Abstract
Since its inception, the study of childhood intervention has had a variety of goals; some have been realized, and some have not. In addition, research has contributed a wide variety of unanticipated but extremely beneficial outcomes of intervention programs, and, as a result, additional programs have been mounted to produce these once-unexpected benefits. Experiences such as these have taught workers to evaluate carefully not only outcomes, but intent as well. Although our most general goal—to improve children’s lives—has remained constant since the earliest days of intervention plans, in more recent years the emphases of programs and evaluations have changed to reflect our increasingly sophisticated understanding of the broad effects of intervention and of the variables which mediate these effects.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abelson, W. D., Zigler, E., &DeBlasi, C. L. (1974). Effects of a four-year Follow-Through program on economically disadvantaged children. Journal of Educational Psychology, 66, 756–771.
Anderson, S., &Messick, S. (1974). Social conpetency in young children. Developmental Psychology 10282–293.
Baden, C., Genser, A., Levine, J., &Seligson, M. (1982). School-age child care: An action manual. Boston: Auburn House, 1982.
Belsky, J. (1981). Early human experience: A family perspective. Developmental Psychology 173–23.
Berrueta-Clement, J., Schweinhart, L. J., Barnett, W. S., Epstein, A. S., &Weikart, D. P. (1984). Changed lives: The effects of the Perry Preschool program on youths through age 19. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.
Bloom, B. S. (1976). Human characteristics and school learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Boston’s Safe Schools Commission. (1983). Making our schools safer for learning. Boston: Author.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Brophy, J. (1979). Advances in teacher research. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 15, 1–7.
Califano, J. A. (1979). Head Start: A retrospective view: The founders. Section 1: Leadership within the Johnson administration. In E. Zigler &J. Valentine (Eds.), Project Head Start: A legacy of the war on poverty (pp. 43–134 ). New York: Free Press.
Call, D. J. (1965). Delinquency, frustration and non-commitment. Eugene, OR: University of Oregon Press.
Chandler, C. L., Weissberg, R. P., Cowen, E. L., &Guare, J. (1984). Long-term effects of a school-based secondary prevention program for young maladapting children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 165–170.
Cicirelli, V. G., Evans, J. W., &Schiller, J. S. (1970). The impact of Head Start: A reply to the report analysis. Harvard Educational Review, 40, 105–129.
Clarke, A. M., &Clarke, A. D. B. (Eds.). (1976). Early experience: Myth and evidence. New York: Free Press.
Coleman, J., Campbell, E., Hobson, C., McPartland, J., &Mood, A. (1966). Equality of educational opportunity. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
Comer, J. P. (1980). School power: Implications of an intervention project. New York: Free Press.
Committee on School Age Child Care (1969). The choice is ours: A report on the latchkey child. Arlington, VA: Arlington, Virginia Health and Welfare Council.
Cowen, E. L., Gesten, E. L., &Weissberg, R. P. (1980). An integrated network of preventively oriented school-based mental health approaches. In R. H. Price &P. Politzer (Eds.), Evaluation of action in the social environment (pp. 173210 ). New York: Academic Press.
Cowen, E. L., Spinell, A., Wright, S., &Weissberg, R. P. (1983). Continuing dissemination of a school-based mental health program. Professional Psychology: Research &Practice 14118–127.
Darlington, R. B., Royce, J. M., Snipper, A. S., Murray, H. W., &Lazar, I. (1980). Preschool programs and later school competence of children from low-income families. Science, 208, 202–204.
Datta, L. (1979). Another spring and other hopes: Some findings from national evaluations of Head Start. In E. Zigler &J. Valentine (Eds.) Project Head Start: A legacy of the war on poverty (pp. 405–432). New York: Free Press.
Dennis, W., &Najarian, P. (1957). Infant development under environmental handicap. Psychology Monographs, 71, (7).
Deutsch, M. (1985). The historical context and the challenge of Head Start. Keynote presentation for the twentieth anniversary celebration of Head Start, New York University, New York City, September 26.
Elliott, D. S., &Voss, H. (1974). Delinquency and dropout. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
Farber, I. E. (1975). Sane and insane: Constructions and misconstructions. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 84589–620.
Feuerstein, R. A. (1970). A dynamic approach to the causation, prevention and alleviation of retarded performance. In H. C. Haywood (Ed.), Social cultural aspects of mental retardation (pp. 56–72). New York: Appleton-CenturyCrofts.
Feuerstein, R., Rand, Y., Hoffman, M. B., &Miller, R. (1980). Instrumental enrichment: An intervention program for cognitive modifiability. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.
Finkelhorn, D. (1979). Sexually victimized children. New York: Free Press. Garbarino, J. (1980). Some thoughts on school size and its effects on adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 9, 1.
Garbarino, J. ( 1981, February). “Latchkey” children: How much of a problem The Educational Digest, pp. 14–16.
Genser, A., &Baden, C. (Eds.). (1980). School–age child care: Programs and issues. (Papers from a June 1979 conference at Wheelock College.) Urbana, IL: University of Illinois, ERIC Clearinghouse on Elementary and Early Childhood Education (400–73–0008).
Gesten, E. L., Flores de Apodaca, R., Rains, M., Weissberg, R. P., &Cowen, E. L. (1979). Promoting peer related social competence in schools. In M. W. Kent &J. E. Rolf (Eds.) The primary prevention of psychopathology: Vol. 3. Social competence in children. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
Ginter, M. A. (1981). An exploratory study of the “latchkey child”: Children who care for themselves. Unpublished predissertation project, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Gold, M. (1978). Scholastic experiences, self-esteem, and delinquent behavior: A theory for alternative schools. Crime and Delinquency, 24, 290–308.
Gray, S. W., Ramsey, B. K., &Klaus, R. A. (1983). The early training project:
In Consortium for Longitudinal Studies (Ed.), As the twig is bent: Lasting effects of preschool programs (pp. 33–69). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earibaum.
Gruen, G., &Zigler, E. (1968). Expectancy of success and the probability learning of middle-class, lower-class and retarded children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology73, 343–352.
Haskins, R., &Gallagher, J. J. (1984). The Voices for Children Project: A report to the Carnegie Foundation. Chapel Hill, NC: Bush Institute for Child and Family Policy.
Hawkins, J. D., &Weis, J. G. (1983). The social development model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention. Seattle, WA: University of Law &Justice.
Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hobbs, N., &Robinson, S. (1982). Adolescent development and public policy. American Psychologist, 37, 212–223.
Hollister, W. G. (1983). Should the development and administration of community primary prevention be transferred from mental health agencies to education? Journal of Primary Prevention, 4, 66–68.
House Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families. (1984). Families and child care: Improving the options. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Hunt, J. M. (1961). Intelligence and experience. New York: Ronald Press. Jensen, A. R. (1969). How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement Harvard Educational Review, 31, 1–123.
Katz, P., &Zigler, E. (1967). Self-image disparity: A developmental approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 186–195.
Katz, P., Zigler, E., &Zalk, S. (1975). Children’s self-image disparity: The effects of age, maladjustment, and action-thought orientation. Developmental Psychol ogy, 11, 546–550.
Klaus, R. A., &Gray, S. W. (1968). The early training project for disadvantaged children: A report after five years. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 33 (4, Serial No. 120).
Kohlberg, L., &Mayer, R. (1972). Development as the aim of education. Harvard Educational Review 42449–496.
Langway, L., Abramson, P., &Foote, D. (1981, February 16). The latchkey children. Newsweek, pp. 96–97.
Larcen, S. W. (1980). Enhancement of social problem solving skills through teacher and parent collaboration. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.
Leishman, K. (1980). When kids are home alone: How mothers make sure they’re safe. Working Mother, 3, pp. 21–25.
Levenstein, P., O’Hara, J., &Madden, J. (1983). The mother-child home program of the Verbal Interaction Project. In Consortium for Longitudinal Studies (Ed.), As the twig is bent. Lasting effects of preschool programs (pp. 237–263 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Long, L., &Long, T. J. (1983). The handbook for latchkey children and their parents. New York: Arbor House.
Long, T. J., &Long, L. (1982). Latchkey children (Contract No. 400–76–0008). Washington, DC: National Institute of Education.
McKey, R. H., Condelli, L., Ganson, H., Barrett, B. J., McConkey, C., &Plantz, M. C. (1985). Executive summary: The impact of Head Start on children, families and communities: Final report of the Head Start evaluation, synthesis and utilization project (Contract No. 105–81-C-026). Washington, DC: Administration for Children, Youth and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Merton, R. (1948). The self-fulfilling prophecy. Antioch Review, 8, 193–210.
Meyer, L. A. (1984). Long-term academic effects of the direct instruction project Follow Through. The Elementary School Journal, 84, 380–394.
Moynihan, D. P. (1969). Maximum feasible misunderstanding. New York: Free Press.
National Council for Families and Television. ( 1985, June). Information Service, Princeton, NJ.
National Safety Council. (1981). Accident facts. Chicago: Author.
National School Board Association. (1984). Toward better and safer schools: A school leader’s guide to delinquency prevention. Alexandria, VA: Author. 011endick, T., Balla, D., &Zigler, E. (1971). Expectancy of success and the probability learning of retarded children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 77, 275–281.
Palmer, F. H. (1983). The Harlem study: Effects by type of training, age of training, and social class. In Consortium for Longitudinal Studies (Ed.), As the twig is bent: Lasting effects of preschool programs (pp. 201–236 ). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Pilisuk, M., &Pilisuk, P. (1973). How we lost the war on poverty. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books.
Provence, S., &Naylor, A. (1983). Working with disadvantaged children: Scientific and practice issues. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Reiner, B. S., &Kaufman, I. (1959). Character disorders in parents of delin quents. New York: Family Service Association of America.
Rescorla, L. A., Provence, S., &Naylor, A. (1982). The Yale Child Welfare Research Program: Description and results. In E. F. Zigler &E. W. Gordon (Eds.), Day care: Scientific and social policy issues (pp. 183–199 ). Boston: Auburn House.
Richmond, J. B., Stipek, D. J., &Zigler, E. (1979). A decade of Head Start. In E. Zigler &J. Valentine (Eds.), Project Head Start: A legacy of the war on poverty (pp. 135–154 ). New York: Free Press.
Robertson, A. B. (1978). Group day care and children’s social-motivational development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT.
Rodman, H., &Pratto, D. (1980). How children take care of themselves: Preliminary statement on magazine survey. Report submitted to the Ford Foundation, New York.
Rodman, H., Pratto, D. J., &Nelson, R. S. (1985). Child care arrangements and children’s functioning: A comparison of self-care and adult-care children. Developmental Psychology, 21, 413–418.
Rosenthal, R., &Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom. New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston.
Ruopp, R., &Travers, J. (1982). Janus faces day care: Perspectives on quality and cost. In E. Zigler &E. Gordon (Eds.), Day Care: Scientific and social policy issues. Boston: Auburn House Publishers.
Sarason, S. B. (1971). The culture of the school and the problem of change. Boston: Allyn &Bacon.
School Age Child Care Project. (1982). School-age child care. In E. Zigler &E. W. Gordon (Eds.), Day care: Scientific and social policy issues (pp. 457–475 ). Boston: Auburn House.
Schweinhart, L. J., &Weikart, D. P. (1980). Young children grow up. The effects of the Perry Preschool program on youths through age 15. Ypsilanti, MI: High/ Scope Press.
Seitz, V., Apfel, N. H., Rosenbaum, L. K., &Zigler, E. (1983). Long term effects of projects Head Start and Follow-Through: The New Haven Project. In Consortium for Longitudinal Studies (Eds.) As the twig is bent. Lasting effects of preschool programs (pp. 299–332). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum.
Seitz, V., Rosenbaum, L. K., &Apfel, N. H. (1985). Effects of family support intervention: A ten-year follow-up. Child Development, 56, 376–391.
Shure, M. B., &Spivack, G. (1982). Interpersonal problem-solving in young children: A cognitive approach to prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology 10341–356.
Skeels, H. M., &Dye, H. B. (1939). A study on the effects of differential stimulation on mentally retarded children. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Association on Mental Deficiency 44114–136.
Smith, M. S., &Bissell, J. S. (1970). Report analysis: The impact of Head Start. Harvard Educational Review, 40, 51–104.
Spivack, G. (1983). High risk early behaviors indicating vulnerability to delinquency in the community and school (Grant No. 76-JN-99–0024). Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
Spivack, G., Marcus, J., &Swift, M. (1986). Early classroom behavior and later misconduct. Developmental Psychology, 22, 124–131.
Spivack, G., &Shure, M. B. (1974). Social adjustment of young children. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Spivack, G., &Shure, M. B. (1982). The cognition of social adjustment: Interper sonal cognitive problem solving thinking. In B. Lahey &A. E. Kazdin (Eds.),Advances in clinical child psychology (Vol. 5). New York: Plenum.
Spitz, R. A. (1945). Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Part I. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1, 53–74. Stark, R. (1975). Social problems. New York: Random House.
Stipek, D. J. (1977). Changes during first grade in children’s social-motivational development. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Teltsch, K. (1985, July 14). A scholar urges study of terrorism’s causes. New York Timesp. A28.
Trickett, P. K., Apfel, N. H., Rosenbaum, L. K., &Zigler, E. (1982). A five-year follow-up of participants in the Yale Child Welfare Research program. In E. F. Zigler &E. W. Gordon (Eds.), Day care: Scientific and social policy issues (pp. 200–222 ). Boston: Auburn House.
Turkington, C. (1983, November). Lifetime of fear may be legacy of latchkey children. APA Monitor, p. 17.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1982). Sourcebook of criminal justice statistics-1982. Washington, DC: Author. U.S. News &World Report. (1981, September 14).
Weikart, D. (1984). Response to the Haskins and Gallagher report on the Voices for Children Project. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Educational Research Foundation.
Weisberg, H. I., &Haney, W. (1977). Longitudinal evaluation of Head Start planned variation and Follow Through. Cambridge, MA: Huron Institute.
Weissberg, R. P. (1985). Developing effective social problem-solving programs for the classroom. In B. Schneider, K. H. Rubin, &J. Ledingham (Eds.) Peer relationships and social skills in childhood (Vol. 2) (pp. 225–242). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Weissberg, R., &Allen, J. (in press). Promoting children’s social skills and adaptive interpersonal behavior. In L. Michelson &B. Edelstein (Eds.) Handbook of prevention. New York: Plenum.
Weissberg, R., and Gesten, E. L. (1982). Considerations for developing effective school-based social problem-solving training programs. School Psychology Review 1156–63.
Weissberg, R. P., Gesten, E. L., Liebenstein, N. L., Schmid, K. D., &Hutton, H. (1979). The Rochester Social Problem Solving (SPS) program: A training manual for teachers of 2nd-4th grade children. Rochester, NY: Center for Community Study.
Weissberg, R. P., Gesten, E. L., Rapkin, B. D., Boike, M., Cowen, E., Davidson, E., Flores de Apodaca, R., McKim, B., &Rains, M. (1979, September). Interpersonal problem solving training. A competence building program for children. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.
Westinghouse Learning Corporation. (1969). The impact of Head Start: An evaluation of the effects of Head Start on children’s cognitive and affective development-Executive summary. Ohio University Report to the Office of Economic Opportunity (Contract No. ED036321).
Washington, DC: Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information.
White, R. C. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review 66297–333.
Yale University Bush Center in Child Development and Social Policy. (1983). Programs to strengthen families. Chicago: Family Resource Coalition.
Zakin, S. (1984, March 11). Aiding youngest students. Sunday New York Times. Zigler, E. (1970). The environmental mystique: Training the intellect versus the development of the child. Childhood Education, 46, 402–412.
Zigler, E. (1973). Project Head Start: Success or failure? Learning, 1, 43–47.
Zigler, E. (1979). Project Head Start: Success or failure? In E. Zigler &J. Valen-tine (Eds.), Project Head Start: A legacy of the war on poverty (pp. 495–508).
New York: Free Press.
Zigler, E. (1983, June 9). Latchkey children: Risks and alternatives. Testimony for U.S. Senate Children’s Caucus Policy Forum. Congressional Record, June 21, 129.
Zigler, E. (1984). Meeting the critics on their own terms. American Psychologist 39916–917.
Zigler, E. (in press). Formal schooling for 4-year-olds? No. American Psychologist.
Zigler, E., &Balla, D. (1972). Developmental course of responsiveness to social reinforcement in normal children and institutionalized retarded children. Developmental Psychology 666–73.
Zigler, E., &Berman, W. (1983). Discerning the future of early childhood intervention. American Psychologist, 38, 894–906.
Zigler, E., &Hall, N. (1985). Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the NationalAssociation of Children’s Hospitals and Related Institutions (pp. 1–11).
Zigler, E., &Hall, N. (1986). Mainstreaming and the philosophy of normalization. In J. Meisel (Ed.), Mainstreaming handicapped children: Outcomes, controversies, and new directions (pp. 1–10 ).
Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Zigler, E., &Kagan, S. L. (1980). The Child Development Associate: Has the 1970 challenge been met? Conference Proceedings, CDA Day at NAEYC. Washington, D.C.: University Research Corporation.
Zigler, E., Kagan, S. L., &Muenchow, S. (1982). Preventive intervention in the schools. In C. R. Reynolds &T. B. Gutkin (Eds.), The handbook of school psychology (pp. 774–795 ). New York: Wiley.
Zigler, E., &Muenchow, S. (1983). Infant day care and infant care leaves. American Psychologist, 38, 91–94.
Zigler, E., &Trickett, P. K. (1978). IQ, social competence, and evaluation of early childhood intervention programs. American Psychologist, 33, 789–798.
Zigler, E., &Valentine, J. (1979). Project Head Start: A legacy of the war on poverty. New York: Free Press.
Zimiles, H. (1985). The role of research in an era of expanding preschool education. Unpublished manuscript, Bank Street College of Education, New York.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zigler, E., Hall, N.W. (1987). The Implications of Early Intervention Efforts for the Primary Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency. In: Wilson, J.Q., Loury, G.C. (eds) Families, Schools, and Delinquency Prevention. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7029-5_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7029-5_7
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7031-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7029-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive