Abstract
Does phylogeny build ontogenies, as Ernst Haeckel would have it, or do ontogenies make phylogeny, as Walter Garstang emphasized? Clearly, there is some relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny, since every change in phylogeny must result in changing ontogenies, while every change of ontogeny will cause a change in phylogeny. The problem is how to conceptualize this relationship to use it as a tool for phylogeny reconstruction, or to explore its significance for the evolution of complex and integrated organic systems. The problem simply is this: Do we require knowledge of a well-constrained phylogeny in order to explore the role of ontogeny in evolution? If so, how can we gain such knowledge of phylogeny? Or does the study of ontogeny provide us with a key to a well-constrained phylogeny? As this problem is a multilayered one, difficult to untangle, I propose to proceed as follows.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alberch, P., 1985, Problems with the interpretation of developmental sequences, Syst. Zool. 34:46–58.
Alberch, P., 1989, The logic of monsters: Evidence for internal constraint in development and evolution, Geobios (Mém. Spec.) 12:21–57.
Appel, T. A., 1987, The Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate: French Biology in the Decades before Darwin, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Arnold, E. N., 1981, Estimating phylogenies at low taxonomic levels, Z. Zool. Syst. Evolutionsforsch, 19:1–35.
Arratia, G., and Schultze, H.-P., 1991, Palatoquadrate and its ossifications: Development and homology within Osteichthyans, J. Morphol. 208:1–81.
Arthur, W., 1984, Mechanisms of Morphological Evolution, Wiley, Chichester.
Arthur, W., 1988, A Theory of the Evolution of Development, Wiley, Chichester.
Ballard, W. W., 1976, Problems of gastrulation: Real and verbal, BioSci. 26:36–39.
Bock, W. J., 1973, Philosophical foundations of classical evolutionary classifications, Syst. Zool. 22:375–392.
Bowler, P. J., 1975, The changing meaning of “evolution,”; J. Hist. Ideas 36:95–114.
Boyden, A., 1943, Homology and analogy: A century after the definitions of “homologue” and “analogue” of Richard Owen, Q. Rev. Biol. 18:228–241.
Brady, R. H., 1985, On the independence of systematics, Cladistics 1:113–126.
Cuvier, G., 1817, Le Règne Animal distribué d’après son Organisation, Vol. 1, Déterville, Paris.
De Beer, G. R., 1947, The differentiation of neural crest cells into visceral cartilages and odontoblasts in Ambystoma, and a re-examination of the germ-layer theory, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 134:377–398.
De Beer, G. R., 1958, Embryos and Ancestors, 3rd ed., Oxford University Press, Oxford.
De Beer, G. R., 1971, Homology, An Unsolved Problem, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
De Pinna, M. C. C., 1991, Concepts and tests of homology in the cladistic paradigm, Cladistics 7:367–394.
De Queiroz, K., 1985, The ontogenetic method for determining character polarity and its relevance to phylogenetic systematics, Syst. Zool. 34:280–299.
Desmond, A., 1989, The Politics of Evolution, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Dohle, W., 1988, [Review of] Darwinism: The Refutation of a Myth, by S. Lovtrup, J. Evol. Biol. 1:283–285.
Edgeworth, F. H., 1935, The Cranial Muscles of Vertebrates, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Elinson, R. P., 1987, Change in developmental patterns: Embryos of amphibians with large eggs, in: Development as an Evolutionary Process (R. A. Raff and E. C. Raff, eds.), pp. 1–21, Liss, New York.
Farris, J. S., 1977, On the phenetic approach to vertebrate classification, in: Major Patterns in Vertebrate Evolution (M. K. Hecht, P. C. Goody, and B. M. Hecht, eds.), pp. 823–850, Plenum Press, New York.
Fink, W. L., 1982, The conceptual relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny, Paleobiology 8:254–264.
Gaffney, E. S., 1980, Phylogenetic relationships of the major groups of amniotes, in: The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates (A. L. Panchen, ed.), pp. 593–610, Academic Press, London.
Gaupp, E., 1898, Ontogenese und Phylogenie des schalleitenden Apparates bei den Wirbeltieren, Ergebn. Anat. Entwickelungsgesch, 8:990–1149.
Gauthier, J. A., 1986, Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds, Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci. 8:1–55.
Gauthier, J., Kluge, A. G., and Rowe, T., 1988a, Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils, Cladistics 4:105–209.
Gauthier, J., Kluge, A. G., and Rowe, T., 1988b, The early evolution of the Amniota, in: The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Vol. 1, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds (M. J. Benton, ed.), pp. 103–155, Academic Press, London.
Gauthier, J., Estes, R., and de Queiroz, K., 1988c, A phylogenetic analysis of Lepidosauromorpha, in: Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families (R. Estes and G. Pregill, eds.), pp. 103–155, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
Gegenbaur, C., 1870, Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie, 2nd ed., Engelmann, Leipzig.
Gegenbaur, C., 1878, Elements of Comparative Anatomy, Macmillan, London.
Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, E., 1830, Principes de Philosophie Zoologique, discutés en Mars 1830, au Sein de l’Académie Royale des Sciences, Pichon et Didier, Paris.
Gilbert, S. F., 1988, Developmental Biology, 2nd ed., Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Goodwin, B. C., 1984, Changing from an evolutionary to a generative paradigm in biology, in: Evolutionary Theory, Paths into the Future (J. W. Pollard, ed.), pp. 99–120, Wiley, Chichester.
Gould, S. J., 1977, Ontogeny and Phylogeny, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Hall, B. K., 1978, Developmental and Cellular Skeletal Biology, Academic Press, London.
Haüy, R.-J., 1801, Traîté de Minéralogie, Vol. 1, Chez Louis, Paris.
Hillis, D. M., 1987, Molecular versus morphological approaches to systematics, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18:23–42.
Hillis, D. M., and Davis, S. K., 1986, Evolution of ribosomal DNA: Fifty million years of recorded history in the frog genus Rana, Evolution 40:1275–1288.
Hinchliffe, J. R., 1985, “One, two, three” or “two, three, four”: An embryologists view of the homologies of the digits and carpus of modern birds, in: The Beginnings of Birds (M. K. Hecht, J. H. L. Ostrom, G. Viohl, and P. Wellnhofer, eds.), pp. 141-147, Freunde des Jura-Museums, Eichstätt, Willibaldsburg, Eichstätt, Germany.
Hinchliffe, J. R., 1989, An evolutionary perspective of the developmental mechanisms underlying the patterning of the limb skeleton in birds and other tetrapods. Geobios (Mém. Spéc.) 12:217–225.
Hinchliffe, J. R., and Griffiths, P. J., 1983, The prechondrogenic patterns in tetrapod limb development and their phylogenetic significance, in: Development and Evolution (B. C. Goodwin, N. Holder, and C. G. Wylie, eds.), pp. 99–121, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Hinchliffe, J. R., and Hecht, M. K., 1984, Homology of the bird wing skeleton, in: Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 18 (M. K. Hecht, B. Wallace, and G. T. Prance, eds.), pp. 21-39, Plenum Press, New York.
Horder, T. J., 1989, Syllabus for an embryological synthesis, in: Complex Organismal Functions: Integration and Evolution in Vertebrates (D. B. Wake and G. Roth, eds.), pp. 315–348, Wiley, Chichester.
Huxley, T. H., 1859, The Croonian Lecture—On the theory of the vertebrate skull, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 9: 381–457.
Huxley, T. H., 1869, On the representatives of the malleus and incus of the Mammalia in the other Vertebrata, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 1869:391–407.
Huxley, T. H., 1871, A Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals, Churchill, London.
Kluge, A. G., 1985, Ontogeny and phylogenetic systematics, Cladistics 1:13–27.
Kluge, A. G., 1988, The characterization of ontogeny, in: Ontogeny and Systematics (C. J. Humphries, ed.), pp. 57–81, British Museum (Natural History), London.
Kraus, F., 1988, An empirical evaluation of the use of ontogeny polarization criterion in phylogenetic inference, Syst. Zool. 37:106–141.
Lakjer, T., 1926, Studien über die Trigeminusversorgte Kaumuskulatur der Sauropsiden, Reitzel, Copenhagen.
Larson, A., 1989, The relationship between speciation and morphological evolution, in: Speciation and Its Consequences (D. Otte, and J. A. Endler, eds.), pp. 579–598, Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
Lovejoy, A. O., 1936, The Great Chain of Being, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Lovtrup, S., 1978, On von Baerian and Haeckelian recapitulation, Syst. Zool. 27:348–352.
Mabee, P. M., 1989, An empirical rejection of the ontogenetic polarity criterion, Cladistics 5:409–416.
Mayr, E., 1982, The Growth of Biological Thought, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Meckel, J. F., 1811, Entwurf einer Darstellung der zwischen dem Embryozustande der höheren Thiere und dem permanenten der niedern statt findenden Parallele, Beitr. Vergl. Anat. 2:1–60.
Miyazaki, J. M., and Mickevich, M. F., 1982, Evolution in Chesapecten (Mollusca: Bivalvia, Miocene-Pliocene) and the biogenetic law, in: Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 15 (M. K. Hecht, B. Wallace, and G. T. Prance, eds.), pp. 369–409, Plenum Press, New York.
Morris, P., and Cobabe, E., 1991, Cuvier meets Watson and Crick: The utility of molecules as classical homologies, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 44:307–324.
Nelson, G., 1978, Ontogeny, phylogeny, paleontology and the biogenetic law, Syst. Zool. 27:324–345.
Nelson, G., 1985, Outgroups and ontogeny, Cladistics 1:29–45.
Nelson, G., and Platnick, N., 1984, Systematics and evolution, in: Beyond Neo-Darwinism (M.-W. Ho and P. T. Saunders, eds.), pp. 143–158, Academic Press, London.
Ospovat, D., 1981, The Development of Darwin’s Theory, Natural History, Natural Theology & Natural Selection 1838–1859, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Oster, G., and Alberch, P., 1982, Evolution and bifurcation of developmental programs, Evolution 36:444–459.
Panchen, A. L., 1982, The use of parsimony in testing phylogenetic hypotheses, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 74:305–328.
Parker, W. K., 1871, On the structure and development of the skull in the common frog, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 161:137–211.
Parker, W. K., and Bettany, G. T., 1877, The Morphology of the Skull, Macmillan, London.
Patterson, C., 1982, Morphological characters and homology, in: Problems in Phylogeny Reconstruction (K. A. Joysey and A. E. Friday, eds.), pp. 21–74, Academic Press, London.
Patterson, C., 1983, How does phylogeny differ from ontogeny? in: Development and Evolution (B. C. Goodwin, N. Holder, and C. C. Wylie, eds.), pp. 1–31, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Peabody, F. E., 1951, The origin of the astragalus of reptiles, Evolution 5:339–344.
Raff, R. A., 1989, The resurrection of recapitulation, Nature 337:516.
Raff, R. A., Anstrom, J. A., Chin, J. E., Field, K. G., Ghiselin, M. T., Lane, D. J., Olsen, G. J., Pace, N. R., Parks, A. L., and Raff, E. C., 1987, Molecular and developmental correlates of macroevolution, in: Development as an Evolutionary Process (R. A. Raff and E. C. Raff, eds.), pp. 109–138, Liss, New York.
Reichert, C., 1837, Über die Visceralbogen der Wirbelthiere im allgemeinen und deren Metamorphosen bei den Vögeln und Säugethieren, Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wiss. Med. 1837:120–222.
Remane, A., 1952, Die Grundlagen des natürlichen Systems, der vergleichenden Anatomie und der Phylogenetic, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig.
Richards, R. J., 1992, The Meaning of Evolution, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Riedl, R., 1978, Order in Living Organisms, Wiley, Chichester.
Rieppel, O., 1985, Ontogeny and the hierarchy of types, Cladistics 1:234–246.
Rieppel, O., 1986, Atomism, epigenesis, preformation and preexistence: A clarification of terms and consequences, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 28:331–341.
Rieppel, O., 1987a, Pattern and process: The early classification of snakes, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 31:405–420.
Rieppel, O., 1987b, The development of the trigeminal jaw adductor musculature and associated skull elements in the lizard Podarcis sicula, J. Zool. (Lond.) 212:131–150.
Rieppel, O., 1988a, Fundamentals of Comparative Biology, Birkhäuser, Basel.
Rieppel, O., 1988b, The development of the trigeminal jaw adductor musculature in the grass snake Natrix natrix, J. Zool. (Lond.) 216:743–770.
Rieppel, O., 1989, Ontogeny, phylogeny, and classification, Abh. Naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg (NF) 28:63–82.
Rieppel, O., 1990a, Ontogeny—A way forward for systematics, and a way backward for phylogeny, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 39:177–191.
Rieppel, O., 1990b, The structure and development of the jaw adductor musculature in the turtle Chelydra serpentina, Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 98:27–62.
Rieppel, O., 1992, Homology and logical fallacy, J. Evol. Biol., 5:701–715.
Rieppel, O., 1993, Studies on skeleton formation in reptiles. IV. The homology of the reptilian (amniote) astragalus revisited. Vertebr. Paleontol., 13:31–47.
Robinet, J.-B.-R., 1761/1766, De la Nature, 4 vols., van Harrevelt, Amsterdam.
Roth, V. L., 1984, On homology. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 22:13–29.
Roth, V. L., 1988, The biological basis of homology, in: Ontogeny and Systematics (C. J. Humphries, ed.), pp. 1–26, British Museum (Natural History), London.
Sander, K., 1983, The evolution of patterning mechanisms: Gleanings from insect embryogenesis and spermatogenesis, in: Development and Evolution (B. C. Goodwin, N. Holder, and C. G. Wylie, eds.), PP-121–137, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Sanderson, M. J., and Donoghue, M. J., 1989, Patterns of variation in levels of homoplasy, Evolution 43:1781–1795.
Serres, E., 1830, Anatomie transcendante.—Quatrième mémoir. Loi de symétrie et de conjugaison du système sanguin, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 21:5–49.
Shubin, N. H., and Alberch, P., 1986, A morphogenetic approach to the origin and basic organization of the tetrapod limb, in: Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 20 (M. K. Hecht, B. Wallace, and G. T. Prance, eds.), pp. 319–387, Plenum Press, New York.
Siewing, R., 1985, Lehrbuch der Zoologie, Vol. 2, Systematik, 3rd ed., Fischer, Stuttgart.
Szarski, H., 1949, The concept of homology in the light of the comparative anatomy of vertebrates, Q. Rev. Biol. 24:124–131.
Thiemann, M., and Ruthmann, A., 1991, Alternative modes of asexual reproduction in Trichoplax adhaerens, Zoomorphology 110:165–174.
Thomson, K. S., 1992, Macroevolution: The morphological problem, Am. Zool. 32:106–112.
Valentine, J. W., and Erwin, D. H., 1987, Interpreting great developmental experiments: The fossil record, in: Development as an Evolutionary Process (R. A. Raff and E. C. Raff, eds.), pp. 71–107, Liss, New York.
Von Baer, K. E., 1828, Über Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere. Beobachtung und Reflexion, Vol. 1, Gebr. Bornträger, Konigsberg.
Wagner, G. P., 1989a, The biological homology concept, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:51–69.
Wagner, G., 1989b, The origin of morphological characters and the biological basis of homology, Evolution 43:1157–1171.
Weston, P. H., 1988, Indirect and direct methods in systematics, in: Ontogeny and Systematics (C. J. Humphries, ed.), pp. 27–56, British Museum (Natural History), London.
Williams, N. E., 1984, An apparent disjunction between the evolution of form and substance in the genus Tetrahymena, Evolution 38:25–33.
Wilson, E. B., 1896, The embryological criterion of homology, Biol. Lect. Mar. Biol. Lab. Wood’s Hole 1894:101–124.
Wray, G. A., and McClay, D. R., 1989, Molecular heterochronies and heterotopies in early echinoid development, Evolution 43:803–813.
Wray, G. A., and Raff, R. A., 1991, Rapid evolution of gastrulation mechanisms in a sea urchin with lecithotrophic larvae, Evolution 45:1741–1750.
Wyss, A. R., Novacek, M. J., and McKenna, M. C., 1987, Amino acid sequence versus morphological data and the interordinal relationships of mammals, Mol. Biol. Evol. 4:99–116.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rieppel, O. (1993). The Conceptual Relationship of Ontogeny, Phylogeny, and Classification. In: Hecht, M.K., MacIntyre, R.J., Clegg, M.T. (eds) Evolutionary Biology. Evolutionary Biology, vol 27. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2878-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2878-4_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-6248-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-2878-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive