Abstract
This chapter describes the ischaemic retinal vascular diseases which ultimately lead to glaucoma and are found in the globes which are enucleated to relieve pain in a blind eye. The clinical diagnosis is usually “neovascular glaucoma” with the addition of “central retinal vein occlusion” (CRVO) or “diabetes”, but occasionally, rarer entities such as retinopathy of prématurity (ROP) or Coats’ disease will be seen at this end stage.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abdelsalam A, Del Priore L, Zarbin MA (1999) Drusen in age related macular degeneration: Pathogenesis, natural course and laser photocoagulation-induced regression. Sury Ophthalmol 44:1–29
Aiello LP, Northrup JM, Keyt BA, Tagaki H, Iwamoto MA (1995) Hypoxic regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal cells. Arch Ophthalmol 13:1538–1544
Anderson HR, Stitt AW, Gardiner TA, Archer DB (1995) Diabetic retinopathy: morphometric analysis of basement membrane thickening of capillaries in different retinal layers within arterial and venous environments. Br J Ophthalmol 79:1120–1123
Archer DB (1999) Diabetic retinopathy: some cellular, molecular and therapeutic considerations. Eye 13:497–523
Attawia MA, Nayak RC (1999) Circulating antipericyte autoantibodies in diabetic retinopathy. Retina 19:390–400
Beatty S, Koh H-H, Henson D, Boulton M (2000) The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of age related macular degeneration. Sury Ophthalmol 45:115–134
Bek T (1998) Capillary closure secondary to retinal vein occlusion. A morphological, histopathological, and immunohistochemical study. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 76:643–648
Ben Sira I, Nissenkorn I, Kremer I (1986) Retinopathy of prematurity. Sury Ophthalmol 33:1–16
Bowers DK, Finklelstein D, Wolff SM, Green WR (1987) Branch retinal vein occlusion. A clinicopathologic case report. Retina 7:252–259
Bresnick GH (1989) Background diabetic retinopathy. In: Ryan SJ (ed) Retina. CV Mosby, St Louis, pp 327–366
Bressler SH, Silva JC, Bressler NM (1992) Clinicopathological correlation of occult choroidal neovascularisation in age-related macular degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol 110:827–832
Casey R, Li WW (1997) Factors controlling ocular angiogenesis. Am J Ophthalmol 124:521–529
Castellarin AO, Nasir MA, Sugino IK, Zarbin MA (1998) Clinicopathological correlation of primary and recurrent choroidal neovascularisation following surgical excision in age related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 82:480–487
Chynn EW, Walton DS, Hahn LB, Dryja TP (1996) Norrie disease. Diagnosis of a simplex case by DNA analysis. Arch Ophthalmol 114: 1136–1138
CCRP — Committee for the Classification of Retinopathy of Prematurity. (1984) An international classification of retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 102:1130–1134
CCRPG (1988) Multicentre trial of cryotherapy for ROP. Arch Ophthalmol 106:471–479
Das A, Puklin JE, Frank RN, Zhang NL (1992) Ultrastructural immunocytochemistry of subretinal neovascular membranes in age related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 99:1368–1376
Davis MD (1989) Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. In: Ryan SJ (ed) Retina. CV Mosby, St Louis, pp 367–402
de Juan E, Machemer R (1988) Ultrastructural characteristics of new vessels in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 105: 491–499
Delaney WV, Torrisi PF, Hampton GR (1988) Haemorrhagic peripheral pigment epithelial disease. Arch Ophthalmol 106:646–650
Eliassi-Rad B, Green WR (1999) Histopathologic study of presumed parafoveal telangiectasis. Retina 19:332–335
Enyedi LB, de Juan E, Gaitan A (1991) Ultrastructural study of Norrie’s disease. Am J Ophthalmol 111:439–445
Faulborn J, Ardjomand N (2000) Tractional retinoschisis in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a histopathological study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 238:40–44
Feeney Burns L, Burns RP, Gao C-L (1990) Age related macular changes in humans over 90 years old. Am J Ophthalmol 109:265–278
Foos RY (1987) Retinopathy of prematurity. Pathologic correlation of clinical stages. Retina 7:260–276
Frank RN (1989) Etiologic mechanisms in diabetic retinopathy. In: Ryan SJ (ed) Retina. CV Mosby, St Louis, pp 301–306
Gariano RF, Kalina RE, Hendrikson AE (1996) Normal and pathological mechanisms in retinal vascular development. Sury Ophthalmol 40:481–490
Gass JDM (1994) Biomicroscopic and histopathologic considerations regarding the feasibility of surgical excision of subfoveal neovascular membranes. Am J Ophthalmol 118:L285–298
Green WR, Enger C (1993) Age-related macular degeneration histopathologic study. Ophthalmology 100:1519–1535
Green WR, Chan CC, Hutchins GM, Terry JM (1981) Central retinal vein occlusion, a prospective study of 29 eyes of 28 cases. Retina 1:27–55
Green WR, Macdonnel PY, Yeo JH (1985) Pathologic features of senile macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 92:615–627
Grossniklaus HE, Gass JDM (1998) Clinicopathologic correlations of surgically excised Type 1 and Type 2 submacular choroidal neovascular membranes. Am J Ophthalmol 126:56–59
Grossniklaus HE, Frank E, Green WR (1988) Subretinal neovascularisation in a pseudophakic eye treated with krypton laser photocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 106:78–81
Grossniklaus HE, Thomas JW, Vigneswaran N, Jarrett WH II (1992) Retinal hemangioblastoma. A histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural evaluation. Ophthalmology 99:140–145
Gurne DH, Tso MOM, Edward DP, Ripps H (1991) Anti retinal antibodies in serum of patients with age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 98:602–607
Hiscott P, Cooling RJ, Rosen P, Garner A (1992) The pathology of abortive neovascular outgrowths from the retina. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 230:531–536
Holz FG, Sheraidah G, Pauleikhoff D, Bird AC (1994) Analysis of lipid deposits extracted from human macular and peripheral Bruch’s membrane. Arch Ophthalmol 112:402–406
Ishibashi T, Murata T, Kohno T, Ohnishi Y, Inomata H (1999) Peripheral choriovitreal neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy: histopathologic and ultrastructural study. Ophthalmologica 213: 154–158
Jalkh AE, Nasrallah FP, Marinelli I, Van de Velde F (1990) Inactive subretinal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 97:1614–1619
Killingsworth MC (1987) Age related components of Bruch’s membrane in the human eye. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 225:406–412
Killingsworth MC, Sarks P, Sarks SH (1990) Macrophages related to Bruch’s membrane in age related macular degeneration. Eye 4: 613–621
Ko MK, Kim DS. (2000) Posterior segment neovascularization associated with acute ophthalmic artery obstruction. Retina 20:384–388
Kohner EM (1993) Diabetic retinopathy. Br Med J 307:1195–1199
Lafaut BA, Bartz-Schmidt KU, Vanden Broecke C, Aisenbrey S et al. (2000) Clinicopathologic correlation in exudative age related macular degeneration: histological differentiation between classic and occult choroidal neovascularisation. Br J Ophthalmol 84:239–243
Loeffler KU, Lee WR (1986) Basal linear deposit in the human macula. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 224:493–501
Loeffler KU, Lee WR (1998) Terminology of sub-RPE deposits: do we all speak the same language? Br J Ophthalmol 82:1104–1105
Lopez PF, Sippy BD, Lambert HM, Thach AB, Hinton DR (1996) Transdifferentiated retinal pigment epithelial cells are immunoreactive for vascular endothelial growth factor in surgically excised age related macular degeneration-related choroidal membranes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:855–868
McLeod DS, Merges C, Fukushima A, Goldberg MF, Lutty GA (1997) Histopathologic features of neovascularization in sickle cell retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 124:455–472
Manschot WA, Lee WR (1984) Retinal neovascularisation arising from hyalinised blood vessels. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 222: 63–70
Marshall GE, Konstas AG, Lee WR (1990) Ultrastructural distribution of collagens types I-VI in ageing human retinal vessels. Br J Ophthalmol 74:228–232
Michael JC, de Veneccia G, Bresnick GH (1994) Macular heterotopia in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 112:1455–1459
Moore J, Bagley S, Ireland G, McLeod D, Boulton ME (1999) Three dimensional analysis of microaneurysms in the human diabetic retina. J Anat 194:89–100
Mottow-Lippa L, Tso MOM, Peyman GA, Chejfec G (1983) Von Hippel angiomatosis. A light, electron microscopic and immunoperoxidase characterisation. Ophthalmology 90:848–855
Nasir MA, Sugino I, Zarbin MA (1997) Decreased choriocapillaris perfusion following surgical excision of choroidal neovascular membranes in age-related macular degeneration. Br J Ophthalmol 81:481–489
Nork TM, Wallow IHL, Sramek SJ, Anderson G (1987) Müller’s cell involvement in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 105:1424–1429
Pauleikoff D, Harper CA, Marshall J, Bird AC (1990) Ageing changes in Bruch’s membrane. Ophthalmology 97:171–178
Petty RG, Pearson JD, Morgan DML, Mahler RFB (1988) Stimulation of endothelial cell growth by sera from diabetic patients with retinopathy. Lancet i/8579: 208–211
Reddy VR, Zamora RL, Kaplan HJ (1995) Distribution of growth factors in subfoveal neovascular membranes in age related macular degeneration and presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 120:291–301
Romayananda N, Goldberg MF, Green WR (1973) Histopathology of sickle cell retinopathy. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 77:652–676
Sarks JP, Sarks SH, Killingsworth MC (1994) Evolution of soft drusen in age-related macular degeneration. Eye 8:269–283
Sarks JP, Sarks SH, Killingsworth MC (1997) Morphology of early choroidal neovascularisation in age-related macular degeneration: correlation with activity. Eye 11:515–522
Schultz GS, Grant MB (1991) Neovascular growth factors. Eye 5:170–180
Sebag J, McMeel JW (1986) Diabetic retinopathy. Pathogenesis and the role of retina derived growth factor in angiogenesis. Sury Ophthalmol 30:377–384
Shields JA, Shields CL, Honavar SG, Demirci H, Cater J (2001) Classification and management of Coats disease: the 2000 Proctor Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 131:572–583
Spraul CW, Lang GE, Grossniklaus HE, Lang GK (1999) Histologic and morphometric analysis of the choroid, Bruch’s membrane, and retinal pigment epithelium in post-mortem eyes with age related macular degeneration and histologic examination of surgically excised choroidal neovascular membranes. Sury Ophthalmol 44:S10–32 (supplement)
Stone J, Chan-Ling T, Pe’er J, Itin A, Gnessin H, Keshet E (1996) Roles of vascular endothelial growth factor and astrocyte degeneration in the genesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:290–299
Taylor AW, Sehu KW, Lee WR, Williamson TW (1993) Morphometric assessment of the central retinal artery and vein in the optic nerve head. Can J Ophthalmol 28:320–324
Thomas MA, Kaplan HJ (1991) Surgical removal of subfoveal neovascularisation in the presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 111:1–7
Thomas MA, Grand MG, Williams DF, Lee CM, Pesin SR, Lowe MA (1992) Surgical management of subfoveal choroidal neovascularisation. Ophthalmology 99:952–968
Triplett DA, Asherson RA (2000) Pathophysiology of the catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Am J Haematol 65:154–159
Wallow IHL, Davis MD (1979) Clinicopathological correlation of xenon arc and argon laser photocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol 97:2308–2315
Wallow IH, Sponsel WE, Stevens TS (1991) Clinicopathologic correlation of diode laser burns in monkeys. Arch Ophthalmol 109:648–653
Williamson TH (1997) Central retinal vein occlusion: What’s the story? Br J Ophthalmol 81:691–697
Young RW (1987) Pathophysiology of age related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmo 131:291–306
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer-Verlag London
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lee, W.R. (2002). Retinal Vascular Disease. In: Ophthalmic Histopathology. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3910-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3910-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3912-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3910-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive