Abstract
The centromere is a protein–DNA structure that is essential for the correct segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells. In human cells it is located at a specific region of each chromosome that is devoid of genes and characterized by heterochromatin. The underlying DNA is made up of a 171-bp tandem repeat known as alpha satellite, which is organized in a head-to-tail arrangement and spans up to several megabases in length. The centromere DNA is the foundation onto which over 100 proteins form a structure known as the kinetochore. This structure fully assembles during mitosis and is instrumental in the capture of spindle microtubules and the movement of chromosomes to opposing poles of the cell. In this chapter we describe the main cellular functions of the centromere in a healthy cell and show how errors in its normal role can contribute to human diseases such as developmental disorders, cancer, infertility and premature aging. In addition, we examine the evolution of centromere DNA and proteins in humans and primates and the emergence of new centromeres in non-satellite DNA locations.
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Abbreviations
- ANIFAD:
-
Associated network instability, and facial anomalies division
- ALP-WDLPS:
-
Atypical lipomas and well-differentiated liposarcomas
- AML:
-
Acute myeloid leukemia
- ATLL:
-
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
- CCAN:
-
Constitutive centromere -associated network
- CENP:
-
Centromere protein
- CGI:
-
CpG island
- CIN:
-
Chromosomal instability
- CLL:
-
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
- CPC:
-
Chromosome passenger complex
- FISH:
-
Fluorescence in situ hybridization
- HOR:
-
Higher order repeat
- ICF:
-
Immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, and facial anomalies
- MVA:
-
Mosaic variegated aneuploidy
- PCD:
-
Premature centromere division
- PCS:
-
Premature chromatid separation
- ROB:
-
Robertsonian translocation
- SAC:
-
Spindle assembly checkpoint
- TE:
-
Transposable element
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Beh, T.T., Kalitsis, P. (2015). Centromeres in Health, Disease and Evolution. In: Felekkis, K., Voskarides, K. (eds) Genomic Elements in Health, Disease and Evolution. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3070-8_9
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