Karsch FJ (1986) Does melatonin alter pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the ewe? Neuroendocrinology 43:635–640

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Tan DX, Leon J, Manchester L, Reiter RJ (2005) Melatonin reduces prostate cancer cell growth leading to neuroendocrine differentiation via a receptor and PKA independent mechanism. Prostate 63:29–43

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salin-Pascual RJ, Ortega-Soto H, Huerto-Delgadillo L, Camacho-Arroyo I, Roldan-Roldan G, Tamarkin L (1988) The effect of total sleep deprivation on plasma melatonin and cortisol in healthy human volunteers. Sleep 11:362–369

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandyk R (1992) The pineal gland and the menstrual cycle. Int J Neurosci 63:197–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santhi N, Duffy JF, Horowitz TS, Czeisler CA (2005) Scheduling of sleep/darkness affects the circadian phase of night shift workers. Neurosci Lett 384:316–320

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schernhammer ES, Berrino F, Krogh V et al (2008) Urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:898–905

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE (2005) Urinary melatonin levels and breast cancer risk. J Natl Cancer Inst 97:1084–1087

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schernhammer ES, Kroenke CH, Laden F, Hankinson SE (2006) Night work and risk of breast cancer. Epidemiology 17:108–111

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schernhammer ES, Laden F, Speizer FE et al (2001) Rotating night shifts and risk of breast cancer in women participating in the nurses' health study. J Natl Cancer Inst 93:1563–1568

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schernhammer ES, Rosner B, Willett WC, Laden F, Colditz GA, Hankinson SE (2004) Epidemiology of urinary melatonin in women and its relation to other hormones and night work. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:936–943

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah PN, Mhatre MC, Kothari LS (1984) Effect of melatonin on mammary carcinogenesis in intact and pinealectomized rats in varying photoperiods. Cancer Res 44:3403–3407

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shiu SY, Li L, Xu JN, Pang CS, Wong JT, Pang SF (1999) Melatonin-induced inhibition of proliferation and G1/S cell cycle transition delay of human choriocarcinoma JAr cells: possible involvement of MT2 (MEL1B) receptor. J Pineal Res 27:183–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siu SW, Lau KW, Tam PC, Shiu SY (2002) Melatonin and prostate cancer cell proliferation: interplay with castration, epidermal growth factor, and androgen sensitivity. Prostate 52:106–122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skene DJ, Bojkowski CJ, Currie JE, Wright J, Boulter PS, Arendt J (1990) 6-sulphatoxymelatonin production in breast cancer patients. J Pineal Res 8:269–276

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steenland K, Fine L (1996) Shift work, shift change, and risk of death from heart disease at work. Am J Ind Med 29:278–281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian A, Kothari L (1991) Melatonin, a suppressor of spontaneous murine mammary tumors. J Pineal Res 10:136–140

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sze SF, Ng TB, Liu WK (1993) Antiproliferative effect of pineal indoles on cultured tumor cell lines. J Pineal Res 14:27–33

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarkin L, Cohen M, Roselle D, Reichert C, Lippman M, Chabner B (1981) Melatonin inhibition and pinealectomy enhancement of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors in the rat. Cancer Res 41:4432–4436

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamarkin L, Danforth D, Lichter A et al (1982) Decreased nocturnal plasma melatonin peak in patients with estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Science 216:1003–1005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tenkanen L, Sjoblom T, Kalimo R, Alikoski T, Harma M (1997) Shift work, occupation and coronary heart disease over 6 years of follow-up in the Helsinki Heart Study. Scand J Work Environ Health 23:257–265

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tepas DI (1982) Work/sleep time schedules and performance. In: Webb WB (ed) Biological rhythms, sleep and performance. John Wiley, Chichester, p 175

    Google Scholar 

  • Tepas DI, Sullivan PJ (1982) Does body temperature predict sleep length, sleepiness, and mood in a lab-bound population? Sleep Res 11:42

    Google Scholar 

  • Touitou Y, Motohashi Y, Reinberg A et al (1990) Effect of shift work on the night-time secretory patterns of melatonin, prolactin, cortisol and testosterone. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 60:288–292

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Travis RC, Allen DS, Fentiman IS, Key TJ (2004) Melatonin and breast cancer: a prospective study. J Natl Cancer Inst 96:475–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuchsen F (1993) Working hours and ischaemic heart disease in Danish men: a 4-year cohort study of hospitalization. Int J Epidemiol 22:215–221

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tynes T, Hannevik M, Andersen A, Vistnes AI, Haldorsen T (1996) Incidence of breast cancer in Norwegian female radio and telegraph operators. Cancer Causes Control 7:197–204

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uehata T, Sasakawa N (1982) The fatigue and maternity disturbances of night workwomen. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo) 11(Suppl):465–474

    Google Scholar 

  • Verkasalo PK, Lillberg K, Stevens RG et al (2005) Sleep duration and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer Res 65:9595–9600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verkasalo PK, Pukkala E, Stevens RG, Ojamo M, Rudanko SL (1999) Inverse association between breast cancer incidence and degree of visual impairment in Finland. Br J Cancer 80:1459–1460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vijayalaxmi TCR Jr, Reiter RJ, Herman TS (2002) Melatonin: from basic research to cancer treatment clinics. J Clin Oncol 20:2575–2601

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voordouw BC, Euser R, Verdonk RE et al (1992) Melatonin and melatonin-progestin combinations alter pituitary-ovarian function in women and can inhibit ovulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:108–117

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wartenberg D, Stapleton CP (1998) Risk of breast cancer is also increased among retired US female airline cabin attendants. BMJ 316:1902

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wehr TA, Giesen HA, Moul DE, Turner EH, Schwartz PJ (1995) Suppression of men’s responses to seasonal changes in day length by modern artificial lighting. Am J Physiol 269:R173–R178

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wetterberg L (1993) Light and biological rhythms in man. Pergamon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Winget CM, DeRoshia CW, Markley CL, Holley DC (1984) A review of human physiological and performance changes associated with desynchronosis of biological rhythms. Aviat Space Environ Med 55:1085–1096

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wurtman RJ, Axelrod J (1965) The Pineal gland. Sci Am 213:50–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xi SC, Tam PC, Brown GM, Pang SF, Shiu SY (2000) Potential involvement of mt1 receptor and attenuated sex steroid-induced calcium influx in the direct anti-proliferative action of melatonin on androgen-responsive LNCaP human prostate cancer cells. J Pineal Res 29:172–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xu X, Ding M, Li B, Christiani DC (1994) Association of rotating shiftwork with preterm births and low birth weight among never smoking women textile workers in China. Occup Environ Med 51:470–474

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yellon SM, Foster DL (1986) Melatonin rhythms time photoperiod-induced puberty in the female lamb. Endocrinology 119:44–49

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yie SM, Brown GM, Liu GY et al (1995) Melatonin and steroids in human pre-ovulatory follicular fluid: seasonal variations and granulosa cell steroid production. Hum Reprod 10:50–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ying SW, Niles LP, Crocker C (1993) Human malignant melanoma cells express high-affinity receptors for melatonin: antiproliferative effects of melatonin and 6-chloromelatonin. Eur J Pharmacol 246:89–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu JL, Hjollund NH, Andersen AM, Olsen J (2004) Shift work, job stress, and late fetal loss: The National Birth Cohort in Denmark. J Occup Environ Med 46:1144–1149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu JL, Hjollund NH, Olsen J (2004) Shift work, duration of pregnancy, and birth weight: The National Birth Cohort in Denmark. Am J Obstet Gynecol 191:285–291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu Y, Brown HN, Zhang Y, Stevens RG, Zheng T (2005) Period3 structural variation: a circadian biomarker associated with breast cancer in young women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:268–270

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Scott Davis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Davis, S., Mirick, D.K. (2010). Shift Work and Circadian Disruption. In: Li, C. (eds) Breast Cancer Epidemiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0685-4_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics